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53-657: ICET was formed in 1969 and, after circulating drafts in 1971, 1972 and 1973, completed its work in 1975 by publishing the booklet Prayers We Have in Common , its proposed English versions of liturgical texts that included the Apostles' Creed , the Nicene Creed , the Athanasian Creed and the Lord's Prayer . These texts were widely adopted by English-speaking Christians, with the exception of

106-798: A faithful summary of the apostles' faith." The following gives the original Latin text, with the traditional division into twelve articles, alongside an English translation. Underlined passages are those not present in the Old Roman Symbol as recorded by Tyrannius Rufinus . 1. Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae , 2. et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, 3. qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, 4. passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus , et sepultus, 5. descendit ad inferos , tertia die resurrexit

159-570: A few points from the final text; in one instance, the 1973 draft speaks of Christ becoming man after mentioning his birth, while the 1975 text does so after mentioning instead his incarnation. The Revised Common Lectionary was the product of a collaboration between the North American Consultation on Common Texts (CCT) and the International English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC). After

212-576: A mistake often repeated. The legend is given in Greek and Latin in Acta SS. September, VII. Ancient Syriac and Ethiopic versions of it have been published. Their story is told in the Golden Legend . The outline of the legend or allegory is found with diffuse descriptions and dialogues in the unreliable Symeon Metaphrastes and was made the subject of a poem by Empress Aelia Eudocia . Cyprian, known by

265-472: A mortuis, 6. ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis , 7. inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. 8. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, 9. sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem , 10. remissionem peccatorum, 11. carnis resurrectionem, 12. vitam aeternam. Amen. There is also a received Greek text, which alongside

318-681: A nine-year trial period, it was released in 1994. ELLC, in turn, published in 1988 Praying Together , with revisions of the ICET texts. They have been accepted by many Churches. For instance, the Presbyterian Church (USA) in 1998, the Methodist Church of Great Britain in 1999 and the Anglican Church of Ireland in 2002 However, many of them introduced modifications, as can be seen in A Survey of Use and Variation . Contents include: In 1984

371-415: A powerful spirit of grace. The conversion of Cyprian had a great effect on the pagan gentleman who paid his addresses to Justina, and he in a short time embraced Christianity. During the persecutions of Diocletian, Cyprian and Justina were seized upon as Christians, the former was torn with pincers, and the latter chastised; and, after suffering other torments, both were beheaded." Their feast day appeared in

424-611: Is here referring to the Old Roman Creed , the immediate predecessor of what is now known as the Apostles' Creed. The narrative of this creed having been jointly created by the Apostles, with each of the twelve contributing one of twelve articles, was already current at that time. The Old Roman Creed had evolved from simpler texts based on Matthew 28:19, part of the Great Commission , and it has been argued that this earlier text

477-580: Is mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs . It was under the 10th Persecution in 303 AD while Diocletian was Emperor of Rome. It says: " In the course of time he [Cyprian] became acquainted with Justina, a young lady of Antioch, whose birth, beauty, and accomplishments, rendered her the admiration of all who knew her. A pagan gentleman applied to Cyprian, to promote his suit with the beautiful Justina; this he undertook, but soon himself converted, burnt his books of astrology and magic, received baptism, and felt animated with

530-515: Is recorded in the late 5th century. However, the Old Roman Creed remained the standard liturgical text of the Roman Church throughout the 4th to 7th centuries. It was replaced by the "Gallic" version of the Apostles' Creed only in the later 8th century, under Charlemagne , who imposed it throughout his dominions. The phrase descendit ad inferos (' he descended into hell ') is not found in

583-675: Is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of the saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen. Cyprian and Justina Saints Cyprian and Justina ( Greek : Κυπριανός & Ίουστίνη) are honored in the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy as Christians of Antioch , who in 304, during

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636-552: The Apostolic Creed or the Symbol of the Apostles , is a Christian creed or "symbol of faith". The creed most likely originated in 5th-century Gaul as a development of the Old Roman Symbol : the old Latin creed of the 4th century. It has been used in the Latin liturgical rites since the 8th century and, by extension, in the various modern branches of Western Christianity , including

689-580: The Council of Florence (1431–1449) explicitly challenged the western tradition that attributed the Apostles' Creed to the Twelve Apostles. This tradition was also shown to be historically untenable by Lorenzo Valla . The Roman Church does not state that text dates back to the Apostles themselves, the Roman catechism instead explaining that "the Apostles' Creed is so called because it is rightly considered to be

