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54-778: The major towns and villages along the course of the river are Sterzing , Franzensfeste , Brixen , Klausen , Waidbruck and finally the capital city of the province. In Brixen it merges with the Rienz . Several smaller creeks are tributaries, including the Ridnauner Bach , the Pflerscher Bach , the Pfitscher Bach , the Villnößer Bach , the Derjon , the Braibach (also known as Tierser Bach),

108-577: A ratline run by German-Austrian Bishop Alois Hudal . After he had escaped, he lived with his family in Sterzing /Vipiteno. During this time he received on 13 September 1948 a second baptism (and adopted a new identity as Otto Pape) by a local priest. After his time in South Tyrol, he went to Argentina. Though alleged to have been responsible for war crimes, Priebke lived in Argentina in the town Bariloche as

162-520: A free man for 50 years. In March 1994, an investigative team from ABC News , led by producer Harry Phillips, tracked Priebke to San Carlos de Bariloche after finding mention of his participation in the Ardeatine massacre in a locally written book they found in a used bookstore. The book, El pintor de la Suiza argentina , by Esteban Buch named Priebke as part of a clique of Nazis living in Bariloche since

216-544: A military camp called "Vipitenum" along the road between what are now Italy and Germany. Ancient ruins found nearby include a sepulchral monument dedicated to Postumia Vittorina , a milestone of the Imperator Septimius Severus period and a stone altar dedicated to Lord Mithras . The first mention of a town called Wibitina dates back to the years between 985 and 990. That name, which is still memorized in Wipptal ,

270-675: A river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sterzing Sterzing ( German pronunciation: [ˈʃtɛrtsɪŋ] ; Italian : Vipiteno [vipiˈtɛːno] ) is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy . It is the main town of the southern Wipptal , and the Eisack River flows through the medieval town. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The town traces its roots to 14 B.C., when Nero Claudius Drusus founded

324-466: A seal, similar to the present, depicting a crippled pilgrim with a stick and the rosary above the Tyrolean eagle, this appeared as a coat of arms August 30, 1328. In 1524, the pilgrim is shown as a monk above the Tyrolean eagle. The Parish is the biggest church between Verona and Munich and was built from 1417 to 1451. The gothic altar, woodwork by Hans Multscher of Ulm, is 12 metres (39 ft) high and

378-650: A vaulted ceiling with lunettes. The great high altar has six columns and an altarpiece representing the Coronation of Mary painted by Joseph Renzler in 1822, beside are two wood-carving of the Saints Francis Xavier and John of Nepomuk. Above the altar on the right is placed a statue of the Madonna with Child of 17th century bordered by the Rosary formed by fifteen painted discs presumably by Joseph Mildorfer. The Zwölferturm

432-514: A year. His lawyers argued that the case could no longer be criminally prosecuted because the crime of murder was subject to a statute of limitations of 15 years under Argentinian law. In March 1995, after nine months of delays, the president of the Jewish organization B'nai B'rith was promised by, among others, the Argentinian president Carlos Menem , that the case would soon be closed and that Priebke

486-542: Is a 46 m. high tower erected in 1470, it is the symbol of the city that divides the New Town from Old Town. A fire in 1867 destroyed the original spire, which was replaced with the present embattled roof. Built in 1468–72 in late gothic style while, the angular "Erker" was added in 1526. In the patio take place a Roman stone altar, dedicated to Lord Mithras and a milestone of the Imperator Septimius Severus;

540-527: Is detached from the church and it comes from the previous church, in 1624, the Romanic tower was demolished and built the present. The façade was inspired by to renaissance with the characteristic Palladian tripartite windows. In the niches are placed the wooden sculptures of Saint Margaret and Saint Agnes and above the portal is a fresco showing the Last Supper. The imposing interior has one nave, large windows, and

594-820: Is mentioned in several sources from the 16th to 19th centuries as Störzingen . In the course of the Italianization of South Tyrol , the modern Italian name of the town Vipiteno - created from the old Roman settlement of Vipitenum - was made official. Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, a number of wanted Nazis stayed in Sterzing at the Hotel Goldenes Kreuz which still exists today. At different times, people like Erich Priebke , Adolf Eichmann , and Josef Mengele were in transit here as they waited for forged passports for their journey out of Europe and by ship to South America. King Henry I, Count of Tyrol , granted

