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85-507: Estel (also styled as ESTEL ) was a steel company formed by the merging of Koninklijke Hoogovens IJmuiden steel plant and Hoesch 's main steel plant in Dortmund . The company existed from 1972 to 1982 until de-merged. In 1966 the board of Koninklijke Hoogovens voted in favour of merging their IJmuiden steelworks with the Dortmund plant of German steelmaker Hoesch ; Hoesch would benefit from

170-575: A pound sterling (3 shillings and 4 pence) becoming 19.2 g fine silver in 1551. The pace of depreciation of the Gulden quickened in the second half of the 16th century amidst the huge influx of precious metals from Germany & Spanish America arriving through the Habsburg Netherlands . The loss in silver content of local Dutch coins in the form of stuivers , schellings (6 stuivers) and daalders ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 gulden or 30 stuivers)

255-524: A British and a Dutch branch. Tata Steel Netherlands (TSN) and Tata Steel UK fall directly under the Indian parent company Tata Steel . The plant itself is still named Tata Steel IJmuiden. In 1964 a joint venture with Hoogovens as major (50%) partner established an aluminium company Aldel in the north east of the Netherlands; the enterprised was backed by the state which guaranteed a long term supply of energy

340-461: A Dutch ( Tata Steel Netherlands ) branch, these fall directly under the Indian parent company Tata Steel and Tata Steel Europe ceased to exist. In 1914 H.J.E. Wenckebach and J.C Ankersmit began planning the construction of a steelworks in the Netherlands, in 1916 Ankersmit departed for the USA, leaving Wenckebach to continue the work, and on 19 April 1917 Wenckebach presented his plans which included

425-454: A KNHS subsidiary in 1964, the company was shut down in 1984. Mekog and CEMIJ were established at the IJmuiden site in 1928 and 1930, manufacturing fertiliser, and cement respectively, using steel production by products. CEMIJ was sold off in 1989. A shareholding in coal tar distillation plant Cindu ( Chemische Industrie Uithoorn ), then named Teerbedrijf Uithoorn , was acquired in 1927;

510-498: A capacity of over 3.5 million tonnes a year were opened. Labour relations at the plant were usually good; during the first two decades of the enterprise's existence the organisational structure was relatively simple, with limited hierarchies, and there were limited attempts at a benevolent social policy by the plant's management. Psychological testing of potential workers was gradually introduced, first for skilled workers, and after World War II for unskilled workers. Vocational training

595-509: A hot dip galvanising line Galtec 2 , with a capacity of 400,000 tonnes per year of zinc coated coil began operation; it was the second to be produced as part of a joint venture with Sidmar . A joint venture (42.5%) Galstar LP with Weirton Steel for another galvanising line built in the late 1990s in Jeffersonville, Indiana , USA entered bankruptcy in 2001 having been closed due to poor demand after only 4 months in production. Plans for

680-442: A joint subsidiary with Sidmar , named Galtec , was established at Sidmar's plant near Ghent, producing galvanised steel. In 1998 Hoogovens employed around 23,000 people, and produced approximately 8 million tonnes of steel (and 450,000 tonnes of aluminium) per year, with sales of over $ 10 billion. The company's main products were rolled steel, including tinplate (thin gauge steel), coated steels, and aluminium extrusions. Production

765-528: A layered silhouette profile of the Queen as opposed to the more formal designs of the previous generation of coins. Production of these coins ceased after 2001. At the time of withdrawal, the following denominations of coins were circulating: All the coins carried a profile image of the Queen on the obverse and a simple grid on the other side. The 1-guilder , 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder, and five guilder coins had God zij met ons ('God be with us') inscribed on

850-523: A low price: a large natural gas discovery had been made in the region. Mining company Billiton was the other partner in the venture, along with technical support from Alusuisse . In 1970 the company acquired a shareholding in Sidal (Belgium), and in 1987 Kaiser Aluminium 's European business was acquired; the acquisition made KNHS a major aluminium producer: by 1996 it had an aluminium smelting capacity of well over 10 million tonnes per annum. Divisions in

935-542: A production line for producing paint coated steel rolls was started. The third blast furnace was decommissioned in 1991. In the late 1990s two blast furnaces were purchased by the Indonesian steel group Gunawan Steel Group and dismantled and shipped to its development in Malaysia, Gunawan Iron and Steel . The dismantling work was carried out by a Chinese contractor which was found to be paying its 120 Chinese workers less than

