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72-523: Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians ( Álmos ) and the first king of Hungary ( Saint Stephen ) were members of the dynasty. Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty, and the Árpád's kings used the title of the apostolic king , the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family. The Árpád dynasty ruled

144-950: A kai augud ("chief totem") or mugina augud ("little totem"). Early anthropologists sometimes attributed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander totemism to ignorance about procreation, with the entrance of an ancestral spirit individual (the "totem") into the woman believed to be the cause of pregnancy (rather than insemination ). James George Frazer in Totemism and Exogamy wrote that Aboriginal people "have no idea of procreation as being directly associated with sexual intercourse, and firmly believe that children can be born without this taking place". Frazer's thesis has been criticised by other anthropologists, including Alfred Radcliffe-Brown in Nature in 1938. Early anthropologists and ethnologists like James George Frazer, Alfred Cort Haddon , John Ferguson McLennan and W. H. R. Rivers identified totemism as

216-451: A chief representative of modern structuralism , French ethnologist Claude Lévi-Strauss , and his Le Totémisme aujourd'hui ("Totemism Today" [1958]) are often cited in the field. In the 21st century, Australian anthropologists question the extent to which "totemism" can be generalized even across different Aboriginal Australian peoples, let alone to other cultures like the Ojibwe from whom

288-411: A collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown. King Andrew I (1046–1060) managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom. In 1048, King Andrew invited his younger brother, Béla to the kingdom and conceded one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him. This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in

360-497: A compilation of the work of other writers in the field. By 1910, the idea of totemism as having common properties across cultures was being challenged, with Russian American ethnologist Alexander Goldenweiser subjecting totemistic phenomena to sharp criticism. Goldenweiser compared Indigenous Australians and First Nations in British Columbia to show that the supposedly shared qualities of totemism—exogamy, naming, descent from

432-533: A convinced follower of Christianity . Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány , who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority . He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria . The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001, becoming the first King of Hungary (1000–1038) and founder of

504-609: A felony by them". His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire . During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court. As

576-458: A form of collective worship, reinforcing social cohesion and solidarity. The leading representative of British social anthropology, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, took a totally different view of totemism. Like Franz Boas , he was skeptical that totemism could be described in any unified way. In this he opposed the other pioneer of social anthropology in England, Bronisław Malinowski , who wanted to confirm

648-627: A lack of central government within their tribal federation. The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán , but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950). After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld , Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973. Géza

720-456: A longer list of names from the Árpád -family, than the Hungarian chronicles, preoccupied only with the ruling branch of Solt . The reason of forgetting Fajsz from the Hungarian chronicles was the fact that he was not son of Solt , but of Jutocsa. Without the existence of De Administrando Imperio , very little would be known about him. The De Administrando Imperio preserved the name of Fajsz as

792-457: A mystical relationship between the object—from which the name was once derived—and the groups that bore these names. Through nature myths, animals and natural objects were considered as the relatives, patrons, or ancestors of the respective social units. British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer published Totemism and Exogamy in 1910, a four-volume work based largely on his research among Indigenous Australians and Melanesians , along with

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864-451: A shared practice across indigenous groups in unconnected parts of the world, typically reflecting a stage of human development. Scottish ethnologist John Ferguson McLennan , following the vogue of 19th-century research, addressed totemism in a broad perspective in his study The Worship of Animals and Plants (1869, 1870). McLennan did not seek to explain the specific origin of the totemistic phenomenon but sought to indicate that all of

936-547: A third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827). His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv . When King Stephen V (1270–1272) ascended the throne, many of his father's followers left for Bohemia . They returned during the reign of his son, King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272–1290) whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups. King Ladislaus IV , whose mother

1008-411: Is a general tendency to characterize segments of the community through a connection with a portion of nature. In opposition to Durkheim's theory of sacralization, Radcliffe-Brown took the point of view that nature is introduced into the social order rather than secondary to it. At first, he shared with Malinowski the opinion that an animal becomes totemistic when it is “good to eat.” He later came to oppose

1080-539: Is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos . Or he is thus called Álmos , that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line. The following members of the Árpád dynasty were canonized or beatified: Grand Prince of the Hungarians Grand Prince ( Hungarian : Nagyfejedelem ) was the title used by contemporary sources to name

