23-427: Adustochaete Amphistereum Aporpium Auricularia Eichleriella Elmerina Exidia Exidiopsis Fibulosebacea Heterochaete Heterocorticium Heteroradulum Hirneolina Proterochaete Protodaedalea Sclerotrema Tremellochaete Aporpiaceae Bondartsev & Bondartseva (1960) Exidiaceae R.T.Moore (1978) The Auriculariaceae are
46-554: A cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats ; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales ( orcas ) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different resident and transient (migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from
69-433: A family of fungi in the order Auriculariales . Species within the family were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes " or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia . Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic , most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on
92-540: A commercial scale, especially in China. The family was established in 1897 by German mycologist Gustav Lindau to accommodate species of fungi having "gymnocarpous" basidiocarps (with the hymenium exposed) and "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa). It included not only the genus Auricularia , but also Platygloea , Jola , Saccoblastia , and Stypinella (= Helicobasidium ). In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized
115-411: A commercial scale, particularly in China and southeast Asia. They are widely exported, in a dried or powdered state, as "black fungus", "cloud ears", or "wood ears". Adustochaete Adustochaete is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae . Species produce effused basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on wood, typically covered in small sterile spines or pegs. The genus was created as
138-413: A cosmopolitan species is an endemic (native) species, or one that is found only in a single geographical location. Endemism usually results in organisms with specific adaptations to one particular climate or region, and the species would likely face challenges if placed in a different environment. There are far more examples of endemic species than cosmopolitan species; one example being the snow leopard ,
161-634: A planet too large for local populations to interbreed routinely with each other include genetic effects such as ring species , such as in the Larus gulls, and the formation of clines such as in Drosophila . Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both in extinct and extant species. For example, Lystrosaurus was cosmopolitan in the Early Triassic after the Permian-Triassic extinction event . In
184-451: A result of molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , to accommodate two species from Brazil and Mexico that are not closely related to the older and superficially similar genus Heterochaete . Two additional species, from Brazil and China, have since been described. This fungus -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography ,
207-520: A species found only in Central Asian mountain ranges, an environment to which the cats have adapted over millions of years. The caveat "in appropriate habitat" is used to qualify the term "cosmopolitan distribution", excluding in most instances polar regions, extreme altitudes, oceans, deserts, or small, isolated islands. For example, the housefly is highly cosmopolitan, yet is neither oceanic nor polar in its distribution. The term pandemism also
230-527: Is home to some indigenous species within the Myrmeleontidae, but nonetheless no one species, nor even genus, of the Myrmeleontidae is cosmopolitan. Conversely, partly as a result of human introduction of unnatural apiculture to the New World, Apis mellifera probably is the only cosmopolitan member of its family; the rest of the family Apidae have modest distributions. Even where a cosmopolitan population
253-430: Is in use, but not all authors are consistent in the sense in which they use the term; some speak of pandemism mainly in referring to diseases and pandemics , and some as a term intermediate between endemism and cosmopolitanism, in effect regarding pandemism as subcosmopolitanism . This means near cosmopolitanism, but with major gaps in the distribution , say, complete absence from Australia. Terminology varies, and there
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#1733104828919276-535: Is recognised as a single species, such as indeed Apis mellifera , there generally will be variation between regional sub-populations. Such variation commonly is at the level of subspecies , varieties or morphs , whereas some variation is too slight or inconsistent for formal recognition. For an example of subspecific variation, consider the East African lowland honey bee ( Apis mellifera scutellata )—best known for being hybridized with various European subspecies of
299-508: Is some debate whether the true opposite of endemism is pandemism or cosmopolitanism. A related concept in biogeography is that of oceanic cosmopolitanism and endemism. Rather than allow ubiquitous travel, the World Ocean is complicated by physical obstacles such as temperature gradients. These prevent migration of tropical species between the Atlantic and Indian/Pacific oceans. Conversely,
322-478: The Arctic Circle to Antarctica and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a species ) is said to have a cosmopolitan distribution, or exhibit cosmopolitanism , as a species; another example, the rock dove (commonly referred to as a ' pigeon '), in addition to having been bred domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world. The extreme opposite of
345-554: The Arctic tern occur from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean , but at any one season of the year they are likely to be largely in passage or concentrated at only one end of the range. Also, some such species breed only at one end of the range. Seen purely as an aspect of cosmopolitanism, such distributions could be seen as temporal, seasonal variations. Other complications of cosmopolitanism on
368-459: The corticioid fungi . All species within the Auriculariaceae are thought to be saprotrophs , most of them wood-rotters typically found on dead attached or fallen wood. As a group, their distribution is cosmopolitan . The Auriculariaceae currently contain some 15 genera. Several species within the order are edible and two, Auricularia heimuer and Auricularia cornea , are cultivated on
391-479: The western honey bee to create the so-called " African killer bee "—and the Cape bee , which is the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis ; both of them are in the same cosmopolitan species Apis mellifera , but their ranges barely overlap. Other cosmopolitan species, such as the house sparrow and osprey , present similar examples, but in yet other species there are less familiar complications: some migratory birds such as
414-690: The Auriculariaceae belong within the order Auriculariales, but has also indicated that the family is not distinguishable from the Exidiaceae. A clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species (plus their allies) equates to the Auriculariaceae. The majority of species within the Auriculariaceae produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead wood. In some these are conspicuous and may be ear-shaped, button-shaped, lobed, or effused. Their hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) may be smooth, warted, veined, spiny, or poroid. Some species, however, produce dry, leathery, or web-like fruit bodies resembling those of
437-550: The Northern marine regions and Southern Ocean are separated by the tropics , too warm for many species to traverse. Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is that of ecological limitations. A species that is apparently cosmopolitan because it occurs in all oceans might in fact occupy only littoral zones , or only particular ranges of depths, or only estuaries , for example. Analogously, terrestrial species might be present only in forests, or mountainous regions, or sandy arid regions or
460-529: The family as containing the genera Auricularia , Eocronartium , Helicobasidium , Platygloea , and Stilbum . Both Lindau and Rea placed the family within the Auriculariales, but some subsequent authors placed it within the Tremellales . A radical revision was undertaken in 1984, when American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of
483-430: The like. Such distributions might be patchy, or extended, but narrow. Factors of such a nature are taken widely for granted, so they seldom are mentioned explicitly in mentioning cosmopolitan distributions. Cosmopolitanism of a particular species or variety should not be confused with cosmopolitanism of higher taxa. For example, the family Myrmeleontidae is cosmopolitan in the sense that every continent except Antarctica
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#1733104828919506-474: The modern world, the orca , the blue whale , and the great white shark all have cosmopolitan distribution, extending over most of the Earth's oceans . The wasp Copidosoma floridanum is another example, as it is found around the world. Other examples include humans , cats , dogs , the western honey bee , brown rats , the foliose lichen Parmelia sulcata , and the mollusc genus Mytilus . The term can also apply to some diseases. It may result from
529-459: The septal pore apparatus in the Auriculariales. This revealed that species of fungi with "auricularioid" basidia were not necessarily closely related and that Auricularia had more in common with Exidia and its allies (with "tremelloid" basidia), than with other auricularioid fungi. Bandoni therefore limited the Auriculariaceae to the genus Auricularia . Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed that
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