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122-585: Representative Jack Kemp and Senator William Roth , both Republicans , had nearly won passage of a tax cut during the Carter presidency , but President Jimmy Carter feared an increase in the deficit and so prevented the bill's passage. Reagan made a major tax cut his top priority once he had taken office. The Democrats maintained a majority in the US House of Representatives during the 97th Congress, but Reagan convinced conservative Democrats like Phil Gramm to support

244-604: A military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War but was granted a draft waiver because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 18, 1962, by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders . He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but made the AFL All-Star team. The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1. On December 14, 1962,

366-696: A born-again Christian. Kemp was a 33rd degree Freemason in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction. After being selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL draft , Kemp was cut from the team before the 1957 NFL season began. He spent 1957 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and 1958 on the taxi squads of the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants . The Giants hosted

488-455: A cab with him. Kemp attended a boycott meeting and alongside Ron Mix convinced the white players to go with the idea of a boycott. One day after the players left the city, AFL Commissioner Joe Foss moved the game to Houston, Texas . According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a new emphasis: "In '64 we had depended a lot on Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. . .But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in

610-405: A candidate with foibles. Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: he ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday , in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President Bush and both Dole and Pat Robertson, ended his campaign. After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered

732-548: A congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was controversial and stimulated opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed. In 1983, Kemp opposed the policies of chairman Volcker on multiple occasions. The debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund . Kemp delivered speeches at several Republican National Conventions . He addressed

854-782: A contender for the vice presidential nomination. In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Hamburg , New York to Bethesda, Maryland , their residence at the time of his death. In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $ 120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeding spending limits in Iowa and New Hampshire , and failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation. As

976-672: A degree in physical education , he pursued postgraduate studies in economics at Long Beach State University and California Western University in San Diego, and served in the military from 1958 to 1962. Kemp graduated from Occidental in 1957 and married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart, after she graduated from Occidental in 1958. Main had grown up in Fillmore, California , and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County . Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over

1098-646: A football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as the recipient of advice from White House adviser Robert Finch and former Kemp boss Herb Klein, Nixon's director of communications. The Nixon aides encouraged Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies in order to firm up Kemp's support from military hawks. Kemp championed several Chicago school and supply-side economics issues, including economic growth, free markets , free trade , tax simplification and lower tax rates on both employment and investment income. He

1220-505: A form of laissez-faire anarchy. However, as much as Kemp wanted to minimize government's role, he acknowledged that moves toward a more laissez-faire system should be well-thought out. After the May 1987 Gary Hart – Donna Rice scandal, a questionnaire by The New York Times requested things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of

1342-756: A former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game. Despite Kemp's many records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team. Kemp is a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Bills' Wall of Fame. Kemp co-founded the AFL Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots , and was elected its president five times. His founding of and involvement in

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1464-521: A future leader in its 1974 "Faces for the Future" feature. Another early-career notable magazine appearance was in a 1978 issue of Esquire . The article explained allegations of homosexual activity among staffers in Ronald Reagan's Sacramento office in 1967; Kemp was not implicated. Kemp considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1980 and Hugh Sidey mentioned him as a contender to unseat Jimmy Carter in

1586-743: A key role in an off the field decision. Kemp was part of the All-Star Game played three weeks after the Championship Game alongside teammates such as Cookie Gilchrist and Ernie Warlick , with the game scheduled to be played in New Orleans, Louisiana . However, Gilchrist led a movement of African American players wanting to boycott the game due to experiencing discrimination by cab drivers and others during their time in New Orleans; Kemp saw this firsthand when Gilchrist, and Warlick were not allowed to share

1708-437: A liberal Democrat; he supported affirmative action and rights for illegal immigrants . The New York Times described Kemp as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert F. Kennedy . He differed from Rockefeller Republicans and earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson by supporting incentive-based systems instead of traditional social programs. For his commitment to inner city concerns from within

1830-764: A national party due to sectional tensions regarding slavery. The Republican Party and the American Party both sought to succeed the Whigs as the main opposition to the Democratic Party, and the Republicans eventually became the most popular party in the Northern United States. The Republicans absorbed many Northern Whigs, as well as some anti-slavery Democrats and much of the Free Soil Party . Notable Whigs who joined

1952-644: A plan to salvage the Federal Housing Administration . He halted or revamped certain programs and developed an antidrug offensive, which enabled him to collaborate with Director of the National Drug Control Policy Bill Bennett . He supported "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing. Although Kemp coaxed Bush to support a $ 4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments,