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1020-515: A site suitable for import and export by sea was chosen, and IJmuiden was chosen over sites at Rotterdam and Moerdijk due to better ground conditions. The site was on the north bank of the North Sea Canal , outside its sea locks, and two harbours were built - the inner harbour opened in 1920, and the outer harbour in 1923. By 1924 the first blast furnace, casting hall, coke plant, and an electricity generating plant powered by waste gases from

1105-573: A spear topped by a hat in her right hand, resting with her left forearm on Gospels set on an ornate basis, with a small shield in the legend. Following the collapse of the Bank of Amsterdam in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars , in 1817 the United Kingdom of the Netherlands redefined the Gulden as either 9.613 g silver or 0.60561 g gold. It was decimally divided into 100 cents, and the 1-Gulden coin

1190-532: A steel rolling mill ( Walsbedrijven NV ) at the IJmuiden site in the late 1930s; a plate mill began production in 1938, followed by a strip and profile mill in 1939. As built it was outdated, using second-hand equipment. The mill was built to supply the Van Leer company's own steel needs, and not as an independent commercial concern. In 1941, under the Nazi occupation during World War II, Van Leer's Jewish owner Bernard van Leer

1275-497: Is a Dutch steel producer founded in 1918. Since 2010, the plant is named Tata Steel IJmuiden . The IJmuiden steelworks based in IJmuiden , Netherlands was built between 1920 and 1940, first producing iron, later steel, with hot and cold rolling producing flat products. In the 1960s the company diversified into aluminium production. The company briefly merged its IJmuiden steel plant with German steel company Hoesch from 1972 forming

1360-573: Is dedicated to the history of the plant, and runs the Hoogovens Museum which is an affiliate of the European Route of Industrial Heritage . Corus Stoom IJmuiden (Steam Corus IJmuiden) operates steam trains on the rail network of the CIJmuiden and has workshop facilities on site. Dutch guilder The guilder ( Dutch : gulden , pronounced [ˈɣʏldə(n)] ) or florin

1445-491: Is exchangeable. Refer Banknotes of the Dutch guilder for a full list of guilder Banknotes and their last valid exchange date. In the 18th century, coins were issued by the various provinces. There were copper 1 duit, silver 1, 2, 6 and 10 stuivers, 1 and 3 guilders, 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 silver ducat rijksdaalder and 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 silver rider ducaton. Gold 1 and 2 ducat trade coins were also minted. Between 1795 and 1806,

1530-620: The Batavian Republic issued coins in similar denominations to the earlier provincial issues. The Kingdom of Holland minted silver 10 stuivers, 1 florin and 1 guilder (equivalent), 50 stuivers and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder (also equivalent) and 1 rijksdaalder, along with gold 10 and 20 guilders. Before decimalization, the Kingdom of the Netherlands briefly issued some 1 rijksdaalder coins. The gold 1 and 2 ducat and silver ducat (rijksdaalder) are still minted today as bullion coins. In 1817,

1615-453: The Financial crisis of 2007–08 (see Great Recession ) the down turn led to significant job losses – 800 persons in 2009, and up to 2014 a further 1000 jobs. In the 2014/2015 financial year the IJmuiden site made a profit of c. €340million, resulting a 9.19% bonus to the workforce, then numbering c. 8000 to 9000 persons. In 2021, Tata Steel Europe ceased to exists after it was split into

1700-705: The Netherlands Antillean guilder (still in use in Curaçao and Sint Maarten ) and the Surinamese guilder (replaced in 2004 by the Surinamese dollar ). The gulden emerged as the official currency of the Burgundian Netherlands after the 1434 monetary reform done under Philip the Good . This table summarizes the gulden's value in terms of silver until the gold standard was introduced in 1875. Prior to 1434

1785-420: The guilder was officially a "national subunit" of the euro. However, physical payments could only be made in guilders, as no euro coins or banknotes were available. The exact exchange rate, still relevant for old contracts and for exchange of the old currency for euros at the central bank, is 2.20371 Dutch guilders for 1 euro. Inverted, this gives 0.453780 euros for 1 guilder. Derived from the Dutch guilder are