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648-565: Is reported, but never confirmed, to have ordered that within 24 hours, ten condemned Italians were to be shot for each dead German. Commander Kappler in Rome quickly compiled a list of 320 prisoners to be killed. Kappler voluntarily added ten more names to the list when the 33rd German died after the partisan attack. The total number of people executed at the Fosse Ardeatine was 335, mostly Italian. The largest cohesive group among those executed were

702-736: Is traced back to the nearby Celto-Roman settlement Vibidina. In 1182, the German name Sterçengum appears in a document of the Sonnenburg abbey. In 1280, Duke Meinhard of Carinthia , promoted the town to the rank of city. As the region's proximity to the Brenner Pass made it a frequent trade route, the Fugger of Augsburg opened a branch to sort the products of the nearby silver mines in Ridnaun Valley and Pfleres Valley. Sterzing knew its magnificence in

756-507: The Eggentaler Bach and the Talfer flowing from Sarntal . The Eisack is used extensively for the production of electricity; it is dammed near Franzensfeste , Klausen and Waidbruck . [REDACTED] Media related to Eisack at Wikimedia Commons This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

810-726: The Holy See to him. The massacre of Fosse Ardeatine took place in Italy during World War II. On 23 March 1944, 33 German personnel of the SS Police Regiment Bozen were killed when the Italian Resistance set off a bomb and attacked the SS men with firearms and grenades while they were marching along Via Rasella in Rome. This attack was led by the Patriotic Action Groups or Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP). Adolf Hitler

864-625: The 15th and 16th centuries after the 1443 fire which destroyed part of the town. New embattled houses were built, some late gothic style, in Neustadt (New Town) as: Town and Regional Trial House (1450), Hotel "Goldenes Kreuz" (1446), Fugger's Branch (1553), Rafenstein House (former Köchl, 1472), the Town Hall (1473), Geizkofler House (1600) and the Mining District House (1500) all still in use. The town

918-474: The 2011 census, 73.64% of the population speak German, 25.95% Italian and 0.41% Ladin as first language. Sterzing is home of the Leitner Group, an international industry, a manufacturer of cable systems, snowgroomer, utility tracked vehicles, systems for urban rail called minimetrò , and wind turbines. Sterzing is twinned with: Erich Priebke Erich Priebke (29 July 1913 – 11 October 2013)

972-484: The 83-year-old Priebke for taking part in the massacres, which he had admitted, but he was acquitted again, purportedly because he had been following orders. There were strong reactions from family members of the victims, who claimed the judges put no value on human lives. Shimon Samuels, the leader of the Simon Wiesenthal Center said that with this ruling, Italy was permitting crimes against humanity. The case

1026-547: The ABC Television news show Primetime Live . Donaldson and his team first confronted another former Nazi living in the same town, Reinhard Kopps , who, when pressed about his own involvement, took Donaldson aside and told him about Priebke, confirming the ABC research. Donaldson and his team waited for Priebke outside the school in which he was working and interviewed him in his car. After initial hesitation, Priebke admitted who he

1080-587: The Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 and the subsequent overthrow of Mussolini, Communist anti-Fascists and members of the Italian Resistance had been practising guerrilla warfare against Axis troops. In post–World War II trials, Priebke was set to be tried for his role in the massacre, but he managed to escape from a British prison camp in Rimini , Italy, in 1946. He later claimed that this escape had been assisted by

1134-668: The Ardeatine Caves Massacre. A document uncovered at the Yad Vashem Museum in Israel indicated that Priebke signed off on the transport of Italian Jews to death camps. As their research continued, the ABC team began surveillance of Priebke, monitoring his daily routine in Bariloche. In April 1994, ABC News reporter Sam Donaldson travelled to Bariloche with Phillips and camera crews to confront Priebke with their research on behalf of