1152-417: Is the tendency of definite social units to become associated with objects and symbols of emotional value". The founder of a French school of sociology, Émile Durkheim , examined totemism from a sociological and theological point of view, attempting to discover a pure religion in very ancient forms and claimed to see the origin of religion in totemism. In addition, he argued that totemism also served as

1224-696: Is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church . When King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king (1095–1116), but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Álmos. King Coloman defeated Croatian army led by Petar Snačić in Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097) and was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd. King Coloman deprived his brother Álmos of his duchy (the Tercia pars regni ) in 1107. He caught his second wife, Eufemia of Kiev , in adultery; she

1296-474: The Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio) , was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty. In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers. The dukes governing

1368-733: The Anishinaabe clan system . While the word totem itself is an anglicisation of the Ojibwe term (and both the word and beliefs associated with it are part of the Ojibwe language and culture ), belief in tutelary spirits and deities is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts, under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures. Contemporary neoshamanic , New Age , and mythopoetic men's movements not otherwise involved in

1440-585: The Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina , Serbia . The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a-SUR51 > R-ARP , and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD. Based on

1512-446: The Duchy of Styria for a short period (1254–1260), but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia . During his last years, he was struggling with his son, Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him. Two of his daughters, Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and

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1584-559: The Khazars . It is still under discussion whether the grand prince was the spiritual leader of the federation ( kende ), the military commander of the Hungarian tribes ( gyula ) or the title was a new creation. When the Hungarians were pushed out of Etelköz and moved to the Carpathian Basin ( Honfoglalás ), the grand prince's power seemed to be decreasing. By

1656-560: The Mongol invasion (1241–1242). Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops, several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order. He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom, e.g. , Buda , Nagyszombat (today Trnava in Slovakia ), Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia ) and Pest received their privileges from him. King Béla IV managed to occupy

1728-567: The Pacific Northwestern Indigenous peoples of North America are carved, monumental poles featuring many different designs (bears, birds, frogs, people, and various supernatural beings and aquatic creatures). They serve multiple purposes in the communities that make them. Similar to other forms of heraldry , they may function as crests of families or chiefs, recount stories owned by those families or chiefs, or commemorate special occasions. These stories are known to be read from

1800-422: The Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos ) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries. King Andrew I was the first king who had his son, Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057). However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture

1872-741: The Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism. Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun  – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum , for example, has Árpád say: The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather,

1944-644: The Yuin of coastal New South Wales, a person may have multiple totems of different types (personal, family or clan, gender, tribal and ceremonial). The lakinyeri or clans of the Ngarrindjeri were each associated with one or two plant or animal totems, called ngaitji . Totems are sometimes attached to moiety relations (such as in the case of Wangarr relationships for the Yolngu ). Torres Strait Islanders have auguds, typically translated as totems. An augud could be

2016-598: The Carpathian Basin for four hundred years, influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections. Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church ; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church . The dynasty came to end in 1301 with

2088-493: The Grand Prince of the Hungarians, because it was written during his reign. But the names of the other grand princes, who were not from the branch of Solt , who probably ruled before and after him, are unknown. Totem A totem (from Ojibwe : ᑑᑌᒼ or ᑑᑌᒻ doodem ) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people , such as a family , clan , lineage , or tribe , such as in

2160-508: The Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin . Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek , whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" ( igy ). The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("The Deeds of

2232-530: The Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul , and the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon ). And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos , son of Előd , son of Ügyek , from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war. Duke Géza from

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2304-542: The Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate. Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation ( kende ) or its military commander ( gyula ). The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895. Prince Álmos , the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia , he

2376-580: The Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation. The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds. The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove

2448-523: The blind Duke Béla . When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne. King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris , who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance. King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia , and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus . Henceforward, members of

2520-424: The bottom of the pole to the top. The spiritual, mutual relationships between Aboriginal Australians , Torres Strait Islanders , and the natural world are often described as totems. Many Indigenous groups object to using the imported Ojibwe term "totem" to describe a pre-existing and independent practice, although others use the term. The term "token" has replaced "totem" in some areas. In some cases, such as

2592-512: The data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) derives from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As also the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between

