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40-521: The name was introduced in 1911 by John Beazley , a classical historian at the University of Oxford , who had a special interest in Attic vases. Through close examination of stylistic details, Beazley and other scholars recognized pieces painted by the same artist. In this case, the nickname appreciates the anonymous painter's repeated use of kalos inscriptions praising the beauty of a named young boy. A vase with

80-656: A Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Beazley was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1949, and therefore granted the title sir . He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1959 New Year Honours "for services to scholarship". In 1919, Beazley married a widow , Marie Ezra (née Bloomfield), whose first husband had been killed in World War I. In their early years together,

120-917: A fifteenth-century Flemish portrait, a Van Eyck or a Van der Weyden . He was never professionally painted, but his wife, a talented untaught artist, drew several heads of him in coloured chalks which are preserved in Oxford, at Balliol , Christ Church , and Lincoln . There is a notebook in Beazley's hand in Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts, the Bodleian Library , Oxford (MS. Eng. misc. e. 1390), containing his notes on Greek literature and sculpture and on Roman history, and also his illustrations of classical statuary and his sketched caricatures of some contemporaries. British School at Athens The British School at Athens ( BSA ; Greek : Βρετανική Σχολή Αθηνών )

160-635: A name, e.g. the Berlin Painter , whose production he first distinguished. He looked at the sweep of classical pottery—major and minor pieces—to construct a history of workshops and artists in ancient Athens. The first English edition of his book, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters , appeared in 1942 (in German as Attische Vasenmaler des rotfigurigen Stils , 1925). Beazley retired in 1956, but continued to work until his death in Oxford , on 6 May 1970. His personal archive

200-501: A poem to Beazley, an "invitation to a young but learned friend to abandon archaeology for the moment, and play once more with his neglected Muse". T. E. Lawrence once commented of Beazley that "if it hadn't been for that accursed Greek art, he'd have been a very fine poet". Beazley and Flecker drifted apart as Beazley drifted away from poetry. After graduating, Beazley spent time at the British School at Athens . He then returned to

240-614: A range of clay beds, and 10,000 archaeological samples. The laboratory also collects animal bones and seeds for reference. Recognizing that research can best be performed by a pool of facilities at different laboratories, the Fitch Laboratory is part of a formal network of laboratories. During its long history, the BSA has been involved in a multitude of archaeological projects, including surveys in Laconia , Boeotia , Methana ( Argolid ), and in

280-403: A stream of neutrons generated in a particle accelerator is directed onto the sample, forcing some of its atoms to acquire additional neutrons, generating unstable isotopes , which decay immediately, releasing gamma radiation . As in electron bombardment, the radiation emitted is of wavelengths characteristic of the element. The gamma photons are diffracted for a spectrum read-out; in addition,

320-565: Is a scientific laboratory for conducting technical investigation of materials obtained from archaeology. It is located in a separate building on the grounds of the premises at 52 Souedias Street, Athens. Having begun in 1974 in a storage facility, it was expanded into a two-story building in 1988. The laboratory is funded separately from the rest of the school. It has its own director, currently (2019) Evangelia Kiriatzi, its own research scientists, teaches its own courses, offers its own grants, and issues its own publications. It is, however, governed by

360-527: Is an institute for advanced research, one of the eight British International Research Institutes supported by the British Academy , that promotes the study of Greece in all its aspects. Under UK law it is a registered educational charity, which translates to a non-profit organisation in American and Greek law. It also is one of the 19 Foreign Archaeological Institutes defined by Hellenic Law No. 3028/2002, "On

400-656: The Gaisford Prize in Greek composition for "Herodotus at the Zoo", a parody of Herodotus in which the historian visits London Zoo . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1907. While at Oxford, Beazley became a close friend of the poet James Elroy Flecker . They were perhaps lovers, as A. L. Rowse suggested in an article for The Spectator ; certainly their relationship took place within what one biographer has described as an "an aura of bisexuality". The pair founded