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1188-475: The Ardeatine Caves in Rome. All were tied with their hands behind their backs, and their names were read out loud. In groups of five, they went into the caves. Priebke went inside together with the second or third group and shot a man with an Italian machine pistol. Toward the end, he shot another man with the same machine pistol. The executions ended before dark. After the shootings, explosives were used to shut

1242-452: The Ardeatine Caves to honour the victims. The Italian Supreme Court decided that the court that had freed Priebke was incompetent and the appeal went through. Among other things, it was questioned why the example of the Nuremberg trials had not been raised earlier, since they had concluded that an individual has personal responsibility for his actions. The reason that Priebke had been released

1296-560: The Italian Riviera. Priebke married Alicia Stoll; the couple had two sons: Jorge, born in 1940 and Ingo, born in 1942. From 1936 he worked for the Waffen-SS and later for the Gestapo as an interpreter and because of his knowledge of Italian he was based in Rome beginning in 1941. While there he worked under Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler , who reportedly delegated relations with

1350-616: The case. At the appeals, it was decided that Hass and Priebke had committed murder in the first degree and that they should be given life imprisonment. Priebke appealed the case to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, where he claimed he had no choice but to obey Hitler's orders, a defence not accepted during the Nuremberg trials (see Nuremberg Defense and Nuremberg Principle IV ). Moreover, it has been underlined by many that in

1404-449: The caves. Priebke was found not guilty for the reason of acting under orders. On 1 August 1996, orders were given for the immediate release of Priebke. The Italian minister of justice later said that Priebke might be re-arrested, depending on whether he would be extradited to Germany to be charged with murder. The courts were blocked by demonstrators for over seven hours after Priebke's trial. The judges voted two against one for convicting

1458-664: The early 1950s. Over the next several weeks, the ABC News team searched archives in Buenos Aires, Washington, D.C., London, Berlin and Jerusalem, uncovering numerous documents chronicling Priebke's background and involvement with the notorious Nazi Gestapo in Italy. Among documents discovered in the Public Records Office in London was a confession, written a few months after the end of World War II, in which Priebke confirmed his role in

1512-435: The funeral ceremony for Erich Priebke in the city of Albano Laziale . During the funeral service, the police prevented clashes from breaking out between fascist sympathizers and anti-fascist protesters. The funeral eventually took place, albeit without the presence of any of his relatives, because his family was unable to enter the city where it was held due to the rioting. Eventually, the coffin containing Priebke's body

1566-449: The grounds that cases of crimes against humanity could not expire. But there were more appeals and rumours that the court might change the ruling. In August of the same year, it was judged that Priebke was not to be extradited because the case had expired. To put pressure on the Argentinian government, Germany demanded extradition the same day. The Italian military prosecutor, Antonio Intelisano, argued that UN agreements to which Argentina

1620-522: The incident and led to his extradition to Italy and a trial which lasted more than four years. Priebke was born on 29 July 1913, at Hennigsdorf , which was then in the Kingdom of Prussia . Little is known of his early life but Priebke told interviewers that his parents died when he was young and that he was reared mainly by an uncle before earning a living as a waiter in Berlin, at The Savoy Hotel, London, and on

1674-788: The judge's decision was overturned. A number of Italian conservative figures defended Priebke on the grounds that he was only acting to obey orders: Italian journalist Indro Montanelli , who had lost two friends in the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine, nonetheless wrote a private letter to Priebke that was later published in Il Giornale on 2013 by Fausto Biloslavo , arguing that he was only following orders; similar points of view were expressed by Vittorio Feltri , Giampiero Mughini , Vittorio Sgarbi , Guido Ceronetti , Anna Maria Ortese and Massimo Fini. In 2003 Senator Antonio Serena ( National Alliance ) argued that Priebke should have been pardoned by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , arguing that Priebke

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1728-437: The killings, it was found that a mistake had been made and that five additional people who were not on the "ten to one" list had been brought up to the caves. Priebke was responsible for the list and his complicity in those 5 additional killings ruled out any possible justification for his behaviour on the basis of " obedience to official orders . " As a result, Priebke's trial strongly focused on these extra killings. To fill

