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68-488: The town traces its roots to 14 B.C., when Nero Claudius Drusus founded a military camp called "Vipitenum" along the road between what are now Italy and Germany. Ancient ruins found nearby include a sepulchral monument dedicated to Postumia Vittorina , a milestone of the Imperator Septimius Severus period and a stone altar dedicated to Lord Mithras . The first mention of a town called Wibitina dates back to

136-569: A 9th-century martyrology of Rabanus Maurus , Margaret suffered at Antioch in Pisidia (in what is now Turkey) in c. 304, during the Diocletianic Persecution . She was the daughter of a pagan priest named Aedesius. Her mother having died soon after her birth, Margaret was nursed by a Christian woman five or six leagues (15 to 18 miles (24 to 29 km)) from Antioch. Having embraced Christianity and consecrated her virginity to God, Margaret

204-456: A Germanic king, thus becoming the fourth and final Roman to gain this honor. Regardless of whether he was actually able to take them in combat, however, Drusus' untimely death would prevent him from ever going through with the official ceremony. Notably, after Drusus' death, Augustus deposited the laurels from his fasces not in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus as he had done in the past, but in

272-583: A branch to sort the products of the nearby silver mines in Ridnaun Valley and Pfleres Valley. Sterzing knew its magnificence in the 15th and 16th centuries after the 1443 fire which destroyed part of the town. New embattled houses were built, some late gothic style, in Neustadt (New Town) as: Town and Regional Trial House (1450), Hotel "Goldenes Kreuz" (1446), Fugger's Branch (1553), Rafenstein House (former Köchl, 1472),

340-399: A completely new praenomen from a maternal ancestor, especially when said gentes were non-patrician. Scherberich is also sceptical of Simpson's explanation. Lindsay Powell believes that Drusus personally (despite his young age) may have changed his name directly after his father's death to preserve and honor his memory. In her opinion another motivation for the boy may have been the meaning of

408-455: A daughter named Livilla ('little Livia') , and at least two others who did not survive childhood. After Drusus' death, Antonia never remarried, though she outlived him by nearly five decades. Three emperors were direct descendants of Drusus: his son Claudius , his grandson Caligula , and his great-grandson Nero . Augustus bestowed many honors on his stepsons. In 19 BC, Drusus was granted the ability to hold all public offices five years before

476-476: A month later. Shortly before his death he wrote a letter to Tiberius complaining about the style in which Augustus ruled and discussed forcing him to restore the republic. Suetonius reports that he had refused to return to Rome just before his death. Drusus' body was brought back to the city, and his ashes were deposited in the Mausoleum of Augustus . He remained extremely popular with the legionaries , who erected

544-631: A monument (the Drususstein ) in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz ) on his behalf. Remnants of this are still standing. The Senate raised an arch on the Appian Way in his memory (unrelated to the Arch of Drusus ) which read "DE GERM" and depicted his Elbe trophy as well as him fighting on horseback, a testament to his personal bravery. They also posthumously granted him the hereditary honorific title "Germanicus", which

612-525: A number of wanted Nazis stayed in Sterzing at the Hotel Goldenes Kreuz which still exists today. At different times, people like Erich Priebke , Adolf Eichmann , and Josef Mengele were in transit here as they waited for forged passports for their journey out of Europe and by ship to South America. King Henry I, Count of Tyrol , granted a seal, similar to the present, depicting a crippled pilgrim with

680-482: A rectangular apse and a lateral chapel dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. The image in the niche on the façade represent the patron saint and is a work of the 17th century. The altarpieces presumably were painted by Josef Renzler in 1800 circa and represent Saint Mary Magdalene with Saint Francis and Saint Anthony; on the lateral altars are depicted Saint Felix and Saint Anthony of Padua. The present church

748-495: A stick and the rosary above the Tyrolean eagle, this appeared as a coat of arms August 30, 1328. In 1524, the pilgrim is shown as a monk above the Tyrolean eagle. The Parish is the biggest church between Verona and Munich and was built from 1417 to 1451. The gothic altar, woodwork by Hans Multscher of Ulm, is 12 metres (39 ft) high and was completed in 1458. The church was later enlarged from 1497 to 1525 by Hans Lutz. In 1753,