742-635: The Diocletianic Persecution , suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia (modern-day İzmit , Turkey ) on September 26. According to Roman Catholic sources, no Bishop of Antioch bore the name of Cyprian. The historian of religion Gilles Quispel has argued that the story of Cyprian is a prototype of the Faust story. The story must have arisen as early as the 4th century, as it is mentioned by both St. Gregory Nazianzen and Prudentius ; both, nevertheless, have conflated Cyprian with St. Cyprian of Carthage ,

795-721: The General Roman Calendar of Roman Rite from the thirteenth century until it was deleted in 1969 because of the lack of historical evidence of their existence. Their names were also removed from the 2001 revision of the Roman Martyrology , the official but professedly incomplete list of saints recognized by the Roman Catholic Church . The Roman Martyrology, however, includes five other saints called Cyprian and two named Justina. Some traditionalist Catholics continue to observe their feast based on pre-1970 versions of

848-561: The Nicene Creed . It thus says nothing explicitly about the divinity of either Jesus or the Holy Spirit. For this reason, it was held to predate the Nicene Creed in medieval Latin tradition. The expression "Apostles' Creed" is first mentioned in a letter from the Synod of Milan dated AD 390, referring to a belief at the time that each of the Twelve Apostles contributed an article to

901-603: The Our Father ) of prime and compline on certain days during Advent and Lent. Recitation of the Apostles' Creed or the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed is required to obtain a partial indulgence . The International Consultation on English Texts (ICET), a first inter-church ecumenical group that undertook the writing of texts for use by English-speaking Christians in common, published Prayers We Have in Common (Fortress Press, 1970, 1971, 1975). Its version of

954-532: The quire . The Episcopal Church (United States) uses the Apostles' Creed in Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer. Before the 1955 simplification of the rubrics of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius XII , the Apostles' Creed was recited at the beginning of matins and prime , at the end of compline , and in some preces (a series of versicles and responses preceded by, eleison ("Lord, have mercy") and

1007-550: The "Symbol of the Trinity ", and recognizing it as an integral part of the rite of baptism . The term Symbolum Apostolicum appears for the first time in a letter, probably written by Ambrose , from a Council in Milan to Pope Siricius in about AD 390: "Let them give credit to the Symbol of the Apostles, which the Roman Church has always kept and preserved undefiled". Ambrose's term

1060-804: The Apostles' Creed as part of a Baptismal Covenant for those who are to receive the Rite of Baptism. The Apostles' Creed is recited by candidates, sponsors and congregation, each section of the Creed being an answer to the celebrant's question, "Do you believe in God the Father (God the Son, God the Holy Spirit)?" It is also used in an interrogative form at the Easter Vigil in The Renewal of Baptismal Vows. The Church of England likewise asks

1113-533: The Apostles' Creed was adopted by several churches. I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again. He ascended into heaven, and

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1166-458: The Christological part of the Old Roman Creed. While the individual statements of belief that are included in the Apostles' Creed – even those not found in the Old Roman Symbol – are found in various writings by Irenaeus , Tertullian , Novatian , Marcellus , Rufinus , Ambrose , Augustine , Nicetas , and Eusebius Gallus , the earliest appearance of what we know as the Apostles' Creed

1219-785: The Latin is found in the Psalterium Græcum et Romanum , erroneously ascribed to Pope Gregory the Great . It was first edited by Archbishop Ussher in 1647, based on a manuscript preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The Latin text agrees with the "Creed of Pirminius" edited by Charles Abel Heurtley ( De Fide Symbolo , 1900, p. 71). Four other Greek translations with slight variations were discovered by Carl Paul Caspari , and published in 1879 ( Alte und neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols , vol. 3, pp. 11 sqq.). The tradition of assigning each article to one of

1272-661: The Lord's Prayer ("Our Father"), for which, in most countries, a traditional text was kept. The other three texts were accepted in the official 1975 English translation of the Roman Missal . In the United States the English translation of the Roman Missal was printed before the definitive 1975 ICEL text of the Nicene Creed was ready and therefore has in its place the 1973 draft. This differs in

1325-637: The Missal gave for use at Mass , except in Masses for children; but in some countries use of the Apostles' Creed was already permitted. The Apostles' Creed is used in Anglican services of Matins and Evening Prayer (Evensong) . It is invoked after the recitation or singing of the Canticles , and is the only part of the services in which the congregation traditionally turns to face the altar, if they are seated transversely in

