19-576: Auriculariaceae Heteroscyphaceae Hyaloriaceae Oliveoniaceae Patouillardinaceae genera incertae sedis (no family) Aporpiales Bond. & M. Bond. (1960) Exidiales R.T. Moore (1996) The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes . Species within the order were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes " or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia . Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families , though
38-433: A family of fungi in the order Auriculariales . Species within the family were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes " or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia . Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic , most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on
57-658: A clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species equates to the Auriculariaceae, whilst another containing Hyaloria and Myxarium species equates to the Hyaloriaceae. The majority of species within the Auriculariales produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead wood. In some these are conspicuous and may be ear-shaped, button-shaped, lobed, bracket-like, or effused. Their hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) may be smooth, warted, veined, toothed (as in
76-540: A commercial scale, especially in China. The family was established in 1897 by German mycologist Gustav Lindau to accommodate species of fungi having "gymnocarpous" basidiocarps (with the hymenium exposed) and "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa). It included not only the genus Auricularia , but also Platygloea , Jola , Saccoblastia , and Stypinella (= Helicobasidium ). In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized
95-553: A commercial scale, particularly in China and southeast Asia. They are widely exported, in a dried or powdered state, as "black fungus", "cloud ears", or "wood ears". Myxarium M. cinnamomescens M. cirratulum M. crozalcii M. crystallinum M. evanidum M. frumentaceum M. fugacissimum M. grilletii M. hyalinum M. legonii M. mesomorphum M. minutissimum M. mirabilis M. podlachicum M. populinum M. rotundum M. simile M. varium Myxarium
114-757: A few ( Guepinia species) are normally found on the ground. As a group, their distribution is cosmopolitan . Several species within the order are edible and two, Auricularia heimuer and Auricularia cornea , are cultivated on a commercial scale, particularly in China and southeast Asia. Auriculariaceae Adustochaete Amphistereum Aporpium Auricularia Eichleriella Elmerina Exidia Exidiopsis Fibulosebacea Heterochaete Heterocorticium Heteroradulum Hirneolina Proterochaete Protodaedalea Sclerotrema Tremellochaete Aporpiaceae Bondartsev & Bondartseva (1960) Exidiaceae R.T.Moore (1978) The Auriculariaceae are
133-490: Is a genus of fungi in the family Hyaloriaceae . Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous and effused or pustular. The genus is cosmopolitan. All species grow on dead wood or dead herbaceous stems. The genus was originally described by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1833 based on the visible white inclusions in the basidiocarps of the type species , Myxarium nucleatum , which he interpreted as spores (they are in fact crystals of calcium oxalate ). The genus
152-402: The corticioid fungi . All species within the Auriculariaceae are thought to be saprotrophs , most of them wood-rotters typically found on dead attached or fallen wood. As a group, their distribution is cosmopolitan . The Auriculariaceae currently contain some 15 genera. Several species within the order are edible and two, Auricularia heimuer and Auricularia cornea , are cultivated on
171-467: The rusts and smuts . In 1922, British mycologist Carleton Rea recognized the order as containing the families Auriculariaceae and Ecchynaceae, as well as the rusts ( Coleosporiaceae and Pucciniaceae ) and the smuts ( Ustilaginaceae ). Many subsequent authors, however, separated out the rusts and smuts and amalgamated the remaining Auriculariales with the Tremellales . Jülich (1981) also separated out
190-444: The ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus in the Auriculariales. This revealed that species of fungi with "auricularioid" basidia were not necessarily closely related and that Auricularia had more in common with Exidia and its allies (with "tremelloid" basidia), than with other auricularioid fungi. Bandoni therefore amended the Auriculariales to include the family Auriculariaceae (with auricularioid basidia) together with
209-693: The Auriculariaceae belong within the order Auriculariales, but has also indicated that the family is not distinguishable from the Exidiaceae. A clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species (plus their allies) equates to the Auriculariaceae. The majority of species within the Auriculariaceae produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead wood. In some these are conspicuous and may be ear-shaped, button-shaped, lobed, or effused. Their hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) may be smooth, warted, veined, spiny, or poroid. Some species, however, produce dry, leathery, or web-like fruit bodies resembling those of
SECTION 10
#1733094389126228-525: The families Exidiaceae, Aporpiaceae, Hyaloriaceae , and Sebacinaceae (with tremelloid basidia). This revision was accepted by Wells (1994) who, however, amalgamated the Aporpiaceae and Hyaloriaceae (together with the Heteroscyphaceae ) and added the families Patouillardinaceae (with diagonally septate basidia) and Tremellodendropsidaceae (with partly septate basidia). Roberts (1998) subsequently added
247-598: The family Oliveoniaceae (with non-septate basidia). Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has substantially supported Bandoni's revised circumscription of the Auriculariales, but has moved the Sebacinaceae and the Tremellodendropsidaceae to their own separate orders, the Sebacinales and Tremellodendropsidales . The status of the constituent families has not yet been examined, but
266-422: The family as containing the genera Auricularia , Eocronartium , Helicobasidium , Platygloea , and Stilbum . Both Lindau and Rea placed the family within the Auriculariales, but some subsequent authors placed it within the Tremellales . A radical revision was undertaken in 1984, when American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of
285-419: The genus Pseudohydnum ), cyphelloid (as in the genus Heteroscypha ), or poroid (as in the genera Elmerina and Aporpium ). Some species, however, produce dry, leathery, or web-like fruit bodies resembling those of the corticioid fungi . All species within the Auriculariales are thought to be saprotrophs , most of them wood-rotters. They are typically found on dead attached or fallen wood, though
304-405: The rusts and smuts, but recognized the remaining Auriculariales as an independent order, placing within them the families Auriculariaceae, Cystobasidiaceae , Paraphelariaceae, Saccoblastiaceae, Ecchynaceae, Hoehnelomycetaceae , and Patouillardinaceae . A radical revision was undertaken in 1984, when American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate
323-460: The septal pore apparatus in the Auriculariales. This revealed that species of fungi with "auricularioid" basidia were not necessarily closely related and that Auricularia had more in common with Exidia and its allies (with "tremelloid" basidia), than with other auricularioid fungi. Bandoni therefore limited the Auriculariaceae to the genus Auricularia . Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed that
342-479: The status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic , most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China. The order was established in 1889 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter to accommodate species of fungi having "auricularioid" basidia (more or less cylindrical basidia with lateral septa), including many of
361-487: Was synonymized with Exidia by subsequent authors, until revived by Dutch mycologist M.A. Donk in 1966. The revised concept of Myxarium emphasized the microscopic presence of septate basidia with enucleate stalk cells ("myxarioid" basidia), a feature absent in Exidia . Additional species were added to the genus on this basis. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , indicates that Myxarium
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