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816-626: A time in Lugdunum before the family returned to Rome, where Drusus reported to Augustus. Drusus was given the honor of an ovation , and for the third time, Augustus closed the doors of the Temple of Janus , signifying that the whole Roman world was then at peace. Drusus was granted the office of proconsul for the following year. In 10 BC, the Chatti joined with the Sicambri and attacked Drusus' camp, but they were driven back. Drusus pursued them, proceeding from

884-435: Is a patroness of pregnant women, servant maids, kidney-sufferers, and against diabolical infestations. In art, she is often represented as a shepherdess, or pictured escaping from, or standing above, a dragon. While Western iconography typically depicts St. Margaret emerging from the dragon, Eastern Byzantine iconography tends to focus on her battle with the demon in her cell and depicts her grabbing him by his hair and swinging

952-556: Is home of the Leitner Group, an international industry, a manufacturer of cable systems, snowgroomer, utility tracked vehicles, systems for urban rail called minimetrò , and wind turbines. Sterzing is twinned with: Nero Claudius Drusus Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (38–9 BC), commonly known in English as Drusus the Elder , was a Roman politician and military commander. He

1020-541: Is incompatible with Suetonius account as he cannot accept that Livia and Octavian (once married) would have allowed the adoption of the boy to take place at all, due to Gallius opposition of Octavian. Since Seutonius makes it clear that Tiberius did use Gallius name (although briefly) but dropped it out of respect for his step-father the adoption must have happened before Drusus was born. Jean Mottershead proposed in her commentary of Suetonius 's Divus Claudius that Drusus' praenomen derived from his father's maternal side of

1088-562: Is part of the Deutschhaus and was built in Baroque in 1729–33 by Giuseppe Delai. It has an octagonal plan with a rectangular sector concerning the altar and the choir. The dome frescos represent the patron saint and the coat-of-arms of the Teutonic Order were painted by Matthäus Günther . The church was built in 1636 and was consecrated the following year to Saint Mary Magdalene; it has

1156-518: Is the main street of the old city centre with buildings erected after the 1417 fire, during a period when the town was prosperous with the trade and the silver mines in the nearby Ridnaun Valley and Pflersch Valley. Outside the city is the Reifenstein Castle , one of the best-preserved medieval castles in the province. According to the 2011 census, 73.64% of the population speak German, 25.95% Italian and 0.41% Ladin as first language. Sterzing

1224-609: The Crusades . In 1222, the Council of Oxford added her to the list of feast days, and so her cult acquired great popularity. Many versions of the story were told in 13th-century England, in Anglo-Norman (including one ascribed to Nicholas Bozon ), English, and Latin, and more than 250 churches are dedicated to her in England, most famously, St. Margaret's, Westminster , the parish church of

1292-606: The Eastern Orthodox Church , and on Epip 23 and Hathor 23 in the Coptic Orthodox Church . She was reputed to have promised very powerful indulgences to those who wrote or read her life or invoked her intercessions ; these no doubt helped the spread of her following. Margaret is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and is one of the saints with whom Joan of Arc claimed to have spoken. According to

1360-455: The Temple of Jupiter Feretrius . J.W. Rich suggests that this action was done as an affirmation to Drusus' memory; had the young commander lived, he would have placed spolia opima in the temple himself. Drusus was returning from his advance to the Elbe when he fell from his horse , by which point Tiberius had joined him. Though he survived the initial accident, infection set in, and he died about

1428-723: The British Houses of Parliament in London . There is also a Saint Margaret Shrine in Bridgeport, Connecticut . She is recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church , being listed as such in the Roman Martyrology for 20 July. She was also included from the 12th to the 20th century among the saints to be commemorated wherever the Roman Rite was celebrated, but was then removed from

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1496-631: The Bructeri, but, as it was now late in the campaign season, turned back for their winter quarters in Gaul, taking advantage of their new alliance with the Frisii to navigate through the difficult conditions on the North Sea . As a reward for the successes of his campaign in 12 BC, Drusus was made praetor urbanus for 11 BC when he returned to Rome for the winter. News of Drusus' achievements – navigating

1564-667: The Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and the other Germans of the same territory sought by envoys the friendship of me and of the Roman people. Upon Claudius ' accession to the principate in 41 AD, his late father Drusus received new public honors, including annual games in the Circus Maximus on 14 January for Drusus' birthday, coin issues depicting Drusus' likeness and his commemorative arch, and