1378-710: The New Zealand Roman Catholic Bishops permitted and encouraged the use of the ELLC version of the Lord's Prayer in all dioceses except that of Christchurch . With the introduction of the Third Roman Missal, the ELLC version of the Lord's Prayer was not recognised and so had to be changed back to the traditional text. However, the ELLC version is still permitted to be used outside Mass. Apostles%27 Creed The Apostles' Creed ( Latin : Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum ), sometimes titled

1431-527: The Nicene Creed. It echoes Ephesians 4:9, " κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς " ( ' he descended into the lower earthly regions ' ). This phrase first appeared in one of the two versions of Rufinus (d. 411), the Creed of Aquileia , and then did not appear again in any version of the creed until AD 650. Similarly, the references to the communion of saints is found neither in the Old Roman Symbol nor in

1484-526: The Nicene Creed. The reference to God as "creator of heaven and earth" likewise is not in the Nicene Creed of 325, but it is present in the extended version of the Nicene Creed (the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed ) of 381. The Eastern Orthodox Church does not use the Apostles' Creed, not because of an objection to any of its articles, but because of its omissions necessary for the definition of Nicene Christianity . The Orthodox delegates at

1537-509: The Roman Calendar. The Spanish author, Pedro Calderón de la Barca , took the story as the basis of a drama: El mágico prodigioso . In 2005, American author Tono Rondone published a novel, The Martyrs , which is a continuation of this tradition. The Great Book of Saint Cyprian is full of prayers and spells, and is widely sold in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world. Cyprianus

1590-463: The Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father, and will come again to judge the living and the dead. Do you believe in the Holy Spirit? I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins,

1643-507: The apostles specifically can be traced to the 6th century. In Western sacral art, Credo Apostolorum refers to the figurative representation of the twelve apostles each alongside one of the articles. This artistic tradition extends from the high medieval to the Baroque period. The precise division of the text and the sequence of attribution to the apostles has never been entirely fixed. For example, Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár , writing in

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1696-586: The bank of the Gallus River, a tributary of the Sangarius River . The same fate befell a man named Theoctistus, who upon observing Cyprian's faith, declared himself a Christian. After the bodies of the saints had lain unburied for six days, they were taken by Christian sailors to Rome , where they were interred on the estate of a noble lady named Rufina and later entombed in Constantine's basilica . Justina

1749-459: The candidate(s); for confirmands, it is the professing of the faith before and among the congregation. For the congregation, it is a reaffirmation of their professed faith. Do you believe in God? I believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of heaven and earth. Do you believe in Jesus Christ? I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of

1802-630: The candidate: "Dost thou believe in God the Father ..." The response is: "All this I stedfastly believe." Lutherans following the Lutheran Service Book ( Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church–Canada ), like Catholics and Anglicans, use the Apostles' Creed during the Sacrament of Baptism: Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth? Do you believe in Jesus Christ, His only son, our Lord, who

1855-402: The candidates, sponsors and congregation to recite the Apostles' Creed in answer to similar interrogations, in which it avoids using the word God of the Son and the Holy Spirit, asking instead: "Do you believe and trust in his Son Jesus Christ?", and "Do you believe and trust in the Holy Spirit?" Moreover, "where there are strong pastoral reasons", it allows use of an alternative formula in which

1908-515: The celebrant says: This is our faith. This is the faith of the Church. We are proud to profess it, in Christ Jesus our Lord. And all respond: Amen. The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand uses the Apostles' Creed in its baptism rite in spite of the reservations of some of its members regarding the phrase "born of the virgin Mary". The Episcopal Church in the United States of America uses

1961-447: The demons" to Justina, who likewise was conquered by a certain " Sign of Christ ". Brought to despair, Cyprian made the Sign himself and in this way was freed from the toils of Satan . Cyprian summarily burned any books of spells and sorcery in his possession in front of a bishop of the Church, sealing his commitment to a new life as a Christian. He was baptized and received into the Church and

2014-562: The forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting? Following each question, the candidate answers: "Yes, I believe". If the candidates are unable to answer for themselves, the sponsors are to answer the questions. For ELCA ( Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ) Lutherans who use the Evangelical Lutheran Worship book, the Apostles' Creed appears during the Sacrament of Holy Baptism Rite on p. 229 of

2067-426: The hardcover pew edition. The United Methodist Church in the United States uses the Apostles' Creed as part of their baptismal rites in the form of an interrogatory addressed to the candidate(s) for baptism and the whole congregation as a way of professing the faith within the context of the Church's sacramental act. For infants, it is the professing of the faith by the parents, sponsors, and congregation on behalf of