2074-419: A platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a Social Security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending. Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit . In late 1987, political pundits saw that Kemp needed to gain support from

2196-524: A series of films with Christian apologists Frank Schaeffer and his father Francis Schaeffer in 1978, entitled Whatever Happened to the Human Race? based on the book of the same title that had been previously written by the elder Schaeffer. Frank Schaeffer and his associate, Jim Buchfuehrer provided a private, five-hour screening of Whatever Happened to the Human Race? to Jack Kemp and wife Joanne in their home that, according to Frank Schaeffer's account of

2318-462: A so-called "bleeding-heart conservative", Kemp was a logical choice for Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing. However, the scandals of Reagan's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp

2440-475: A surprise even to his own staff. This also made Justice the first Republican governor of West Virginia since Cecil Underwood in 2001. In 2019, Democratic congressman Jeff Van Drew left the party because of his opposition to Trump's first impeachment and his own political beliefs. Both Justice and Van Drew were reelected as Republicans in 2020 . Conversely, Republican congressman Justin Amash of Michigan left

2562-544: A tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record. Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions, and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns. The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo, New York , in 10 °F (−12 °C) weather. During

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2684-455: Is second in many other championship game categories, including career and single-game passer rating . He ranks third in rushing touchdowns by an NFL or AFL quarterback with 40, behind Steve Young 's 52 and Otto Graham 's 44. A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, and the AFL MVP in 1965. He was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all 10 years of

2806-636: The 1912 Republican Party presidential primaries , Roosevelt and his followers broke off from the Republican party to form the Bull Moose Party . Wisconsin senator Robert M. La Follette also launched a presidential bid under the Progressive Party in 1924 after both the Republican Party and Democratic Party nominated conservative candidates. A period of realignment commenced following the onset of

2928-747: The 1980 presidential election and was a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention , where he received 43 votes from conservative detractors of George H. W. Bush. After he was reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position, and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference. This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working on an economic package with Congress. Kemp considered running for Governor of New York in 1982 but ultimately decided to stay in

3050-578: The 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston , Texas. Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in Congress. Kemp was a critic of association football, known as soccer in the United States. In 1986, during a House floor debate over whether the United States should host

3172-406: The 1994 FIFA World Cup , Kemp proclaimed: "I think it is important for all those young out there—who someday hope to play real football , where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands—[that] a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport." Kemp compared his speech to George Carlin 's 1984 comedy routine on

3294-469: The Democratic Congress allocated only $ 361 million to the plan. In addition to opposition in Congress, Kemp fought White House Budget Director Richard Darman , who opposed Kemp's pet project HOPE ( Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere ). The project involved selling public housing to its tenants. Darman also opposed Kemp's proposed welfare adjustment of government offsets. HOPE

3416-639: The Dixiecrats . Most rejoined the Democrats over the next decade, but in the 1960s, Lyndon Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act . The civil rights movement had also deepened existing racial tensions in much of the Southern United States, and Republican politicians developed strategies that successfully contributed to the political realignment of many white, conservative voters in

3538-631: The Erie County Republican Party approached him about running for the United States Congress . After the January 17, 1970, AFL All-Star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to enter politics. Kemp said, "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ... I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I

3660-770: The Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party . The Federalists experienced success in the 1790s but lost power in the 1800 elections and collapsed after the War of 1812 . Many former Federalists, including John Quincy Adams , became members of the Democratic-Republican Party. After the 1824 presidential election , the Democratic-Republicans fractured between supporters of Adams and supporters of Andrew Jackson . Jackson's followers formed

3782-514: The Great Depression , as President Franklin D. Roosevelt constructed the successful New Deal coalition . Over the ensuing decades, Roosevelt's Democrats embraced several tenets of modern American liberalism , while the Republican Party tended to favor conservatism . The transition into today's Democratic Party was cemented in 1948, when Harry Truman introduced a pro-civil rights platform and, in response, many Democrats walked out and formed

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3904-580: The Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers never recovered. In 1961 , San Diego Union editor Jack Murphy convinced Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from Los Angeles to San Diego . Kemp led the relocated team to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division Championship. He again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda ). The Chargers earned an AFL championship game rematch against

4026-644: The Hundred Days of Franklin Roosevelt ." The Accelerated Cost Recovery System (ACRS) was a major component of the Act and was amended in 1986 to become the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System . The system changed how depreciation deductions are allowed for tax purposes. The assets were placed into categories: 3, 5, 10, or 15 years of life. Reducing the tax liability would put more cash into