1632-629: The Coronation of Mary painted by Joseph Renzler in 1822, beside are two wood-carving of the Saints Francis Xavier and John of Nepomuk. Above the altar on the right is placed a statue of the Madonna with Child of 17th century bordered by the Rosary formed by fifteen painted discs presumably by Joseph Mildorfer. The Zwölferturm is a 46 m. high tower erected in 1470, it is the symbol of the city that divides

1700-526: The New Town from Old Town. A fire in 1867 destroyed the original spire, which was replaced with the present embattled roof. Built in 1468–72 in late gothic style while, the angular "Erker" was added in 1526. In the patio take place a Roman stone altar, dedicated to Lord Mithras and a milestone of the Imperator Septimius Severus; the same period the military road was completed in 200 A.D. It

1768-581: The North Sea, carrying the Roman eagles into new territory, and fixing new peoples into treaty relations with Rome – caused considerable excitement in Rome and were commemorated on coins. In the spring of his term as praetor urbanus , he set out for the German border once more. This time, he assembled a force consisting of all or part of five legions in addition to auxiliaries and, setting out from Vetera on

1836-598: The Rhine frontier. As governor of Gaul, Drusus made his headquarters at Lugdunum, where he decided to establish the concilium Galliarum or ‘council of the Gaulish provinces’ sometime between 14 and 12 BC. This council would elect from its members a priest to celebrate games and venerate Rome and Augustus as deities every 1 August at the altar of the three Gauls that Drusus established at Condate in 10 BC. Drusus' son Tiberius—the future emperor Claudius —was born in Lugdunum on

1904-713: The Rhine, ascended the River Lippe . Here he encountered the Tencteri and Usipetes , whom he defeated in two separate engagements. He reached the Werra Valley before deciding to turn back for the season, as winter was coming on, supplies were dwindling, and the omens were unfavorable. While his forces were making their way back through the territory of the Cherusci , the latter tribe laid an ambush for them at Arbalo. The Cherusci failed to capitalize on their initial advantage, whereupon

1972-700: The Roman empire, rendering moot much of Drusus' life work. Margaret the Virgin 17 July ( Byzantine Christianity ) Epip 23 ( Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria ) (Martyrdom) Margaret , known as Margaret of Antioch in the West, and as Saint Marina the Great Martyr ( Ancient Greek : Ἁγία Μαρίνα ) in the East, is celebrated as a saint on 20 July in Western Christianity , on 30th of July ( Julian calendar ) by

2040-732: The Romans broke through their lines, defeated the Germanic attackers, and acclaimed Drusus as imperator . To show his continued mastery of the ground, Drusus garrisoned a number of positions within Germania during the winter of 11–10 BC, including one somewhere in Hesse and one in Cheruscan territory, probably either the camp at Haltern or that at Bergkamen-Oberaden , both in present-day North Rhine–Westphalia . He rejoined his wife Antonia and two children for

2108-584: The Town Hall (1473), Geizkofler House (1600) and the Mining District House (1500) all still in use. The town is mentioned in several sources from the 16th to 19th centuries as Störzingen . In the course of the Italianization of South Tyrol , the modern Italian name of the town Vipiteno - created from the old Roman settlement of Vipitenum - was made official. Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s,

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2176-528: The authority of a praetor) of the three Gaulish provinces. His contribution to the ongoing building and urban development in Gaul can be seen in the establishment of the pes Drusianus , or ‘Drusian foot ’, of about 33.3 cm (13.1 in), which was in use in Samarobriva (modern Amiens ) and among the Tungri . From 14 to 13 BC, Augustus himself was also active in Gaul, whether in Lugdunum (modern Lyon) or along

2244-659: The church celebrates the dedication of a church to her name. Saint Mary church in Cairo holds a relic believed to be Margaret's right hand, previously moved from the Angel Michael Church (modernly known as Haret Al Gawayna) following its destruction in the 13th century AD. In 2022, Margaret was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day she shares with Catherine of Alexandria and Barbara of Nicomedia on 24 November. Margaret of Antioch

2312-518: The church was then modified in baroque style, with paintings by Adam Mölk, and the gothic altar removed; presently the altar is on display at the Multscher Museum. The Holy Spirit Church is the oldest gothic church in town. Built in 1399, in the same main building of the old Hospital, is located in the Town Square; the nave is painted in fresco by Giovanni of Bruneck (1402). Saint Elisabeth Chapel