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1870-645: The interwar period (after the British Pound Sterling and the Irish pound , which, at this time, were pegged to each other at par). Following the German occupation , on 10 May 1940, the guilder was pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 guilder = 1.5 Reichsmark. This rate was reduced to 1.327 on 17 July of the same year. The liberating Allied forces set an exchange rate of 2.652 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar , which became

1955-530: The 1464 issue of the Sint Andries florin containing 2.735 g of fine gold, but this was a mere two years before the resumption of debasements in the stuiver. The stuiver modestly depreciated between 1466 and 1475 before incurring more significant debasements up to the end of the 15th century. From 1469 to 1475 an agreement with England made the English groat (4- pence ; 2.88 g fine silver) mutually exchangeable with

2040-505: The 1640s the bank firmly rejected the advanced values of these coins and upheld its old values of 48 and 60 stuivers. This was the origin of a permanent Gulden Banco valued at 5% more against provincial Gulden currency valuations. In 1659 the Dutch Republic made this duality permanent by issuing its own trade coins, namely: The result was a Gulden Banco unit of 10.15 g silver & a Gulden currency unit of 9.67 g silver as determined from

2125-609: The Burgundian double patard (or 2- stuiver ) minted under Charles the Rash . Follow-up attempts to issue 1-gulden coins resulted in the minting of the gold Karolusgulden of 1.77 g fine gold in 1520, and the silver Karolusgulden of 19.07 grams fine silver in 1541. The bullion content of French and English currencies would eventually approach this value, with the French livre parisis becoming 20.4 g fine silver in 1549, and 1 ⁄ 6 th of

2210-693: The Dutch issued currency conforming to the Carolingian monetary system , with a pound divided into 20 shillings and a shilling divided into 12 pennies . Dutch versions of the penny first came out in the 9th century, followed by local versions of the one-shilling gros tournois in the 13th century. The most notable version of the latter, the Flemish grote , subsequently depreciated faster than its counterparts in France, from its initial fine silver content of 4.044 g, to around 2.5 g by 1350 AD, and to just 0.815 g before

2295-441: The Dutch minimum wage, with poor safety conditions, with 14 accidents resulting in 2 fatalities due to falls from height. The Chinese contractor was fined for breaches of safety practice, and made to improve working conditions, as well as retrospectively paying its workers 15,000 guilders. In 1996 the company changed its official name to Koninklijke Hoogovens . A new continuous caster was installed between 1998 and 2000. In 1998

2380-698: The IJmuiden steelwork's port, and Koninklijke Hoogovens' 43% shareholding in the Dortmund-Hörder Hüttenunion (DHHU) was converted into a 15% shareholding in Hoesch with Hoesch acquiring DHUU. The two firms made agreements on division of work between the plants – IJmuiden was to concentrate on pig iron, crude steel, and semi-manufactured products, whilst Hoesch's Dortmund plant was to produce finished steels and manufactured products. The two entities were merged in 1972, forming Estel NV , headquarter in Nijmegen . In

2465-552: The Netherlands (e.g. older rixdollars still valued at 50 stuivers currency), Dutch trade coins like lion dollars, rixdollars and silver ducats were exported and became staple currency for the rest of Europe until the end of the 18th century. The Royal Dutch Mint still mints the famed silver ducat to this day. A silver 1-gulden denomination weighing 10.61 g, 0.91 fine, was minted by the States of Holland and West Friesland in 1680. The gulden design featured Pallas Athena standing, holding

2550-465: The board of Corus arose in 2002 when the company announced it was to sell its profitable aluminium business to Pechiney for over £500 million; Corus's British division was making a loss at this time and the sale was seen by Dutch interests as being used to prop up the loss-making British interests with no backward investment in the European mainland side of the business. The board of Corus Netherlands vetoed

2635-705: The cessation of production of the unusual 40, 60 and 300 guilder notes during the 1920s. In 1938, silver notes were reintroduced for 1 and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilders. During World War II , the Dutch Bank continued to issue paper money, although there were some design changes, most notably, the replacement of a portrait of Queen Emma by a Rembrandt portrait on the 10-guilder note. The Allies printed state notes dated 1943 for use following liberation. These were in denominations of 1, 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 10, 25, 50 and 100 guilders. More state notes were issued for 1 and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilders in 1945 and 1949. Following