4148-621: The NFL championship game , known as the "Greatest Game Ever Played" and the first overtime NFL playoff game, but, as a third-string quarterback member of the taxi squad, Kemp did not take the field. In 1958, Kemp joined the United States Army Reserve and he served a year on active duty as a private to complete his initial training. He was a member of the San Diego–based 977th Transportation Company from 1958 to 1962. When his unit

4270-634: The Oilers . However, this time the Chargers were unable to score until a fourth-quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss. In 1962 , Kemp broke his middle finger when he struck a helmet against the New York Titans in the second game of the season and was unable to play. He persuaded his doctors to set his broken finger around a football, so that his grip would not be affected once the finger healed. Chargers coach Sid Gillman put Kemp on waivers to try to "hide" him. Buffalo Bills coach Lou Saban noticed that Kemp

4392-520: The Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project. Darman battled Kemp and his allies such as Gingrich, James Pinkerton , and Vin Weber . The budget left him with $ 256 million for his plan, which Kemp increased during some appropriations battles. Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force

4514-599: The Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 , which is known as the Kemp– Roth tax cut. After his days in political office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator; he served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books. He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp

4636-593: The Republican Party from New York, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1996 election , as the running mate of Bob Dole ; they lost to incumbent president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore . Kemp had previously contended for

4758-501: The USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins , the major Southern California college football programs. At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back , place kicker , and punter . Although he was near-sighted , Kemp was tenacious on the field. During his years as starting quarterback, the 1955 and 1956 Occidental teams posted 6–2 and 3–6 records. Kemp

4880-476: The United States Army Reserve . As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career. His positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform . As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable as an influence upon

5002-593: The United States Senate . During his inaugural campaign, his district was in economic malaise, and The New York Times described him as a John F. Kennedy throwback who campaigned on family values , patriotism, sports, and defense. Upon his election to the Congress in a class of sixty-two freshmen, he was one of six newcomers—along with Ronald Dellums , Bella Abzug , Louise Day Hicks , Robert Drinan , and Pete du Pont —discussed in Time . The article described him as

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5124-906: The 1972 Democratic primaries. Senator Joseph Lieberman in 2006 ran for Senate in Connecticut under the party Connecticut for Lieberman , although still identifying as a Democrat. Other political figures, such as Ed Koch , Jim Leach , Zell Miller , Colin Powell , did not formally leave their parties, but supported a candidate from another party. Miller and Koch, though Democrats, supported Republican George W. Bush 's 2004 reelection campaign, while Powell and Leach supported Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign. This received much media attention in 2004, when Democrats for Bush and Republicans for Kerry groups were formed. In New Hampshire , former Republican Governor Walter Peterson has expressly supported Democrat John Lynch in his bids for governor. In Virginia ,

5246-416: The 1980s economic expansion that eventually lowered the deficits. After peaking in 1986 at $ 221 billion the deficit fell to $ 152 billion by 1989. The Office of Tax Analysis estimated that the act lowered federal income tax revenue by 13% from what it would have been in the bill's absence. Canada, which had adopted the indexing of income tax in the early 1970s, saw deficits at similar and even larger levels to

5368-653: The 1994 FIFA World Cup with longtime soccer fan Henry Kissinger , although he wrote during the 2006 FIFA World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but is still a "boring game". In 1988, if Kemp had won his campaign for the United States presidency, it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield . When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins , Reagan's 1984 re-election political director, as an advisor. From

5490-521: The Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica . In 1963 , a four-season starting quarterback battle began that continued until Lamonica left for the Raiders. Lamonica felt he "... learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills." In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to

5612-512: The Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association , for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in

5734-586: The Chargers 23–0; for Kemp, the victory was special because it came against his former team. Kemp's role in leading the Bills to a repeat championship without Gilchrist and with star receiver Elbert Dubenion playing only three games earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, Paul Lowe . Kemp also won the Associated Press award and the Championship Game Most Valuable Player award. Following

5856-462: The Democratic Party in Colorado over Campbell's increased conservative voting record and independent streak while the local party became more liberal. A disaffected incumbent who might not hold a leadership position or feels ignored or mistreated by the majority party might join the minority party with the expectation of holding a leadership position in the minority party and if currently elected, having

5978-400: The Democratic Party, while those who supported Adams formed the National Republican Party . Two short-lived but significant third parties, the Anti-Masonic Party and the Nullifier Party , also arose during this period. In the 1830s, opponents of Jackson coalesced into the Whig Party . The United States experienced another period of political realignment in the 1850s. The Whigs collapsed as