2120-419: The interrogations, while speaking of "God the Son" and "God the Holy Spirit", are more elaborate but are not based on the Apostles' Creed, and the response in each case is: "I believe and trust in him." The Book of Common Prayer may also be used, which in its rite of baptism has the minister recite the Apostles' Creed in interrogative form. Asking the godparents or, in the case "of such as are of Riper Years",

2173-515: The late 15th century, divides article 5 in two but combines articles 11 and 12 into one, with the following attributions: The Apostles' Creed is used in its direct form or in interrogative forms by Western Christian communities in several of their liturgical rites, in particular those of baptism and the Eucharist . The Apostles' Creed, whose present form is similar to the baptismal creed used in Rome in

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2226-505: The modern liturgy and catechesis of the Catholic Church , Lutheranism , Anglicanism , Presbyterianism , Moravianism , Methodism , and Congregational churches . It is shorter than the full Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed adopted in 381, but it is still explicitly trinitarian in structure, with sections affirming belief in God the Father , God the Son , and God the Holy Spirit . It does not address some Christological issues defined in

2279-420: The resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Since the 2002 edition, the Apostles' Creed is included in the Roman Missal as an alternative, with the indication, "Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed , especially during Lent and Easter time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used." Previously the Nicene Creed was the only profession of faith that

2332-440: The third and fourth centuries, actually developed from questions addressed to those seeking baptism. The Catholic Church still today uses an interrogative form of it in the Rite of Baptism (for both children and adults). In the official English translation ( ICEL , 1974) the minister of baptism asks: Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth? Do you believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who

2385-531: The title of "the Magician", to distinguish him from Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage , received a liberal education in his youth, and particularly applied himself to astrology; after which he traveled for improvement through Greece, Egypt, India, etc. Cyprian was a magician in Antioch and dealt in sorcery. Justina is known for converting Cyprian, and is said to have been a young woman who took private vows of chastity . She

2438-426: The twelve articles of the creed. The ecclesiastical use of Latin symbolum for ' creed ' —in the sense of "a distinctive mark of Christians", from the sense of Greek σύμβολον , ' a sign or token used for identification ' —first occurs around the middle of the 3rd century, in the correspondence of St. Cyprian and St. Firmilian , the latter in particular speaking of the trinitarian formula as

2491-579: Was already in written form by the late 2nd century (c. 180). The earliest known formula is found within Testamentum in Galilaea D[ominus]. N[oster]. I[esu]. Christi written between 150 and 180. This formula states: "[I believe] in the Father almighty, – and in Jesus Christ, our Savior; – and in the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete, in the holy Church, and in the remission of sins." As can be seen, it lacks

2544-453: Was born of the Virgin Mary, was crucified, died, and was buried, rose from the dead, and is now seated at the right hand of the Father? Do you believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting? To each question, the catechumen, or, in the case of an infant, the parents and sponsor(s) (godparent(s)) in his or her place, answers "I do." Then

2597-419: Was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried; He descended into hell; the third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence He will come to judge the living and the dead? Do you believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Christian Church, the communion of saints,

2650-418: Was in the De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ( ' Excerpt from Individual Canonical Books ' ) of St. Pirminius ( Migne , Patrologia Latina 89, 1029 ff.), written between 710 and 714. Bettenson and Maunder state that it is first from Dicta Abbatis Pirminii de singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ( idem quod excarpsus , excerpt), c. 750. The text of what is now known as the Apostles' Creed

2703-459: Was killed during the persecutions of the Roman emperor Diocletian in the year 304 AD. A would-be suitor – a pagan lawyer – sought the aid of Cyprian's magic to induce Justina into marrying him. Cyprian sent a demon to torment Justina, hoping to arouse carnal passions within her. The charms and spells had no effect on Justina, who, in chastity and purity, spent her time in prayer and fasting. Cyprian again employed sorcery, sending "the chief of

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2756-468: Was made preeminent by miraculous gifts. Cyprian then became, in succession, a deacon , priest , and finally, bishop after being named as the successor to Anthimus, bishop of Antioch, while Justina became abbess of a convent . During the Diocletian Persecution , both were seized and taken to Damascus , where they were tortured. As their faith never wavered, they were brought before Diocletian at Nicomedia, where at his command they were beheaded on

2809-415: Was most likely developed in southern Gaul around the midpoint of the 5th century. A creed that is virtually identical to the current one is recorded by Faustus of Riez . It is possible that Faustus had the identical text, as the original text written by Faustus cannot be reconstructed with certainty. A version that is identical to the current one with the single exception of infera in place of inferos

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