440-602: The University of Oxford as a student (equivalent to fellow ) and tutor in Classics at Christ Church . During World War I , Beazley served in military intelligence . For most of the war he worked in Room 40 ( Cryptanalysis ) of the Admiralty 's Naval Intelligence Division , where his colleagues included his fellow-archaeologist Winifred Lamb . He held the temporary rank of second lieutenant from March to October 1916 when he

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480-423: The half-life of the decaying isotope can be calculated, which also is characteristic and serves as an identifier. This is a popular method in ceramic elemental analysis because it is non-destructive of the sample. As it requires larger facilities, such as a particle accelerator, not present at most laboratories, the samples must be sent out. The third method, X-ray fluorescence . a type of fluorescence , analyzes

520-449: The "Praxiteles Club" together, a club of which they were the only members. The only rule was that members were to wear a particular blazer, white with gold trimmings. Among Beazley's other friends during this time were John Maynard Keynes , Lytton Strachey , and Rupert Brooke . Beazley was a keen poet in his youth but abandoned it (and ceased even to speak of it) as his scholarly pursuits begun to take up all his time. Flecker addressed

560-656: The British School initiate its own laboratory. The proposal was kept secret until the British School could obtain permission from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture with the assistance of Spyridon Marinatos , Inspector-General of the Archaeological Service. Permission obtained, the managing committee of the British School openly sought funding from the British Academy . They agreed to underwrite expenses once it

600-585: The Eucharides Painter. Their shapes range from large kraters to small cups. Scenes were drawn from mythology and daily life. Many of this artist's known works were retrieved from Etruscan tombs in Italy. Recently, one of his attic vases was claimed to be looted and was repossessed by the Italian State. NY Observer NY Times Examples of Attic vases attributed to the Eucharides Painter are on display around

640-532: The Minister of Culture. The BSA's activities include a regular programme of lectures and seminars, a series of scholarships and bursaries, the publication of a research journal, reports, monographs and online works, Athens-based courses for undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers, as well as archaeological fieldwork. The Directors, who have included many distinguished figures, have tended to be in Greece for only part of

680-899: The Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General," passed by the Greek Parliament in 2003. Under that law the 17 accredited foreign institutes may perform systematic excavation in Greece with the permission of the government. The School was founded in 1886 as the fourth such institution in Greece (the earlier being the French, German, and American). For most of its existence, it focused on supporting, directing and facilitating British-based research in Classical Studies and Archaeology , but in recent years, it has broadened that focus to all areas of Greek Studies. It has made notable contributions in

720-413: The elemental composition of solids without dissociating the atoms from the solid state. It is generally employed on the solids of art and archaeology, such as ceramics, metallic objects, paintings, and so on. In this type the sample is bombarded with x-rays or gamma rays . The electrons are energized in place without breaking up the solid matrix. Moving from the inner orbits to the outer, they fall back to

760-444: The energy to expand into unstable orbits. As the electrons fall back they lose energy as visible light. Diffraction of the light produces a spectrum that can be read electronically or captured on film. The bands of light identify the elements. Specrometers are used less frequently in archaeology as they destroy the sample; in fact, Law 3028 forbids destructive tests of artifacts. In a second type, Neutron activation analysis (NAA),

800-453: The fields of epigraphy and the history of Modern Greece . It is defined by Hellenic law to be a "foreign archaeological school" with a very specific meaning. In addition to being trusted with antiquities in Greece, it serves as an agent for the Hellenic utilisation of British resources in Greece. Only the BSA can assign projects to British institutions, and it may only do so with permission of

840-507: The inner, giving up the induced energy as x-rays of wavelengths characteristic of the element. These are diffracted and read. In 1960, Sinclair Hood , director of the British School, in the process of attempting to determine whether some pottery was Minoan or Mycenaean, contacted the new laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at the University of Oxford , which was already using activation analysis. The director and assistant director of