6100-464: The Democratic and Republican parties became more established, party switching became less frequent. Nonetheless major conflicts in both major parties occurred in the 1890s, largely over the issue of monetary policy , and Republican supporters of free silver formed the Silver Republican Party . Many of these, including Henry M. Teller and Fred Dubois , later joined the Democratic Party. Following Theodore Roosevelt 's loss to William Howard Taft in

6222-456: The Economic Recovery Tax Act to $ 125,000 from the $ 100,000 allowed under the 1976 Act. A single person was limited to an exclusion of $ 62,500. Also increased was the one-time exclusion of gain realized on the sale of a principal residence by someone aged at least 55. Representative Jack Kemp and Senator William Roth , both Republicans, had nearly won passage of a major tax cut during the Carter presidency , but President Jimmy Carter prevented

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6344-545: The GOP to become an independent on July 4, 2019 due to his opposition to Trump. Amash joined the Libertarian Party in 2020 and did not seek reelection. Politicians may switch parties if they believe their views are no longer aligned with those of their current party. Richard Shelby of Alabama left the Democratic Party for the Republican Party, arguing that his former party had shifted more towards liberalism . Ben Nighthorse Campbell of Colorado switched parties from Democratic to Republican following increased hostility within

6466-703: The House. By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent. Kemp had his first encounter with supply-side economics in 1976, when The Wall Street Journal ' s Jude Wanniski interviewed him at his congressional office. Kemp questioned Wanniski all day (until midnight, at Kemp's Bethesda, Maryland home) and was eventually converted to University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer 's supply-side discipline. Thereafter, Kemp espoused supply-side economics freely, and in 1978 he and Sen. William Roth of Delaware proposed tax-cutting legislation. Kemp has been credited as responsible for supply-side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan, although at

6588-494: The Progressive Party in 1924, while remaining a Republican in the Senate. There have also been several instances of politicians continuing to be a member of a political party while running other campaigns as an independent. The most prominent examples include southern Democratic segregationists Strom Thurmond in 1948 and George Wallace in 1968, who remained in the Democratic Party for statewide campaigns but mounted national presidential campaigns as independents. Wallace later ran in

6710-434: The Republican Party include Abraham Lincoln and William Seward , while notable Democrats who joined the Republican Party include Hannibal Hamlin and Galusha A. Grow . Many Southern Whigs became Democrats, though some formed the Constitutional Union Party to contest the 1860 presidential election . During the Reconstruction Era that followed the American Civil War , many Republicans and African Americans held office in

6832-423: The Republican party, David Gergen heralded him as a "courageous voice in the wilderness." Although he was liberal on many social issues and supported civil liberties for homosexuals, he opposed certain gay rights such as the right to teach in schools. Kemp at times felt his role was that of "freewheeling, entrepreneurial, wildcatting backbencher ." Time identified 38-year-old second-term congressman Kemp as

6954-399: The SDI. In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against the Arias Peace Plan—a peace accord US conservatives felt too conciliatory to Central American communists. He was accompanied on the trip by 50-plus US conservative leaders. Despite

7076-408: The South who had traditionally supported the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. These approaches are known as the Southern strategy . Anti-civil rights members left the Democratic Party in droves, and Senator Strom Thurmond , the Dixiecrats' presidential candidate from 1948, joined the Republican Party. Liberal Republican Robert M. La Follette ran for president as the candidate of

7198-410: The South. Republicans dissatisfied with Radical Republican President Ulysses S. Grant formed the Liberal Republican Party for the 1872 presidential election , and many of these Liberal Republicans later joined the Democratic Party. After the end of Reconstruction the Republican Party generally dominated the North, while a resurgent Democratic Party dominated the South. By the late 19th century, as

7320-419: The United States in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. The non-partisan Congressional Research Service (in the Library of Congress ) issued a report in 2012 analyzing the effects of tax rates from 1945 to 2010. It concluded that top tax rates have no positive effect on economic growth, saving, investment, or productivity growth. However, the reduced top tax rates increase income inequality: Tax revenue from

7442-440: The act was an across-the-board decrease in the rates of federal income tax . The highest marginal tax rate fell from 70% to 50%, the lowest marginal rate from 14% to 11%. To prevent future bracket creep , the new tax rates were indexed for inflation . Also reduced were estate taxes , capital gains taxes, and corporate taxes. Critics of the act claim that it worsened federal budget deficits, but supporters credit it for bolstering