1782-409: The lateral altars are depicted Saint Felix and Saint Anthony of Padua. The present church was built on the initiative of Bishop Paulinus Mayr in early Tyrolean baroque on a project of Peter Delai in 1678. The old church, mentioned for the first time in 1337, was restored and enlarged between 1459 and 1463 in gothic. In 1678, it was completely demolished, rebuilt, and consecrated in 1681. The bell tower

1836-611: The massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine 335 died, five more than required by the order "10 Italians executed for each German killed". These five extra victims were the responsibility of Priebke alone because he was given the duty of checking the list. On 20 March 2004, 80 people gathered in a room of the Centro Letterario in Trieste to show their support for Priebke. On 12 June 2007, he received authorization to leave his home to work at his lawyer's office in Rome. This led to angry protests and

1890-464: The massacre on those whom he branded as "the Italian terrorists" who were behind the attack in which 33 German SS men were killed. The order came directly from Hitler, and he thought it was a legitimate punishment. During the trial, it became clear that Priebke had personally shot two Italians. This was also in his testimony from 1946 before he managed to escape. Around noon on 24 March 1944, 335 men went to

1944-443: The members of Bandiera Rossa (Red Flag), a dissident-communist military resistance group, along with more than 70 Jews. On 24 March, led by SS officers Priebke and Karl Hass , the victims were killed inside the Ardeatine caves in groups of five. They were led into the caves with their hands tied behind their backs and then shot in the neck. Many were forced to kneel down over the bodies of those who had already been killed. During

1998-546: The men held responsible for this mass execution. After the defeat of Nazi Germany , he fled to Argentina , where he lived for almost 50 years. In 1991, Priebke's participation in the Rome massacre was denounced in Esteban Buch's book El pintor de la Suiza Argentina . In 1994, 50 years after the massacre, Priebke felt he could then talk about the incident and was interviewed by American ABC News reporter Sam Donaldson . This caused outrage among people who had not forgotten

2052-560: The nave is painted in fresco by Giovanni of Bruneck (1402). Saint Elisabeth Chapel is part of the Deutschhaus and was built in Baroque in 1729–33 by Giuseppe Delai. It has an octagonal plan with a rectangular sector concerning the altar and the choir. The dome frescos represent the patron saint and the coat-of-arms of the Teutonic Order were painted by Matthäus Günther . The church

2106-515: The numerical quota, many of the prisoners at Via Tasso and Regina Coeli prison who happened to be available at the time were sent to their deaths by the Nazis at the Fosse Ardeatine. Priebke put some on the list simply because they were Jewish (sending Jews to the camps, however, he said he had never done, for practical reasons: "We needed the railway cars for other things"). Some of these prisoners had simply been residents of Via Rasella who were home at

2160-464: The same period the military road was completed in 200 A.D. It is the main street of the old city centre with buildings erected after the 1417 fire, during a period when the town was prosperous with the trade and the silver mines in the nearby Ridnaun Valley and Pflersch Valley. Outside the city is the Reifenstein Castle , one of the best-preserved medieval castles in the province. According to

2214-589: The time of the bombing; others had been arrested and tortured for resistance and communist-related activities. Not all of the partisans who were killed were members of the same resistance group. Members of the GAP, the PA, and Bandiera Rossa, in addition to the Clandestine Military Front, were all on the list of those to be executed. Furthermore, the scale and even the occurrence of this retaliation were unprecedented. Since

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2268-572: Was a German mid-level SS commander in the SS police force (SiPo) of Nazi Germany . In 1996, he was convicted of war crimes in Italy for commanding the unit which was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre in Rome on 24 March 1944 in which 335 Italian civilians were killed in retaliation for a partisan attack that killed 33 men of the German SS Police Regiment Bozen . Priebke was one of

2322-421: Was and spoke openly about his role in the massacre. He justified his actions by saying that he only followed orders from the Gestapo chief of Rome, Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler , and that, in his view, the victims were terrorists. He denied to Donaldson that any children were killed, but three children as young as 14 were found among the dead (as were a 75-year-old man and a priest). He admitted that it

2376-411: Was appealed by the prosecutors. The day after, Germany asked Italy to keep Priebke imprisoned until their demand to have him extradited was processed, as they wanted him put on trial for the murders of two people that he had personally shot. Outside the courthouse there were demonstrations, but when it became known that Priebke had been rearrested, these protests calmed down. Many people later went to visit