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2720-461: The coke ovens and blast furnaces were ready, and the second of two blast furnaces, begun in 1919, became operational in 1926. Both blast furnaces were constructed to a design by American company Freyn, Brassert &Co. . The coking plant continued to be expanded throughout the 1920s and 30s, and after World War II . Coal tar , a by-product from coking, was used by the chemical works Cindu ( Chemische Industrie Uithoorn ), and cleaned coke oven gas

2805-408: The company Breedband NV . Also in the post-war period an automated casting machine was installed in 1948, two new blast furnaces activated in 1958 and 1961, and a mill for steel rod and wire production was commissioned in 1964. The sixth blast furnace began operation in 1967, and a second oxy-steel plant in 1968. In 1969 a block mill capable of handling 45-tonne blocks, and another hot strip mill with

2890-508: The company Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V. (KNHS) was created in The Hague . Wenckenbach was the Director, Geldolph Adriaan Kessler the secretary, and A.H. Ingen Housz the company's assignee. One of the motivations for the creation of a steelworks was to end the country's reliance on imported steel. Since the country's resources of coal and iron ore were limited,

2975-608: The company, Sidmar and Phenix Works reached agreement on a joint venture SEGAL ( Société Européenne de Galvanisation ) at Ivoz-Ramet , Liège , Belgium which would produce hot dip galvanized steel for the car industry. The shares of the company were wholly owned by Corus by 2004. Metal plating company Hille and Muller became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1997, after acquiring a 50% share acquired in 1988. A 50% share in Belgian steelmaker Usine Gustave Boël (UGB) in La Louvière

3060-454: The construction of an (€223 million) additional hot dip galvanising line and cold rolling mill were made in 2005, for an expected completion in 2008. In 2007 Tata Steel acquired Corus and subsequently renamed it Tata Steel Europe in 2010. In 2008 due to lack of demand the Corus steel group cut production by 20%; in IJmuiden one blast furnace was taken out of production. In the period after

3145-547: The ducaton. These reforms helped cement the Dutch Republic 's role as Europe's financial center, made the Bank of Amsterdam the world's first modern central bank, and made the bank-stabilized Gulden as Europe's de facto reserve currency until the end of the 18th century. In 1694, a new mint ordinance recognized the gulden as a valid coin for the entire Republic. As the bank was also an active reseller of negotiepenningen , or trade coins that happen to be undervalued in

3230-563: The edge. Between 1814 and 1838, the Dutch Bank issued notes in denominations of 25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500 and 1000 guilders. These were followed, from 1846 by state notes ( muntbiljetten ) in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 guilders, with the 10 and 50 guilders issued until 1914. In 1904, the Dutch Bank recommenced the issuance of paper money. By 1911, it was issuing notes for 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 200, 300 and 1000 guilders. In 1914, because of silver shortage for minting,

3315-522: The equivalent of 1 Rijksdaalder ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 gulden after 1618) for each 25.40 g fine silver actually received. Combined with rules requiring payments above 600 gulden to be cleared through the bank, it halted incentives for provinces to tamper with the silver content of its coins. In 1626, Pieter Schaghen wrote in Dutch of the purchase of "the Island Manhattes" ( Manhattan ) "from the Indians for

3400-516: The establishment of three blast furnaces , a coking plant , and plants for using the by products of the process (coking gas and slag). In May 1917 a Comité voor oprichting van een hoogovenstaal- en walswerk in Nederland (Committee for establishing blast furnaces and steel rolling mill in the Netherlands) was set up, with the aim of creating steel works and rolling mills. The plan received support from

3485-491: The euro at an exchange rate of 2.20371 guilders = 1 Euro . Coins remained exchangeable for euros at branches of the Netherlands Central Bank until 1 January 2007. Most guilder banknotes that were valid at the time of conversion can be exchanged until the deadline of 1 January 2032. There are some exceptions to this, and furthermore no banknote received as payment for commercial goods or services after 27 January 2002

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3570-408: The first coins of the decimal currency were issued, the copper 1 cent and silver 3 guilders. The remaining denominations were introduced in 1818. These were copper 1 ⁄ 2 cents, silver 5, 10 and 25 cents, 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 guilder, and gold 10 guilders. In 1826, gold 5-guilder coins were introduced. In 1840, the silver content of the coinage was reduced (see above) and this was marked by