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7564-413: The bill from passing out of concern about the deficit. Advocates of supply-side economics like Kemp and Reagan asserted that cutting taxes would ultimately lead to higher government revenue because of economic growth, a proposition that was challenged by many economists. Upon taking office, Reagan made the passage of the bill his top domestic priority. As Democrats controlled the House of Representatives,

7686-417: The bill. The Act passed the US Congress on August 4, 1981, and it was signed into law by Reagan on August 13, 1981. It was one of the largest tax cuts in US history, and ERTA and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 are known together as the Reagan tax cuts . Along with spending cuts, Reagan's tax cuts were the centerpiece of what some contemporaries described as the conservative " Reagan Revolution ." Included in

7808-417: The championship game, Saban resigned to coach the University of Maryland and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 season. Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the AFL championship game , which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I , the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7. Kemp

7930-528: The charisma of the earlier John F. Kennedy . David Rosenbaum described Kemp as an independent politician who often legislated outside his committees ' jurisdictions and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles rather than his party's political platforms. As a supply-sider, he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as an economic goal. The Erie County, New York Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman Richard D. McCarthy decided to run for

8052-399: The complete support of the minority party for re-election, who would certainly want to have more elected officials in their ranks. The party the person left is likely to consider the party-switcher to be a Benedict Arnold . Some politicians have also switched parties to improve their chances for reelection. Arlen Specter , a former US Senator of Pennsylvania, cited his uncertainty of winning

8174-434: The convention on July 15 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan and on August 21 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas. During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker . Kemp's official role

8296-457: The differences between baseball and American football and wrote that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech. Despite the levity of the speech, it garnered significant backlash. However, he continued to insist that soccer's main problem is "it doesn't have a quarterback". Kemp noted that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claimed to have "changed" his position on soccer. He even attended

8418-410: The economy during the 1980s. Supply-siders argued that the tax cuts would increase tax revenues. However, tax revenues declined relative to a baseline without the cuts because of the tax cuts, and the fiscal deficit ballooned during the Reagan presidency . Much of the 1981 Act was reversed in September 1982 by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA), which is sometimes called

8540-482: The entire 1968 season . The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp. Despite Kemp's return from injury and the arrival of running back O. J. Simpson , the Bills only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 season under new coach John Rauch . Kemp was named an AFL All-Star in 1969 for the seventh time in the league's 10 years. He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. In 1969,

8662-416: The far right on non-social issues. Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union 's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand. By early 1988,

8784-529: The favorable regulatory environment were also major factors. Detractors note that the expansion was fueled by undesirable sectors like gaming , prisons, medical treatment , and credit card use. An early Kemp tax reform attempt was an unsuccessful 1979 proposal to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations, which was incorporated in Reagan's 1980 package. Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980. One of Kemp's more trying times as

8906-404: The game, Buffalo replaced Kemp with Lamonica after falling behind 16–0, but still lost 26–8. Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills because of his role in mediating conflicts. In 1964 , he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, whom he kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. He also managed

9028-562: The heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles , but his tight-knit middle-class family attended the Church of Christ, Scientist . In his youth, sports consumed Kemp, who once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions, although his mother attempted to broaden his horizons with piano lessons and trips to the Hollywood Bowl . Kemp attended Melrose Avenue 's Fairfax High School , which was, at

9150-473: The indexing of individual income tax rates. When Reagan left office, the national debt had tripled to around $ 2.6 trillion. The sociologist Monica Prasad contends that these kinds of tax cuts became popular among Republican candidates because the cuts were well received by voters and could help candidates get elected. Jack Kemp Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and professional football player. A member of

9272-665: The largest tax increase of the postwar period . The Office of Tax Analysis of the United States Department of the Treasury summarized the tax changes as follows: The accelerated depreciation changes were repealed by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 , and the 15% interest exclusion was repealed before it could take effect by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 . The maximum expense in calculating credit

9394-470: The late evening and early morning event in his book Crazy for God , led to both the Schaeffers and Koop obtaining "...access to everyone in the Republican Party". Joanne Kemp once suffered a miscarriage , which Kemp later said made him re-evaluate the sanctity of human life and affirmed his opposition to abortion. Following his wedding, Kemp converted to his wife's Presbyterian faith. He identified as

9516-604: The league's existence and one of only 20 players to serve all 10 of those years. His number 15 was retired by the Bills in 1984. In 2012, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Kemp to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012. However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as

9638-460: The league's first 3,000-yard passers), led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked , and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead. Under Kemp, the Chargers' offense averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored more than 41 points in five of its last nine games. In the AFL championship game , he led the team to field goals on its first two possessions, but after