2380-414: The date of 28 March as his most likely birthday , while Lindsay Powell interprets Ovid's Fasti as indicating a date of 13 January. Rumors arose that Augustus was the child's real father, although impossible as Livia was already pregnant when she met her future husband (Emperor Claudius nonetheless encouraged the rumor during his reign to create an impression of more direct lineage from Augustus). Drusus

2448-419: The death of her second son, took the advice of the philosopher Areus to put up many statues and images of Drusus and speak often about him. The surviving Latin work Consolatio ad Liviam is framed as an Ovidian message of consolation to Livia on this occasion, though it is generally considered a literary exercise "composed between the death of Livia [AD 29] and that of Tiberius [AD 37]". Augustus noted

2516-477: The event may even have happened before Drusus was born; he also rejected the point of death of their father as likely since it would have probably have brought attention to the circumstances surrounding Livia's divorce and remarriage, which had become a part of Mark Antony 's propaganda at the time. Simpson stated that in his opinion Livia chose the names Decimus and Drusus for her younger son to minimize association with her ex-husband after she married Octavian due to

2584-508: The family, possibly the Junii or Laelii as they were the only senatorial families who regularly used the praenomen "Decimus". She also believes that the name change happened when his father died and he moved into Octavian's household. Klaus Scherberich is critical of Mottershead's proposal, he argues that there are no examples of a conservative patrician family like the Claudii Nerones adopting

2652-516: The field, stopping to confer with his staff at Lugdunum and to dedicate a temple to Caesar Augustus at Andemantunnum , before rejoining his command at Mainz, from which the year's expedition departed in early spring. Drusus led the army via Rödgen through the territories of the Marsi and Cherusci until he even crossed the river Elbe . Here he is said to have seen an apparition of a Germanic woman who warned him against proceeding farther and that his death

2720-604: The first major Roman campaigns across the Rhine and began the conquest of Germania , becoming the first Roman general to reach the Weser and Elbe rivers. In 12 BC, he led a successful campaign into Germania, subjugating the Sicambri . Later that year he led a naval expedition against Germanic tribes along the North Sea coast, conquering the Batavi and the Frisii , and defeating the Chauci near

2788-461: The former's poor status at the time, but that several years after the man's death it was opportune to emphasize her younger son's connection with his elder brother and that the name change was probably done upon him assuming the toga virilis. Levick believed the adoption of Tiberius necessitated Drusus wearing the name of the Nerones. Simpson responded 1993 in that he believes that Levick's interpretation

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2856-510: The general calendar along with other European saints through the apostolic letter Mysterii Paschalis . The Eastern Orthodox Church knows Margaret as Saint Marina, and celebrates her feast day on 30 July. Margaret is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 20 July . Every year on Epip 23 the Coptic Orthodox church celebrates her martyrdom day, and on Hathor 23

2924-660: The late Republic (especially for a patrician ). The eventual use of his father's cognomen Nero as a praenomen was highly unconventional as well. His full name given at his Dies lustricus is generally assumed to have been Decimus Claudius Drusus , but some historians such as Andrew Pettinger, Pierre Grimal , T. P. Wiseman , Greg Rowe, Barbara Levick and Eric D. Huntsman believe it may have been Decimus Claudius Nero , Decimus Claudius Nero Drusus or Decimus Claudius Drusus Nero instead. Livia may have passed down her father's cognomen to her son simply because, besides her adoptive brother Marcus Livius Drusus Libo , there

2992-534: The minimum age. When Tiberius left Italy during his term as praetor in 16 BC, Drusus legislated in his place. He became quaestor the following year, fighting against Raetian bandits in the Alps . Drusus repelled them, gaining honors, but was unable to smash their forces, and required reinforcement from Tiberius. The brothers easily defeated the local Alpine tribes. Drusus arrived in Gaul in late 15 BC to serve as legatus Augusti pro praetore (governor on Augustus' behalf with

3060-563: The most able of the various Roman commanders who attempted to conquer Germania, as well as the most successful. While the furthest extent of territorial gains would be realized the year after his death, under Tiberius, Drusus' death marked a slowing of Roman expansion. Drusus' successors would prove unfit for the task of conquering Germania, with disastrous results. Drusus was succeeded as commander in Germania by Tiberius, but Tiberius fell out of imperial favor, and chose self exile in 6 BC. Command then fell to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus . Ahenobarbus