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880-557: The inscription ΚΑΛΟΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΔΕΣ ("kalos Eucharides", i.e. Eucharides is beautiful) became the source of the artist's name. The Eucharides Painter was working in Athens in the years from about 500 BC to 470 BC. At this time the technique of vase painting switched from black-figure to red-figure illustrations, a process commonly attributed to the Andokides Painter . Correspondingly, both black-figured and red-figured vases are attributed to

920-694: The islands of Ithaca ( Ionian islands ), Kea , Melos , Kythera ( Cyclades ), Chios ( North Aegean ) and Crete (Ayiopharango Survey, Ayios Vasilios Survey, Knossos Survey, Praisos Survey) and excavations at Nea Nikomedeia , Sitagroi , Servia and Assiros ( Greek Macedonia ), Lefkandi ( Euboia ), Emborio and Kato Phana ( Chios ), Perachora ( Corinthia ), Mycenae ( Argolid ), Sparta ( Laconia ), Phylakopi ( Melos ), Keros ( Cyclades ), as well as in Crete at Knossos , Karphi , Praisos , Debla, Trapeza Cave , Atsipades Korakias , Psychro , Myrtos , Petsofas and Palaikastro . Eugénie Sellers Strong

960-408: The laboratory considered the question so important that they flew immediately to Greece to obtain permission from the government to acquire and experiment on samples from 20 Theban pots. The pots were analyzed, but the analysis produced no definitive answers. Oxford and the British School continued to work together analyzing pots until in the late 1960s M.J. Aitken of the Oxford laboratory proposed that

1000-421: The main school's Committee for Archaeology. Fitch Laboratory was founded during a period of growing interest in establishing the provenience of pottery discovered during excavation. The method of archaeology established a sequence of layers at a site, which gave relative dates to the objects found in them; however, the method had limitations. Suppose that pottery in one region was similar to pottery at another, how

1040-819: The pair kept a goose in Christ Church, which Marie would take out for exercise in Tom Quad . Marie helped Beazley's work by photographing vases for him. Beazley had no children with Marie, though Beazley had a stepdaughter from Marie's previous marriage, Giovanna Marie Therese Babette "Mary" Ezra. Mary Ezra married Irish poet Louis MacNeice . Marie died in 1967. The classical scholar Martin Robertson described Beazley as follows: He had great charm, and could be an amusing and delightful companion; but as he grew older his total deafness and his increasing absorption in his work combined to cut him off to some degree from other people. He

1080-463: The petrology it has two research polarising microscopes supported by a digital photography system. The analysis is performed by a Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF) unit, which diffracts the sample-emitted x-rays into a spectrum of different wavelengths. The laboratory's course on ceramic petrology is standard. All samples are archived on the second floor. The archive contains about 3000 rock samples from various geological formations covering

1120-637: The study of the rock composition of the clay from which the pots were made. Microscopic examination of a thin section of pot material reveals the minerals present in the grains of clay. The mineral composition of pots is then compared to the mineral composition of the rock from which various known clay beds had come. If there were any mineralic distinctions between Mycenaean and Minoan pottery, petrology would discover them. By that time also new methods of chemical analysis of inorganic material were available, which are generally classified as "activation analysis." The general method exploits two natural phenomena:

1160-422: The tendency to form stable atoms with a given energy structure (number and configuration of electrons and neutrons, etc.), and the action of an atom to transduce radiational energy falling on it. The input energy "activates" or superenergizes the atom in some way, creating an unstable configuration, which then decays, releasing the extra energy in radiation of wavelengths characteristic of the atom. A device to read

1200-413: The wavelengths and radiational intensities at those wavelengths then identifies the element and concentration present. Of the three general types of activation, the mass spectrometer bombards the sample with a stream of electrons, or electrical current, until it reaches temperatures high enough to dissociate the atoms into a plasma , or cloud of superenergized ions , in which the electrons have acquired