2664-638: The death of King Andrew III of Hungary , while the last member of the House of Árpád, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss , died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus ) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty. The House of Croÿ and the Drummond family of Scotland claim to descend from Géza and George , sons of medieval Hungarian kings : Géza II and Andrew I, respectively. According to recent Y-STR and Y-SNP archaeogenetic studies of

2736-614: The death of his son, Emeric (2 September 1031), King Stephen I assigned his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul , who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons ( Levente , Andrew and Béla ) were exiled. When King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038, Peter Orseolo ascended to

2808-515: The dynasty of the Árpáds had come to an end, because the only patrilineal descendant of the family, Andrew , was the son of Duke Stephen, the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers. Nevertheless, Duke Andrew "the Venetian" was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule. During his reign, King Andrew III (1290–1301) had to struggle with

2880-511: The dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church or by Eastern Orthodox Church , therefore, since the medieval times the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Lineage of the Holy Kings". Although the male branch of the Árpád dynasty extinct in 1301, the female branch lived much longer, and the Hungarian Anjou monarchs (King Charles I , King Louis I ), and Sigismund of Luxembourg were proud to claim themselves members of

2952-858: The extended family. In the Anishinaabe oral tradition, in prehistory the Anishinaabe were living along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean when the great Miigis beings appeared from the sea. These beings taught the Mide way of life to the Waabanakiing peoples. Six of the seven great Miigis beings that remained to teach established the odoodeman for the peoples in the east. The five original Anishinaabe totems were Wawaazisii ( bullhead ), Baswenaazhi (echo-maker, i.e., crane ), Aan'aawenh ( pintail duck), Nooke (tender, i.e., bear ) and Moozwaanowe ("little" moose -tail). The totem poles of

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3024-463: The fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169). Following the death of King Stephen III, King Béla III (1173–1196) ascended the throne, but he had imprisoned his brother Géza in order to secure his rule. King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire , was the first king who used the " double cross " as

3096-523: The fourth saint of the Árpáds. King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen , who would be educated in Ferrara . Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria (1254–1260). King Béla IV (1235–1270) restored the royal power, but his kingdom became devastated during

3168-404: The human race had, in ancient times , gone through a totemistic stage. Another Scottish scholar, Andrew Lang , early in the 20th century, advocated a nominalistic explanation of totemism, namely, that local groups or clans, in selecting a totemistic name from the realm of nature, were reacting to a need to be differentiated. If the origin of the name was forgotten, Lang argued, there followed

3240-407: The leader of the federation of the Hungarian tribes in the tenth century. The grand prince ( Nagyfejedelem ) was probably elected by the leaders of the federation of the seven Hungarian tribes and the three Kabar tribes (dissident Khazar tribes) that joined the Hungarians before 830. However, the first grand prince, Álmos , father of Árpád , was more likely appointed by the khagan of

3312-472: The mighty Attila. The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos . The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes ( megas Turkias arkhon ). Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862,

3384-466: The new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew , who had rebelled against him . King Emeric married Constance of Aragon , from the house of Barcelona, and he may have followed Barcelonese ( Catalan ) patterns when he chose his coat-of-arms that would become the Árpáds' familiar badge (an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent ). His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and

3456-481: The nomadic custom of agnatic seniority , used by the Hungarian rulers before 1000. The quietness of the chronicles is the reason why today's historians cannot establish precisely the whole list of the Hungarian grand princes between 907 and 955, and the only known rulers are Solt (from the Hungarian chronicles) and Fajsz from the book of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII , De Administrando Imperio , which preserved

3528-539: The powerful barons ( e.g. , with members of the Csák and Kőszegi families). The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (14 January 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as "the last golden twig" . His daughter, Elizabeth , the last member of the family, died on 6 May 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church . Following the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for

3600-584: The practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or spirit guide . The Anishinaabe peoples are divided into a number of doodeman (in syllabics : ᑑᑌᒪᐣ or ᑑᑌᒪᓐ ), or clans, (singular: doodem ) named mainly for animal totems (or doodem , as an Ojibwe person would say this word). In Anishinaabemowin , ᐅᑌᐦ ode' means heart. Doodem or clan literally would translate as 'the expression of, or having to do with one's heart', with doodem referring to