3128-668: The mouth of the Weser. In 11 BC, he conquered the Usipetes and the Marsi , extending Roman control to the Upper Weser. In 10 BC, he launched a campaign against the Chatti and the resurgent Sicambri, subjugating both. The following year, while serving as consul , he conquered the Mattiaci and defeated the Marcomanni and the Cherusci , the latter near the Elbe. His Germanic campaigns were cut short in

3196-402: The name Nero , which in ancient Sabine (the language of the people which the Claudii descended from) meant "strong" or "valiant", a fitting name for a boy from such a distinguished clan. Drusus married Antonia Minor , the daughter of Mark Antony and Augustus' sister, Octavia Minor , and gained a reputation of being completely faithful to her. Their children were Germanicus , Claudius ,

3264-474: The restoration of a monument near the Ara Pacis Augustae that featured a statue of Drusus. Claudius also completed a road from Italy into Raetia that followed the route Drusus had taken and whose road-markers commemorated Drusus' achievements in the Alpine war. Such Claudian commemorations of Drusus' memory are thought to have become less prominent once Claudius had his own British triumph to celebrate. Historian Michael McNally considers Drusus to have been

3332-449: The same day that this altar was inaugurated. Starting in 14 BC, Drusus built a string of military bases along the Rhine—fifty according to Florus —and established an alliance with the Batavi in preparation for military action in Germania Libera. He is likely to have had seven legions under his command. In spring of 12 BC, he embarked an expeditionary force, perhaps consisting of the Legiones I Germanica and V Alaudae , by ship from

3400-457: The shape of a dragon , from which she escaped alive when the cross she carried irritated the dragon's innards. Eventually, she was decapitated. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , Margaret's story is "generally regarded to be fictitious". The Catholic Encyclopedia states "even the century to which she belonged is uncertain". Doubts about her story are not new: by the Middle Ages , hagiographer Jacobus de Voragine (author of

3468-541: The sites of present-day Mainz and Rödgen , where he set up a base of supply, to Hedemünden , where a strong new camp was established. Around this time, the canny Marcomannic king Maroboduus responded to the Roman incursion by relocating his people en masse to Bohemia . In summer of 10 BC, Drusus left the field in order to return to Lugdunum , where he inaugurated the sanctuary of the Three Gaulish provinces at Condate on 1 August. Augustus and Tiberius were in Lugdunum for this occasion (when Drusus' youngest son Claudius

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3536-454: The successes of Drusus' campaigns—for which, as Drusus' superior, he took credit—in his Res Gestae Divi Augusti , written in 14 AD: I restored peace to the provinces of Gaul and Spain, likewise Germany, which includes the ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the river Elbe. [...] I sailed my ships on the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine to the east region up to the borders of the Cimbri, where no Roman had gone before that time by land or sea, and

3604-479: The summer of 9 BC by his death after a riding accident. Drusus was a very able commander. His death slowed the northward expansion of the Roman Empire, and foreshadowed the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . He was enormously popular among his men, who erected the Drususstein in his honor; his memory was elevated during the reign of his son Claudius. Drusus' accomplishments in battle were considerable. He fought numerous Germanic chiefs in single combat , and

3672-448: The vicinity of modern Nijmegen , making use of one or more canals he had built for the purpose. Drusus sailed to the mouth of the Ems and penetrated into the territory of the Chauci in present-day Lower Saxony . The Chauci concluded a treaty acknowledging Roman supremacy, and would remain allies of Rome for years to come. As they continued to ascend the Ems, the Romans were attacked by the Bructeri in boats. Drusus' forces defeated

3740-402: The well-known Golden Legend ) considered her martyrology to be too fantastic and remarked that the part where she is eaten by the dragon was to be considered a legend. The Greek Marina came from Antioch in Pisidia (as opposed to Antioch of Syria ), but this distinction was lost in the West. From the east her veneration spread towards England, France, and Germany, in the 11th century during

3808-426: The years between 985 and 990. That name, which is still memorized in Wipptal , is traced back to the nearby Celto-Roman settlement Vibidina. In 1182, the German name Sterçengum appears in a document of the Sonnenburg abbey. In 1280, Duke Meinhard of Carinthia , promoted the town to the rank of city. As the region's proximity to the Brenner Pass made it a frequent trade route, the Fugger of Augsburg opened