9760-565: The moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates. He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention. His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones. In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics , campaign chairman Rollins described Kemp as

9882-429: The need for future tax cuts to address it. The first 5% of the 25% total cuts took place beginning on October 1, 1981. An additional 10% began on July 1, 1982, followed by a third decrease of 10% starting July 1, 1983. As a result of that and other tax acts in the 1980s, the top 10% were paying 57.2% of total income taxes by 1988, up from 48% in 1981, but the bottom 50% of earners' share dropped from 7.5% to 5.7% during

10004-499: The newly formed AFL agreed to "no tampering" policies with the NFL and CFL respectively, protecting each league's players. Players like Kemp, with modest NFL experience, were often signed by the AFL at the time. Kemp signed as a free agent with the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers . In 1960 , Kemp led the Chargers to a Western Division Championship with a 10–4 record. He finished second in the league to Frank Tripucka in passing attempts, completions, and yards (making him and Tripucka

10126-489: The nine federal tax laws between 1968 and 1981 were tax cuts compensating for inflation-driven bracket creep . Inflation was particularly high in the five years preceding the Act, and bracket creep alone caused federal individual income tax receipts to increase from 7.94% to over 10% of the GDP. Even after the Act was passed, federal individual income tax receipts never fell below 8.05% of the GDP. Combined with indexing, that eliminated

10248-537: The objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski . During the Reagan years, Kemp and his followers ignored budget balancing while promoting tax cuts and economic growth. These tax cuts have been credited by conservatives for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990, which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history. Kemp notes that Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker 's success at stemming inflation and

10370-534: The off season to the Denver Broncos . So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs . And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year." In 1965 , the Bills finished with a 10–3–1 record. Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions. In the 1965 AFL Championship Game, Buffalo defeated

10492-436: The outset, Kemp had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush. Except for a select few cognoscenti, the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas. In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves unfamiliar with Kemp early in his campaign. Political pundits recognized him, however, as a visionary idea man. In addition, he

10614-454: The passage of any bill would require the support of some House Democrats in addition to that of Republicans. Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential campaign had united Republicans around his leadership, and conservative Democrats like Phil Gramm of Texas (who would later switch parties ) were eager to back some of Reagan's conservative policies. Throughout 1981, Reagan frequently met with members of Congress and focused especially on winning

10736-616: The personal privacy issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate". His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire, but Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York. Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it had quickly spent itself into

10858-655: The players' union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career. The NCAA's highest honor, the Theodore Roosevelt Award , was presented to Kemp in 1992, and he was named one of the association's 100 most influential student-athletes in 2006. "Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy ." Kemp's political career began long before his 1970 campaign. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp

10980-438: The pockets of business owners to promote investment and economic growth. For example, the agriculture industry saw a re-evaluation of their farming assets. Items such as automobiles and swine were given 3-year depreciation values, and things like buildings and land had a 15-year depreciation value. The most lasting impact and significant change of the Act was indexing the tax code parameters for inflation starting in 1985. Six of

11102-517: The politics of his quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games. Kemp was the first and only Professional Football player to pass for three touchdowns in the first quarter of a season-opening game, against the Kansas City Chiefs in 1964 , until the record was tied but not broken, 47 years later in 2011 by Aaron Rodgers . The 1964 team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for

11224-500: The president's policies. On August 3, 2017, West Virginia Governor Jim Justice announced that he had rejoined the Republican Party after having been elected as a Democrat less than a year prior. He made the announcement at a rally in Huntington alongside Trump and claimed that he was returning to the GOP because he could not help the president while he was a Democrat. The announcement came as

11346-824: The presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries . Before entering politics, Kemp played as a quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as a captain of both the San Diego Chargers and the Buffalo Bills , earning the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading

11468-651: The red, which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising techniques. To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz . To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on

11590-512: The regular season, winning the Eastern Division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park . Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks . In the AFL championship game, he scored the final touchdown with just over nine minutes left in a 20–7 victory. Not long after, Kemp played

11712-465: The return of high-interest rates, and the ballooning deficits had convinced Congress that the Act had failed to create the results for which the Reagan administration had hoped. Largely at the initiative of Senate Finance Committee chairman Robert Dole , most of the personal tax cuts were reversed in September 1982 by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) but, most significantly, not