3672-400: The royal domains his father had granted to his followers. King Andrew II, who had been Prince of Halych (1188–1189), intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons ( Coloman or Andrew ) in the neighboring country. One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (1 July 1235) and thus became

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3744-522: The skeletal remains of dynasty descendant and King Béla III of Hungary and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár , it was established that the male lineage belonged to the Y-haplogroup R1a rare subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > R1a-SUR51 . The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from

3816-536: The state. He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030, subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by (semi-)independent local chieftains ( e.g. , by the Gyula Prokuj , Ajtony ). He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom, based on counties (comitatus) , and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics. Following

3888-492: The supposed date of Árpád ‘s death (c. 907) and when Fajsz ascended to the throne (c. 948), because it seems that the chroniclers of the Hungarian kings, who came from the branch of Solt after 1000, wanted to make the people of the kingdom, to forget the rule between 907 and 950, of the other branches of the Árpád dynasty , coming from the other 3 sons of Árpád : Tarkacsu/ Liüntika , Jelek , Jutocsa, who, or their offspring probably ruled Hungary during this period, according to

3960-592: The symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary . In 1188, Béla occupied Halych , whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars , and granted the principality to his second son Andrew , but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189. On 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania ). King Béla III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son, King Emeric (1196–1204), but

4032-458: The throne, but he had to struggle with King Stephen's brother-in-law, Samuel Aba (1041–1044). King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them. With the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus' and had been baptized there, seized power and was crowned; thus, a member of

4104-423: The throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V 's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310. Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus ) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe. Several members of

4176-438: The time of Géza , Transylvania had been ruled by a (semi-)independent leader ( gyula ). Stephen ( Vajk ) had to conquer not only the territories of the gyula , but also the lands of Ahtum ( Ajtony ) and the Black Magyars . The title disappeared on the coronation of Stephen I ( Vajk ) on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001. It is not known exactly how many grand princes of Hungary ruled between

4248-542: The totem, taboo, ceremony, reincarnation, guardian spirits and secret societies and art—were actually expressed very differently between Australia and British Columbia, and between different peoples in Australia and between different peoples in British Columbia. He then expands his analysis to other groups to show that they share some of the customs associated with totemism, without having totems. He concludes by offering two general definitions of totemism, one of which is: "Totemism

4320-456: The unity of totemism in some way and approached the matter more from a biological and psychological point of view than from an ethnological one. According to Malinowski, totemism was not a cultural phenomenon, but rather the result of trying to satisfy basic human needs within the natural world. As far as Radcliffe-Brown was concerned, totemism was composed of elements that were taken from different areas and institutions, and what they have in common

4392-560: The usefulness of this viewpoint, since many totems—such as crocodiles and flies—are dangerous and unpleasant. In 1938, the structural functionalist anthropologist A. P. Elkin wrote The Australian Aborigines: How to understand them. His typologies of totemism included eight "forms" and six "functions". The forms identified were: The functions identified were: The terms in Elkin's typologies see some use today, but Aboriginal customs are seen as more diverse than his typologies suggest. As

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4464-460: The Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces ( i.e. , Slavonia , and Transylvania ) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni . During the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians "are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered

4536-460: The “Clan of Holy Kings” in their times. The Árpád dynasty gave the world the most saints and blessed from a single family. In the 819th year of Our Lord’s incarnation, Ügyek , who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia , took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese , from whom he sired a son, who

4608-553: Was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia (1091). He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew, Álmos . On 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in Székesfehérvár upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I. His daughter Eirene , the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos ,

4680-537: Was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian , the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign. He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders. Géza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been

4752-464: Was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114. Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son. Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla , blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131). King Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of

4824-458: Was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235). His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators murdered his queen, Gertrude of Merania (1213); discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights (including the right to disobey the king); and he quarreled with his eldest son, Béla who endeavoured to take back

4896-403: Was named Álmos . But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream

4968-404: Was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority , and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon. From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza , Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni . Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and

5040-403: Was of Cuman origin, preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins. The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains. When King Ladislaus IV died, most of his contemporaries thought that

5112-462: Was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority. When King Géza I died (25 April 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king. King Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne. During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I

5184-579: Was sacrificed in Transylvania . Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy , Germany , France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire . Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970. From 917,

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