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25-821: The Far Eastern Army was a military formation of Cossack and White rebel units in the Far East (20 February 1920 – 12 September 1921), formed by the former ataman of the Trans–Baikal Cossack Army , Lieutenant General Grigory Semyonov from three corps of the Eastern Front , under whose command it took an active participation in battles with the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and red partisans in Transbaikalia from April to October 1920, creating

50-593: A Zemsky Sobor (Приамурский Земский Собор) was convened in the territory. This sobor called all Russian people to repent for the overthrow of the Tsar and proclaimed a new Tsar, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich . Patriarch Tikhon was named as the honorary chairman of the sobor. Neither the Grand Duke nor the Patriarch was present. The territory was renamed Priamursky Zemsky Krai and Diterikhs styled himself voyevoda . The army

75-573: The Amur Front to break through to Chita. In the summer there were local battles. In August–September 1920, the question of evacuating the armed forces of the Eastern Outskirts, including the Far Eastern Army, from Transbaikalia to Primorye, where the main warehouses with ammunition and weapons were located, began to be discussed. Unlike the commanders of Kolchak 's Army, ataman Grigory Semyonov

100-877: The Cossack ataman Grigory Semyonov attempted to take power in the Priamurye, but he had no backing from the Japanese and eventually withdrew. The Kappelevtsy and the Semyonovtsy (Semyonov's supporters) despised each other. Gradually the Priamurye enclave was expanded to Khabarovsk and then to Spassk , 125 miles north of Vladivostok. The Merkulovs were deposed in June 1922 by the Priamurye Zemsky Sobor ( Russian : Приамурский Земский Собор ) and replaced by one of Admiral Alexander Kolchak 's generals, Mikhail Diterikhs . In July 1922,

125-623: The Russian Civil War , the more prosperous Cossacks joined the ranks of the anti-Soviet armies of General Grigory Semenov and baron Roman Ungern . The poorer Cossacks took an active part in the guerrilla movement. In 1920 at the end of the Russian Civil War , the Transbaikal Cossack Host was disbanded. However, the remnant of Baikal Cossacks fled to Manchuria and some of their troops came under Manchukuo Imperial Army to resist Soviet Union. The distinguishing colour of

150-463: The peasant population of some of the regions. The military component included three cavalry regiments and three unmounted brigades . Its main purpose was to patrol the Sino -Russian border and perform everyday military duties in the region. The official leader of the Transbaikal Cossack Host had the title of Nakazny ataman ("the one who was appointed"). From 1872 he also served as military governor of

175-475: The 1st Trans–Baikal Corps (Chita Infantry and Manchurian Special Ataman Semenov Divisions), the 2nd Siberian Corps (Irkutsk and Omsk Infantry Divisions, Volunteer Brigade and the Siberian Cossack Regiment), the 3rd Volga Corps (Ufa, Consolidated Rifle and Orenburg Cossack Divisions, Volga Consolidated Separate Named After General Kappel and the 1st Separate Cavalry Brigades). In Transbaikalia in 1920,

200-639: The 6th East Siberian Corps of Ataman Grigory Semyonov into the Armed Forces of the Russian Eastern Outskirts . The Moscow Group of Troops of General Sergey Voitsekhovsky upon arrival in Chita , 15 March 1920, became known as the Far Eastern (White) Army, consisting of three corps. On 27 April 1920, these units formed the Far Eastern Army (Order No. 311 of Commander–in–Chief Grigory Semyonov ) and included

225-464: The Amur Front of partisan detachments an opportunity to go on the offensive. Taking advantage of this breakthrough of the partisans, the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic launched an offensive in mid–October. After that, Grigory Semyonov was forced to agree to the withdrawal of his troops from Transbaikalia. By November 1920, all units of the Far Eastern Army were evacuated. During

250-572: The Cossack population of the Transbaikal Cossack Host numbered 265,000 people, out of which 14,500 men served in the military. The Transbaikal Cossack Army is known to have participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in 1899–1901, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and World War I . Many of the Cossack divisions were disbanded in 1917, but were recreated in 1918. During

275-823: The Far Eastern Army Army Commanders : Chiefs of Staff of the Army: Corps Commanders: Headquarters Location: Chita, Grodekovo, Nikolsk–Ussuriysky . Baikal Cossacks The Transbaikal Cossack Host was one of those created during the 19th century as the Russian Empire expanded to the Far East and South-East. It remained smaller than the Don Cossacks and other longer-established Hosts. The Transbaikal Cossack Host partially consisted of Siberian Cossacks, Buryats , Evenk (Tungus) military units, and included

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300-581: The Far Eastern Army fought the enemy together with the Cossack troops of the Eastern Outskirts (the Transbaikal Cossack Division, the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Brigades) and the Asian (Foreign) Cavalry Division (Buryat–Mongol and Tungus horse formations). In April 1920, the Far Eastern Army successfully repelled two attempts by the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic in the west and east of