3655-462: The first two blast furnaces were decommissioned. In the same year (1972) the IJmuiden steelworks ( Hoogovens IJmuiden BV . ) were formed into a 50:50 joint venture named Estel with Hoesch of Germany as the other partner, which merged its Dortmund steel plant into the concern. IJmuiden, with good access to seaborn raw materials, was to act primarily as a raw steel supplier to the plant in Germany, which

3740-466: The free coinage of silver into Gulden coins, substituted by the free coinage of gold into 10-Gulden coins containing 6.048 g fine gold. This arrangement continued until the worldwide suspension of the gold standard in 1914 due to the First World War . The gold standard was revived in 1925 but was abandoned in 1936. In 1914 the guilder was traded at a rate of 2.46 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar . As of 1938,

3825-556: The gold coinage was ended in 1933. The 1 ⁄ 2 guilder saw discontinuation after 1930. Throughout the Wilhelmina period, a number of infrequent changes were made to the 10 and 25 cent coins as well, with the largest changes being periodic updates of the Queen's effigy and smaller changes to designs on the reverse (back). In 1941, following the German occupation, production of all earlier coin types ceased and zinc coins were introduced by

3910-400: The government introduced silver certificates ( zilverbonnen ) for 1, 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 guilders. Although the 5 guilder notes were only issued that year, the 1 guilder notes continued until 1920 and the 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder until 1927. In 1926, the Dutch Bank introduced 20 guilder notes, followed by 50 guilder in 1929 and 500 guilder in 1930. These introductions followed

3995-578: The gulden only set the stage for the next round of depreciations. As a result, the gulden equivalent of different trade coins passing through the Low Countries also rose in value, as follows: The solution which immediately halted the downward spiral of the gulden was the establishment of the Amsterdam Wisselbank (Bank of Amsterdam) in 1609, mandated to accept & assay the bullion content of coins received from its depositors, and then to credit

4080-485: The image of Wilhelmina on the obverse (front) of all coins. In 1980, production of the 1-cent coin ceased and was demonetized three years later. Soon after, it was decided to replace the 5-guilder banknote with a coin of the same value. However, it was not until 1988 that a bronze-coated nickel 5 guilder coin was finally introduced. The 5 guilder banknote remained legal tender until 1995. The 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder coin gradually began losing widespread use shortly after

4165-466: The installation of a continuous casting, hot rolling, and steel coating lines of the next decade. The Dutch state supported the process with a loan of 570 million guilders. The workforce was reduced by 3,000 (14%) over 4 years from 1982, with the company becoming profitable again in 1984. The subsidiary Demka was also closed. The company's first continuous caster was put into operation in May 1980. In 1990

4250-414: The intention of issuing or having them issued as genuine and unaltered shall be punished with a prison sentence of no more than nine years. Eventually, the warning was replaced with a subtle message on the obverse side: "Counterfeiters or falsifiers will be punished", which first appeared inside a small square on the ƒ250 "lighthouse" note while still referencing the aforementioned Article 208. This reference

4335-452: The introduction of the 5 guilder coin, and mintage figures for the denomination declined until the discontinuation of the guilder. 1980 also saw a circulating two coin commemorative series of 1 and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder coins celebrating Queen Beatrix 's ascension to the throne. All circulating coins went through a complete redesign in 1982, a short while after Queen Beatrix's coronation. They depict abstract designs featuring grids and

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4420-456: The joint venture Estel but separated in 1982. In 1999, the company merged with the larger British Steel plc to create the Corus Group steel company. The aluminium production assets were sold off during the Corus period. In 2007, Corus Group was purchased by India-based Tata Steel and was renamed Tata Steel Europe in 2010. In 2021, the company was split into a British (Tata Steel UK) and

4505-411: The large industrial concerns and capitalists of the Netherlands, including Stork , Royal Dutch Shell , Steenkolen Handels-Vereeniging (SHV) , Philips ; Hendrikus Colijn , Frits Fentener van Vlissingen , and J. Muysken . Additionally, the Dutch state and the city of Amsterdam contributed 7.5 million and 5 million of the 30 million Dutch guilders required to fund the project. On 20 September 1918