11834-474: The rooftops about what we need to do." Kemp's football colleagues confirmed this influence: John Mackey explained that "the huddle is colorblind." As a self-described "bleeding-heart conservative", Kemp represented a part of the suburban Buffalo region known as the Southtowns (that traditionally voted Democratic) in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. He was described as having

11956-438: The same period. The total share borne by middle incomes of the 50th to 95th percentiles decreased from 57.5% to the 48.7% between 1981 and 1988. Much of the increase can be attributed to the decrease in capital gains taxes. Also, the ongoing recession and high unemployment contributed to stagnation among other income groups until the mid-1980s. Under ERTA, marginal tax rates dropped (top rates from 70% to 50%)and capital gains tax

12078-1281: The state's first Republican governor since Reconstruction, Linwood Holton , has since 2001 frequently supported Democrats in statewide races – his son-in-law, Tim Kaine , has been elected to the governorship and the U.S. Senate in that time, and served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee and the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President in the 2016 election – and endorsed Barack Obama in 2008. Similarly, in 1860, former Democratic President Martin Van Buren ended up supporting Abraham Lincoln due to Van Buren's disagreements with Democratic policies on secession . Other examples include former Republican Senator from Minnesota David Durenberger supporting John Kerry in 2004 and former Democratic Attorney General Griffin Bell supporting George W. Bush in 2004. Moreover, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and Democrat Mike Espy endorsed incumbent Republican Governor of Mississippi Haley Barbour for reelection in 2007 . During Donald Trump's presidency one governor and two congressmen switched parties due mostly to their support or opposition to

12200-555: The support from conservative Southern Democrats. In July 1981, the Senate voted 89–11 for the tax cut bill favored by Reagan, and the House approved the bill in a 238–195 vote. Reagan's success in passing a major tax bill and cutting the federal budget was hailed as the " Reagan Revolution " by some reporters. One columnist wrote that Reagan's legislative success represented the "most formidable domestic initiative any president has driven through since

12322-577: The time of Robert Mundell 's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some attributed much of the credit to Mundell, Laffer, Robert Bartley , and Wanniski. In 1979, Kemp wrote An American Renaissance ( ISBN   0-06-012283-8 ), to deliver his message that "A rising tide lifts all boats." Although the realization of early 1980s tax cuts are attributed to Reagan, they were initiated by Kemp and Roth through their 1981 Kemp–Roth Tax Cut legislation. Reagan's budget based on this legislation passed over

12444-450: The time, known for its high concentration of both Jewish students and children of celebrities. Over 95% of Kemp's classmates were Jewish, and he later became a supporter of Jewish causes. His classmates included musician Herb Alpert , baseball pitcher Larry Sherry , and academic Judith A. Reisman . During his years in high school, Kemp worked with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In his spare time, he

12566-412: The wealthy dropped, and much of the increased wealth collected was at the top of the tax bracket. Reagan came into office with a national debt of around $ 900 billion, high unemployment rates, and public distrust in government. The Act was designed to give tax breaks to all citizens in hopes of jumpstarting the economy and creating more wealth in the country. By the summer of 1982, the double-dip recession,

12688-695: The wedding. The Kemps had two sons. Both were professional football quarterbacks: Jeff Kemp (born in 1959) played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991, and Jimmy Kemp (born in 1971) played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. Significantly for a man with his demanding schedule, Jack never missed one of their games as children or in college. They also had two daughters: Jennifer Kemp Andrews (born in 1961) and Judith Kemp (born in 1963). In 1976, C. Everett Koop wrote The Right to Live, The Right to Die , setting down his own concerns about abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia. Koop also took some time off from his surgical practice to make

12810-501: Was a long-time proponent of the flat tax . He also defended the use of anti-Communist contra forces in Central America, supported the gold standard , spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize enterprise zones , which he supported to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants. During his career, he sometimes sounded like

12932-645: Was a rigorous reader, preferring history and philosophy books. After graduating from high school in 1953, he attended Occidental College , a founding member of the NCAA Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which he hoped would help him to become a professional quarterback. At 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) and 175 pounds (79 kg), he considered himself too small to play for

13054-495: Was a voracious reader, and his political beliefs were founded in early readings of Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative , Ayn Rand 's novels such as The Fountainhead , and Friedrich von Hayek 's The Constitution of Liberty . He also brought from his football career a belief in racial equality which came from playing football with black teammates. As Kemp said, "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis . But I am here now, and I am going to yell from

13176-532: Was abolished. Party switching in the United States In politics of the United States , party switching is any change in party affiliation of a partisan public figure, usually one who holds an elected office. Use of the term "party switch" can also connote a transfer of holding power in an elected governmental body from one party to another. The first two major parties in the United States were