1240-421: The world, e.g.: Kalos Eucharides (Beazley Archive Database Number 275122) Black-figured pseudo-panathenaic amphora. Beazley Archive Database Number 202230 John Beazley Sir John Davidson Beazley ( / ˈ b iː z l i / ; 13 September 1885 – 6 May 1970) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian , known for his classification of Attic vases by artistic style . He

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1280-523: The year, keeping roles in the UK or elsewhere. BSA facilities include one of the most important Classical and archaeological libraries in Greece (over 60,000 volumes), and the Fitch laboratory, the oldest archaeometric laboratory in Greece. The BSA also operates a branch at Knossos in Crete , including one of the island's main archaeological libraries. The Marc and Ismene Fitch Laboratory, Fitch Laboratory for short,

1320-532: Was professor of classical archaeology and art at the University of Oxford from 1925 to 1956. Beazley was born in Glasgow , Scotland on 13 September 1885, to Mark John Murray Beazley (died 1940) and Mary Catherine Beazley née Davidson (died 1918). He was educated at King Edward VI School , Southampton and Christ's Hospital , Sussex. He then attended Balliol College, Oxford where he read Literae Humaniores : he received firsts in both Mods and Greats . He won

1360-428: Was a type of Minoan pottery . To the contrary, Carl Blegen and his supporters were affirming a mainland Greek origin for and importation to Crete of Mycenaean pottery. Given some of this pottery at a site, which was it, Minoan or Mycenaean, and how could one establish which? By the 1960s archaeologists were turning to the chemical and physical sciences for answers. The science of geology provided them with petrology ,

1400-608: Was established and equipped . The Oxford laboratory offered to provide initial equipment and training. There remained a gap in the funding required to start the laboratory. The Fitches , who had helped build the stratigraphic museum at Knossos, stepped forward. The laboratory became operational in 1974. Since 1974 the laboratory has been continually in use either for educational purposes or for conducting research. There has been no lack of funding from many private sources. The laboratory specializes in petrology and analysis of inorganic materials, especially ceramics, by x-ray fluorescence. For

1440-496: Was modest, and took immense trouble with the guidance of his pupils, treating them as equals and winning their devoted affection. He was completely generous in communicating his knowledge, not only to these but to all who consulted him, as in increasing numbers scholars, collectors, and dealers constantly did. In appearance he was somewhat under medium height, slight but well made, with striking blue eyes and fair hair (white in age), and fine rather ascetic features which suggested to many

1480-647: Was on secondment to the British Army. In 1925, he became Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art at the University of Oxford, a position he held until 1956. He specialised in Greek decorated pottery (particularly black-figure and red-figure ), and became a world authority on the subject. He adapted the art-historical method initiated by Giovanni Morelli to attribute the specific "hands" (style) of specific workshops and artists, even where no signed piece offered

1520-595: Was purchased by the University of Oxford in 1964. It was originally accommodated in the Ashmolean Museum , but in 2007 it moved into the Ioannou Centre for Classical and Byzantine Studies as part of the new Classical Art Research Centre. Beazley was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1927. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1943. In 1954, he was elected

1560-449: Was the first woman student to be admitted to the BSA in 1890, four years after its foundation. Agnes Conway was admitted to the British School at Athens under Director Alan Wace for the 1913-1914 session, along with her friend Evelyn Radford with whom she had attended Newnham College, Cambridge . The trip they took to the Balkans during the session was published in 1917 as A Ride Through

1600-593: Was this similarity to be interpreted? Did invaders carry the pottery from one site to another? Were the similar pots trade exports? Did the pottery of one region serve as a model for the manufacture of pottery in another? Answers to these questions were provided by the judgements of the lead excavators, but with no method of establishing provenience, these judgements were often highly controversial. For example, there are striking similarities between some Minoan and some Mycenaean pottery. Arthur Evans , Duncan Mackenzie and their supporters were proposing that Mycenaean pottery

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