4590-466: The mid 1970s the Steel crisis caused overcapacity in steel production throughout Europe; Estel needed to invest to improve production quality and efficiency to compensate for loss of production volume, and to cut production costs; additionally Hoesch's branch of Estel was making losses, and required support; as such it sought investment from both the German and Netherlands government; however the Dutch government

4675-617: The new company. Because of the size of the two companies, and the extent of their competition within the European Economic Community , the merger required the approval of the Commission of the European Communities ; this was granted in mid-July of the same year, and on 6 October 1999 the merger was completed. The new name for the joint company, Corus, had been announced the month before. Because British Steel had been

4760-538: The obverse were issued, phasing out previous types. At the same time, new nickel 10 and 25 cent coins were introduced. In 1949, 1 and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder banknotes were introduced. Five years later, the silver 1-guilder coin was reintroduced, followed by the silver 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder coin in 1959. The silver content was replaced with nickel in 1967, although no 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder coins were minted in 1967 and 1968. The silver coins were demonetized in 1973. In 1950, Queen Juliana 's profile replaced

4845-620: The occupational government for 1 , 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 5 , 10 and 25 cents . Large quantities of pre-war type silver 10 and 25 cent and 1 guilder coins were minted in the United States between 1943 and 1945 for use following liberation. Afterwards, the zinc coins were quickly demonetized and melted. In 1948, all half cents and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 cents were taken out of circulation, though no further production of either denomination had continued after 1940 and 1942, respectively. New bronze 1 and 5 cent coins featuring Queen Wilhelmina on

4930-510: The peg for the guilder within the Bretton Woods system . In 1949, the peg was changed to 3.8 guilders = 1 dollar, approximately matching the devaluation of the British pound . In 1961, the guilder was revalued to 3.62 guilders = 1 dollar, a change approximately in line with that of the German mark . After 1967 guilders were made from nickel instead of silver. In 2002, the guilder was replaced by

5015-488: The plant used tar produced as a by-product of coke production. In 2010 Cindu Chemicals BV was sold to Koppers Holding Inc. ( Koppers ). The welded tubes factory in Zwijndrecht was acquired at the end of 1995 from Van Leeuwen Buizen (see also Van Leeuwen Pipe and Tube Group ). In 2011 a €3million investment was made into the factory improving facilities for manufacturing tube steel for car chassis construction. In 1983

5100-532: The plant's first rolling mill ( Walserij West ) was begun in the late 1930s. During the World War II occupation the mill was confiscated and shipped to Watenstedt (Salzgitter), Germany where it was installed in the Reichswerke Hermann Göring steel plant. After the war the mill was returned to the Netherlands and remained in operation until decommissioned in 1992. The Van Leer company established

5185-524: The rate was 1.82 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar . One Dutch guilder in 1914 could buy roughly the same amount of goods and services as 10.02 U.S. dollars or 8.17 euros in December 2017. In 1938, the guilder purchasing power would be approximately equal to 9.54 U.S. dollars or 7.78 euros in December 2017. Overall, the guilder remained a very stable currency and was also the third highest-valued currency unit in Europe in

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5270-408: The reforms of 1434. Philip the Good devised a monetary system in 1434 relating the new Dutch currency to that of its neighbors: the French livre parisis of 38.25 g silver, and the English pound sterling of 215.8 g. The following units were defined: The stuiver weighed 3.4 g of 23 ⁄ 48 silver fineness and was divided into 8 duiten or 16 penningen . As each stuiver

5355-611: The replacement of the 3 guilder coin by a 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 guilder piece. The gold coinage was completely suspended in 1853, five years after the suspension of the gold standard. By 1874, production of silver coins greater in value than 10 cents had ceased, to be only fully resumed in the 1890s. Gold 10 guilder coins were struck again from 1875. In 1877, bronze 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 cent coins were introduced. In 1907, silver 5-cent coins were replaced by round, cupro-nickel pieces. These were later replaced in 1913 by square shaped 5 cent pieces. In 1912, gold 5-guilder coins were reintroduced but

5440-452: The sale. In 2006 Corus's aluminium rolling and extrusion facilities were sold to Aleris . In 2009 smelters in Delfzijl (Netherlands) and Voerde (Germany) were sold to Briand Investments B.V., an associate of Klesch , a large commodity trader. This ended the businesses' association with aluminium, leaving it primarily as a steel producer. Demka , an earlier Dutch steel producer became