13298-860: Was activated for the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Kemp received a medical exemption for his chronically separated left shoulder. The injury led to his discharge from the Reserve in July 1962. In 1959, Kemp played one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League , which made him ineligible for the NFL, in 1959. According to his older brother Tom, his parents drove him from California to Calgary, Alberta , only to see him cut. By this time, Kemp had been cut from five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers, and Stampeders) and his family encouraged him to get on with his life. On February 9 and 11, 1960,

13420-569: Was an editorial assistant to San Diego Union editor and future Richard Nixon aide Herb Klein . Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in both Barry Goldwater 's 1964 presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan 's successful 1966 California gubernatorial campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Kemp worked on Reagan's staff in Sacramento . In 1969, he was special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman. Kemp

13542-510: Was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three platform planks that he proposed involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve . Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as an author was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes. By 1985, Kemp was a leading contender for the 1988 presidential nomination. He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at

13664-415: Was available and claimed him for a $ 100 waiver fee on September 25, 1962, in what sportswriter Randy Schultz has called one of the biggest bargains in professional football history. The Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos also attempted to claim Kemp, but he was awarded to Buffalo by AFL commissioner Joe Foss . According to Billy Shaw , Kemp's acquisition solved the Bills' quarterback problem, but Kemp

13786-442: Was elected to Congress." Kemp led Buffalo to the AFL playoffs four straight years (1963–1966), three consecutive Eastern Division titles (1964–1966) and two straight AFL Championships (1964–1965). He led the league in career passes attempted, completions, and yards gained passing. He played in five of the AFL's 10 Championship Games, and holds the same career records (passing attempts, completions, and yardage) for championships. He

13908-639: Was first proposed to White House chief of staff John Sununu in June 1989 to create enterprise zones, increase subsidies for low-income renters, expand social services for the homeless and elderly, and enact tax changes to help first-time home buyers. Sununu opposed it at first as did most of the Cabinet , but in August 1990 Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh , encouraged President Bush to endorse Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However,

14030-400: Was increased from $ 2000 to $ 2400 for one child and from $ 4000 to $ 4800 for at least two children. The credit increased from 20% or a maximum of $ 400 or $ 800 to 30% of $ 10,000 income or less. The 30% credit is diminished by 1% for every $ 2,000 of earned income up to $ 28,000. At $ 28,000, the credit for earned income was 20%. The amount for a married taxpayer to file a joint return increased under

14152-535: Was named a Little All-America player one year in which he threw for over 1,100 yards. That year, he led the nation's small colleges in passing. He and close friend Jim Mora , who later became an NFL head coach , were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. Another teammate in college was Ron Botchan , who was an NFL referee for years (record five Super Bowls). Kemp declined to become involved in student government. After graduating from Occidental with

14274-507: Was named an AFL All-Star for the sixth consecutive year. The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season , in which Kemp was not named to the All-Star game for the first time in his AFL career. On August 23, 1968, the Bills suffered a blowout preseason loss to the Houston Oilers . On August 26, Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Kemp's right knee and injured it, forcing Kemp to sit out

14396-497: Was not excited about coming to Buffalo. According to Van Miller , "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo." In Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including those by Henry Thoreau , which led to chidings from Saban. Injuries, including the broken finger, kept Kemp from playing for most of 1962. That season, Kemp received

14518-539: Was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama . Born, raised, and educated in Los Angeles , Kemp was the third of four sons of Frances Elizabeth (née Pope) and Paul Robert Kemp Sr. Paul turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to 14 trucks. Frances was a well-educated social worker and Spanish teacher. Kemp grew up in

14640-414: Was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker who sometimes lost contact with his audience. Although Kemp tried to appeal to conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights and his commitment to supporting minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor clashed with conservative voters' social and religious values. To Democrats, Kemp's free-market philosophies were

14762-409: Was reduced from 28% to 20%. Revenue from capital gains tax increased 50% from $ 12.5 billion in 1980 to over $ 18 billion in 1983. In 1986, revenue from the capital gains tax rose to over $ 80 billion; after the restoration of the rate to 28% from 20% from 1987, capital gains revenues declined until 1991. Critics claim that the tax cuts worsened budget deficits. Reagan's supporters credit them with helping

14884-399: Was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership. The goal of these two plans was to change public housing into tenant-owned residences and to lure industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives. Although Kemp did not affect much policy as HUD's director, he cleaned up HUD's reputation, and developed

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