3876-401: Was a patrician Claudian but his mother was from a plebeian family. He was the son of Livia Drusilla and the stepson of her second husband, the Emperor Augustus . He was also brother of the Emperor Tiberius ; the father of the Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus ; paternal grandfather of the Emperor Caligula , and maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor Nero . Drusus launched

3944-457: Was born), and afterwards Drusus accompanied them back to Rome. Drusus easily won election as consul for the year 9 BC. Once more he left the city before assuming office. His consulship conferred the chance for Drusus to attain Rome's highest and rarest military honor, the spolia opima , or spoils of an enemy chieftain slain personally by an opposing Roman general who was fighting (as consuls did) under his own auspices. He quickly returned to

4012-410: Was built on the initiative of Bishop Paulinus Mayr in early Tyrolean baroque on a project of Peter Delai in 1678. The old church, mentioned for the first time in 1337, was restored and enlarged between 1459 and 1463 in gothic. In 1678, it was completely demolished, rebuilt, and consecrated in 1681. The bell tower is detached from the church and it comes from the previous church, in 1624, the Romanic tower

4080-431: Was demolished and built the present. The façade was inspired by to renaissance with the characteristic Palladian tripartite windows. In the niches are placed the wooden sculptures of Saint Margaret and Saint Agnes and above the portal is a fresco showing the Last Supper. The imposing interior has one nave, large windows, and a vaulted ceiling with lunettes. The great high altar has six columns and an altarpiece representing

4148-412: Was disowned by her father, adopted by her nurse, and lived in the country keeping sheep with her foster mother. Olybrius, Governor of the Roman Diocese of the East , asked to marry her, with the demand that she renounce Christianity . Upon her refusal she was cruelly tortured, during which various miraculous incidents are reported to have occurred. One of these involved being swallowed by Satan in

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4216-460: Was given to his eldest son before passing to his youngest . It would be used by many members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty , including its last three emperors: his grandson Caligula , his son Claudius , and his great-grandson Nero . Augustus later wrote a biography of him which does not survive. By Augustus' decree, festivals were held in Mogontiacum at Drusus' death day and probably also on his birthday. Drusus' mother Livia , much affected by

4284-513: Was likely the fourth and final Roman to achieve the spolia opima (for taking the armor and weapons of an enemy king after defeating them in single combat), though he died before he could be honored for it. Drusus was the youngest son of Livia Drusilla from her marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero , who was legally declared his father before the couple divorced. Drusus was born between mid-March and mid-April 38 BC, three months after Livia married Augustus on 17 January. Gerhard Radke has proposed

4352-404: Was near. Drusus turned back, erecting a trophy to commemorate his reaching the Elbe, perhaps on the site of Dresden or Magdeburg. Drusus had sought out multiple Germanic (at least three) chieftains during his campaigns in Germany (12 BC–9 BC), engaging them in "dazzling displays of single combat". The sources are ambiguous, but suggest that he could have potentially taken the spolia opima from

4420-436: Was no one else to pass it down for the future. In 1988 C.J. Simpson asserted that there are three moments in history where the name change is probable to have happened; when his brother Tiberius was adopted by Marcus Gallius , when their father died in 33 BC, or when he assumed the toga virilis . Simpson personally argued against the time of adoption of his brother as a plausible time for his name change since Simpson believed

4488-429: Was originally given the name Decimus as his praenomen , but his full name was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus . It is not known when or why the change occurred. The names were unusual at the time, both putting heavy emphasis on his maternal ancestry by using Livia's father's cognomen instead of that of her husband; in his original name the use of the praenomen Decimus was also atypical for prevalent families of

4556-413: Was partly successful, becoming the first and last Roman general to cross the Elbe river, but was generally bogged down in suppressing revolts. Command then fell to Publius Quinctilius Varus , under whom the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (also called the Varian disaster) would occur. The destruction of Varus' entire army marked the end of northward Roman expansion. The Rhine became the de facto border of

4624-443: Was raised in Claudius Nero's house with his brother, the future emperor Tiberius , until his legal father's death. The two brothers developed a famously close relationship that would last the rest of their lives. Tiberius named his eldest son after his brother, although eldest sons were usually named after their father or grandfather. Drusus named his second son (future emperor Claudius) after Tiberius. According to Suetonius , Drusus

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