5525-472: The same colour as the older notes, but with a mostly abstract pattern, featuring a different bird for each denomination. Persons depicted on those older banknotes were: These 1970s "face"-notes and the 1980s ƒ50 (sunflower), ƒ100 (snipe), and ƒ250 (lighthouse) banknotes were designed by Ootje Oxenaar . Eventually, these notes were progressively replaced from 1990 onwards by notes featuring intricate abstract designs made by Jaap Drupsteen , with new designs for

5610-432: The significantly larger of the two companies in both workforce and market capitalisation, some observers characterised the merger as being more akin to a takeover of Hoogovens by British Steel. Analysts noted that expanding its market share in Europe by means of the merger would help insulate British Steel against the strength of the sterling relative to the euro , which had been harming British Steel's exports. In 2000

5695-559: The state and city of Amsterdam. The directors of the company Housz and Holtrop went into hiding in 1943. The mouth of the North Sea canal at IJmuiden was used as a base for the Kriegsmarine , and the steelworks itself was a strategic target for attack, and bombings and lack of raw materials brought production to a halt. After the end of World War II reconstruction of the Netherlands began, and as part of this process investments were made in

5780-550: The steelworks. A separate company, Breedband NV, was established on 19 June 1950, receiving funding from both the state and the United States, under the Marshall Plan . The project introduced hot and cold rolling mills for thin plate, of 60 and 75 thousand tonnes per year capacity respectively, and a galvanising line. All three installations were operating by the end of 1953. During the same period architect Willem Marinus Dudok

5865-629: The value of 60 guilders." Even with the Bank of Amsterdam 's success in halting the depreciation of Dutch currency, attempts to further increase the stuiver equivalent of trade coins continued among the provinces. After the 1630s came moves to raise the Patagon's value from 48 to 50 stuivers (4.17% advance), followed by moves to raise the Ducaton's value from 60 to 63 stuivers (5.0% advance). Fearing damage to its Europe-wide reputation if 50-stuiver deposits in rixdollars were repaid in cheaper 50-stuiver patagons, in

5950-400: The war, the Dutch Bank introduced notes for 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 guilders. The last 20 guilder notes were dated 1955, whilst 5 guilder notes were introduced in 1966 (replaced by coins in 1988) and 250 guilder notes in 1985. At the time of withdrawal, the following denominations of banknotes were circulating: All but the 50 and 250 guilder notes had been issued in a new series that was

6035-511: The ƒ10, ƒ25, ƒ100, and ƒ1000 introduced before the discontinuation of the guilder for the euro. An anti-counterfeit warning appeared on the reverse side of all guilder banknotes prior to the final series with the exception of the ƒ250 "lighthouse" note, repeated multiple times in microprint (a technique later used on some banknotes of the Indonesian rupiah ): Criminal Code Article 208: Anyone who counterfeits or falsifies coins or banknotes with

6120-640: Was acquired in 1997 (as a joint venture HB Holding , ), with option to buy the remaining shares. The UGB subsidiary Fabrique de Fer de Maubeuge (FFM) was also acquired, and renamed 'Myriad'. Governmental financing for rescue investment in UGB La Louvière could not be agreed and the plant was sold to Duferco in 1999. The company also participated in north sea gas exploration and extraction company Nordwinning Group (1960s), its interests were sold off in 1988. SIEHO ( Stichting Industrieel Erfgoed Hoogovens , English: Hoogovens industrial heritage foundation)

6205-502: Was chosen to supply the plant's design. A pipe foundry was opened in 1936, and in 1938 construction of a steel conversion plant using the Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) process was begun. The first 60-ton capacity open hearth furnace opened 19 March 1939, additional furnaces were added during the 1940s and early 1950s, and the capacity of the furnaces increased - by 1956 the plant had six furnaces, each of 190-ton capacity. Construction of

6290-446: Was closer to a large market for finished steel products. The steel crisis of the 1970s prevented any positive expansion and the company was disbanded in 1982 when funding arrangements for the loss-making Dortmund plant could not be agreed. After the demerger from Hoesch the company required restructuring and investment: the company was producing too much raw steel with not enough semi-finished product manufacturing capacity. This led to