325-598: The Marching Chieftain of All Cossack Troops of the Russian Eastern Outskirts, No. 700/a, 703/a, 705/a, dated 25, 28 and 30 November 1920, all headquarters and institutions of the Far Eastern Army were declared disbanded and located in the state of reorganization. Part of the troops of the Far Eastern Army, released from the command of Grigory Semyonov, including the command of the 2nd and 3rd Corps, refused to obey his orders. These troops took an active part in

350-539: The Transbaikal oblast , which had with its headquarters in Chita . In the early 20th century, the Transbaikal Cossack Host normally supplied one polusotnya (fifty men) of guards for rural policing work, four cavalry regiments, and two batteries in time of peace. During World War I , the Host expanded to one polusotnya, nine cavalry regiments, four batteries, and three reserve sotnyas (each of one hundred men). In 1916,

375-458: The Transbaikal Cossack Host was yellow; worn on the cap bands, epaulettes and wide trouser stripes of a dark green uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Individual regiments were distinguished by numbers on the epaulettes. High lambs-wool hats (papakha) were worn on occasion, with yellow cloth tops. From 1908 the new khaki service jacket of the regular Russian cavalry

400-731: The Troops on the territory of the Priamurye Region, and the army headquarters was disbanded and turned to form the headquarters of the Priamurye Provisional Government troops (orders of the commander of the Priamurye Provisional Government No. 1, 32 of 1 and 18 June 1921). In connection with the non–recognition of Grigory Semyonov as the Commander–in–Chief of All Troops by the government of Merkulov and

425-589: The departure of Grigory Semyonov abroad, all the directorates and institutions of the army under his command were declared disbanded, and the personnel were transferred to the command of the commander of the Grodekovo Group of Forces, Lieutenant General Faddey Glebov, who from 12 September 1921, was subordinated to the Priamurye Provisional Government and formed the basis of the armed forces of the Priamurye State Formation . Supreme Commander–in–Chief of

450-736: The overthrow of the Provisional Government of the Primorye Regional Zemstvo Council, headed by the Bolshevik Antonov, and in the establishment of the power of the Provisional Priamurye Government headed by Spiridon Merkulov in May 1921. By order of the Priamurye Provisional Government No. 36 of 1 June 1921, the commander of the Far Eastern Army, Lieutenant General Verzhbitsky was appointed Commander of All

475-601: The remnants of Vladimir Kappel 's People's Army of Komuch . The government was headed by the Merkulov brothers: Spiridon Merkulov , a former functionary of the Ministry of Agriculture and head of the Priamurye government; and Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov  [ ru ] , a merchant. Both had been deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Empire and supporters of the 1917 Russian Provisional Government . Somewhat later in 1921

500-466: The so–called " Chita Plug ". Reached its maximum number in the fall of 1920 – 29 thousand people. In November 1920, the Far Eastern Army relocated to Primorye, where it continued to fight until November 1922. In January 1920, units of the 2nd and 3rd Armies of Kolchak and Kappel made their way to Transbaikalia during the Siberian Ice Campaign . In February 1920, these units were combined with

525-577: The transfer of troops along the Sino–Eastern Railway , the Far Eastern Army was almost completely disarmed by the Chinese authorities. In Primorye, mainly on the territory of the railway from Grodekovo Station to Ussuriysk , soldiers and officers were disguised as people who had come to find employment from Manchuria in Primorye. By orders of Grigory Semyonov, the Commander–in–Chief of All Armed Forces and

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550-459: Was adopted, but the yellow shoulder straps of the full dress uniform were retained, as was yellow piping on the blue/grey breeches. Provisional Priamurye Government The Provisional Priamurye Government or Provisional Priamur Government ( Russian : Приамурский земский край ) existed in the region of Priamurye of the Russian Far East between May 27, 1921 and June 16, 1923. It

575-688: Was categorically against this plan, believing that the red units at the moment did not have sufficient forces to break through the Chita Plug. However, on 1 October 1920, the Chief of Staff of the Commander–in–Chief Nikolai Lokhvitsky , unauthorized, violating the order of the Commander–in–Chief Grigory Semyonov, began to evacuate the 3rd Corps of the Far Eastern Army, creating a gap in the eastern defense, and thereby gave

600-573: Was renamed the Zemskaya Rat ("Territorial Rat'" - the archaic Slavic term rat' means "military force"). When the Japanese withdrew from the Priamurye (June to October 1922), the Soviet army of the Far Eastern Republic retook most of the Priamurye Government territory. The Ayano-Maysky District was controlled by Anatoly Pepelyayev at that time; its surrender in June 1923 marked the end of

625-699: Was the last Russian State enclave during the Russian Civil War . The government had its origin in a 1921 White Army coup in Vladivostok and its environs. The coup aimed for the Priamurye region to break away from the Far Eastern Republic and to survive behind a cordon sanitaire of Japanese troops involved in the Siberian Intervention . The coup was started on May 23, 1921 by the Kappelevtsy ,

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