2430-433: Was at first not imprisoned, but rather held under house arrest at his home in Bariloche, where he had lived since 1949. The extradition of Priebke had several delays. His lawyers used tactics like demanding all Italian documents be translated into Spanish, a process which could have taken two years. The Argentinian court eventually denied the process, but appeals and other delays caused the extradition case to take more than

2484-478: Was built in 1636 and was consecrated the following year to Saint Mary Magdalene; it has a rectangular apse and a lateral chapel dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. The image in the niche on the façade represent the patron saint and is a work of the 17th century. The altarpieces presumably were painted by Josef Renzler in 1800 circa and represent Saint Mary Magdalene with Saint Francis and Saint Anthony; on

2538-527: Was completed in 1458. The church was later enlarged from 1497 to 1525 by Hans Lutz. In 1753, the church was then modified in baroque style, with paintings by Adam Mölk, and the gothic altar removed; presently the altar is on display at the Multscher Museum. The Holy Spirit Church is the oldest gothic church in town. Built in 1399, in the same main building of the old Hospital, is located in the Town Square;

2592-487: Was he who compiled the lists of those who were going to be executed. When testifying after the war, Kappler explained that Priebke had been ordered to make sure that all the victims were brought to the caves and executed, and to check the list of people who were to be killed. Donaldson's news report showed how openly Priebke could live in Argentina and how little remorse he felt for his actions. Argentinian authorities arrested Priebke. Because of his old age and poor health, he

2646-418: Was seized by the Italian authorities, taken to a military base near Rome and then buried "in a secret location" as his lawyer Paolo Giachini stated. Giachini said the agreement "satisfie[d] the family and ethical and spiritual requirements." If execution of an order given in line of duty violates a statute of the penal code, the superior giving the order is alone responsible. However, the subordinate, obeying

2700-529: Was signatory expressly state that cases of war criminals and crimes against humanity do not expire. After 17 months of delays, the Argentinian supreme court decided that Priebke was to be extradited to Italy in 1996. He was put on a direct flight from Bariloche to Ciampino , a military airport close to the Ardeatine caves, where the executions had been carried out many years earlier. In court, Priebke declared himself not guilty. He did not deny what he had done, but he denied any moral responsibility. He blamed

2754-750: Was suffering from "cruel and pointless behaviours" from a "Jewish lobby that spreads hate"; because of this position, Serena was expelled from National Alliance. Priebke died in Rome on 11 October 2013, at the age of 100. His last request, that his remains be returned to Argentina so he could be buried alongside his wife, was denied by the Argentinian government. The Diocese of Rome issued an "unprecedented ban" on holding his funeral in any Roman Catholic church in Rome. His hometown in Germany also refused to take his body, over fears that his place of burial could become "a pilgrimage site for neo-Nazis ". Father Florian Abrahamowicz , an ex- SSPX priest, offered to hold

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2808-555: Was that he followed orders. Priebke claimed that if he had not obeyed, he would have been executed, but the appeals would not accept this as they felt it was a baseless excuse. The Court of Cassation voided the decision, ordering a new trial for Priebke. He was sentenced to 15 years. The sentence was reduced to 10 years because of his age and alleged ill health. In March 1998, the Court of Appeal condemned him to life imprisonment, together with Karl Hass , another former SS member. The decision

2862-488: Was to be transferred to Italy by the end of the month. In spite of these promises, the Supreme Court of Argentina decided that the case was to be transferred to the local court in Bariloche where the case was originally brought up. This opened the possibility for years of delays from future appeals, while Priebke could live at his home. In May 1995, an Argentinian federal judge accepted the Italian demand for extradition on

2916-494: Was upheld in November of the same year by the Court of Cassation. Because of his age, Priebke was put under house arrest. In March 1997, it was decided that Priebke could not be extradited to Germany. The reason for this was that he was now going through a trial which was for the same things that Germany wanted him tried. He therefore could not be tried for the same crime twice . Priebke denied any responsibility and therefore appealed

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