6375-619: Was commissioned to design a head office for the company in Velsen , which was completed 1953. The Breedband project moved Hoogoven's emphasis into flat rather than long products, which continued in later decades. During the 1950s and 1960 the facilities were extended; the plants first oxy-steel converted was put into operation in 1958, a second cold rolling line was added in 1961, electrolytic galvanising machines were added in 1958, 1962, and 1967, and hot rolling capacity had increased to 1.6 million tonnes per year by 1965. On 4 May 1965 KNHS took over

6460-425: Was distributed 20% in the Dutch market, 60% in the rest of Europe and 20% to the rest of the world. In June 1999 British Steel plc and Hoogovens announced that they intended to merge, which would make the combined company—provisionally named BSKH—the world's third-largest steel producer with an aggregate worldwide turnover of approximately €15.127 billion. Upon completion, Hoogovens shareholders would own 38.3% of

6545-399: Was forced to flee the country, and the mill was acquired by KNHS, and integrated into the rest of the IJmuiden site: it became known as Walserij Oost , remaining in use until 1953, and being replaced by the mills of Breedband NV . During World War II the company was affected by the German occupation: in 1941 Vereinigte Stahlwerke had acquired 40% of the company from the shareholdings of

6630-502: Was founded in 1930, an on-site cement factory established as a joint venture between KNHS and the Dutch concrete company Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie (ENCI): it was named Cementfabriek IJmuiden (CEMIJ) and manufactured cement using granulated furnace slag as an additive. During the 1930s the plant was further developed, turning from raw iron production to steel production using open hearth furnaces; again Freyr, Brassert & Co.

6715-517: Was only willing to invest if the German state also supported the venture, whilst the German state wished any restructuring and investment to be done in collaboration with Krupp (also loss making) which was not acceptable to Dutch banks. As a result, in 1982 the 50:50 partnership of Estel was dissolved, with Hoesch taking 61% of its liabilities. Koninklijke Hoogovens Koninklijke Hoogovens known as Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken ( KNHS ) until 1996 or informally Hoogovens .

6800-456: Was permanently issued. This standard was doomed to fail due to Following Belgium's secession from the Netherlands in 1830, a more permanent solution was implemented in 1840 by reducing the Gulden to 9.45 g fine silver and repealing its fixed equivalence in gold. As a result of the adoption of the Gold Standard by the newly established German Empire in 1873, the Netherlands in 1875 repealed

6885-453: Was slowly introduced after 1938. In the post-war period foreign workers from Italy, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Morocco began to be employed at the plant, and in the 1960s the practice of housing foreign workers in floating hotels was begun. Post-war there was no major industrial action until 1973, when 2,300 workers went on strike at the IJmuiden plant. During the Steel crisis there were no strikes, despite significant lay-offs. In 1972

6970-549: Was the currency of the Netherlands from 1434 until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro . The Dutch name gulden was a Middle Dutch adjective meaning 'golden', and reflects the fact that, when first introduced in 1434, its value was about equal to (i.e., it was on par with) the Italian gold florin . The Dutch guilder was a de facto reserve currency in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Between 1999 and 2002,

7055-572: Was the result of different provinces continually testing the market with coins of slightly reduced silver, aiming for their acceptance at par with full-bodied coins. As the Northern Dutch Republic just declared its independence from the Spanish crown, there was no central authority powerful enough to penalize the provinces responsible for the deterioration of the quality of Dutch currency. The inevitable official acceptance of new, debased rates for

7140-528: Was used in the site's power plant and in nearby municipalities. A brickworks ( NV Phoenix Maatschappij voor Vervaardiging van Hoogovensteen ), was built to use slag from the blast furnace to make building products, but the enterprise ceased in 1927. A third blast furnace started operation in 1930. In 1928 the KNHS and Royal Dutch Shell set up a joint venture Mekog which was to manufacturer fertiliser using chemicals derived from coke oven gas. A second subsidiary

7225-444: Was worth approximately 2 English pence, Dutch silver denominations of 1 duit and 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1 & 2 stuivers neatly matched with English denominations of 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2 & 4 pence sterling. French écus , English nobles & Dutch florins comprised the gold currency of the Low Countries and had a variable rate against the stuiver. A denomination worth 1 Gulden did not exist until

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