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134-567: President of Iran Government Others Family Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati (14 December 1960 – 19 May 2024), better known as Ebrahim Raisi , was an Iranian politician who served as the eighth president of Iran from 2021 until his death in a helicopter crash in 2024 . He was a Muslim jurist and part of the Principlist group. Raisi was the son-in-law of Mashhad Friday prayer leader and Grand Imam of Imam Reza shrine , Ahmad Alamolhoda . He began his clerical studies at age 15. In

268-539: A natural gas pipeline from Bandar Anzali and Tehran and a crude oil pipeline from Tehran run through Qom to the Abadan refinery on the Persian Gulf . Qom gained additional prosperity when oil was discovered at Sarajeh near the city in 1956 and a large refinery was built between Qom and Tehran. Some researchers have considered the word "Kom" (in the ancient name of Komidan (Komiran)) to mean "city" and believe that there

402-441: A bombing . Once again a Provisional Presidential Council filled the office until October 13, 1981, when Ali Khamenei was elected president. The election on August 3, 2005 resulted in a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . The election on June 12, 2009 was reported by government authorities as a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the incumbent candidate, although this is greatly disputed by supporters of rival candidates, who noted

536-581: A ceremony attended by around 260 officials, both from Iran and other countries. In his speech, he stated that Iran was responsible for stabilising the Middle East, that he would resist foreign pressure on Iran but widen its external relations, especially with Iran's neighbours, promised to support any diplomatic move to lift the American sanctions and assured that Iran's nuclear programme was only meant for peaceful purposes. He also promised that he would try to improve

670-511: A chance for stabilising the country, which Iran would support. He also called on all parties to form an inclusive government. On 4 September, he urged that elections be held to elect a new Afghan government as soon as possible. On 18 September, he stated that Iran will not allow the establishment of any terrorist group, including the Islamic State , along its border with Afghanistan and use it for attacks on other nations. In addition, he called on

804-494: A considerable number of religious buildings were erected. At least ten madrasas are known by name. Two Friday mosques seem to have existed in Seljuk times: the old one was renovated and a new one, located outside of the town area, was built in 528/1133–34 by the order of Sultan Togrel II ( Persian: سلطان طغرل دوم ). Qom must have expanded during this period, but precise reasons for its prosperity are not known. A family of Ḥosaynid Alids

938-505: A doctorate degree in private law from Motahari University; however, this has been disputed. Raisi began his studies at the Qom Seminary at the age of 15. He then decided to study in the Navvab school for a short time. After that, he went to Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad school, where he studied while also teaching other students. In 1976, he went to Qom to continue his studies at

1072-514: A good number of community leaders and there is also mention of one prominent female ʿAlid besides Fātimah bint Mūsā. These Alids descended from the Imams and were supported by pensions. Apart from the Shia mainstream, other Shia sects existed in the city and one can also assume the presence of Sunnies . Ḏemmis, or followers of other revealed religions ( Jews , Christians , and Zoroastrians ) must have lived in

1206-632: A hardliner in Iranian politics, Raisi's presidency saw deadlock in negotiations with the U.S. over the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and large-scale protests throughout the country in late 2022, triggered by the death of Mahsa Amini on 16 September. During Raisi's term, Iran intensified uranium enrichment , hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS , and supported Russia in its invasion of Ukraine . Iran also launched several missile and drone attacks on Israel during

1340-490: A helicopter carrying Raisi crashed in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. There were no survivors at the crash site. Raisi was the second president of Iran to have died in office. Taghi Rahmani , the husband of detained activist and Nobel laureate Narges Mohammadi , said Raisi's death would not structurally change the Iranian leadership under Khamenei. Following his death, first vice president Mohammad Mokhber

1474-584: A new President to be elected within a maximum period of fifty days. In case of death of the first deputy to the President, or other matters which prevent him to perform his duties or when the President does not have a first deputy, the Leader shall appoint another person in his place." The president's duties include the following, subject to supervision, policy guidance and approval by the supreme leader: Qom Qom ( Persian : قم ; [ɢom] )

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1608-594: A result of his work on the Tehran commission, Raisi earned himself the nickname: "Butcher of Tehran". In 1988 the United Nations special rapporteurs and other organizations accused him of crimes against humanity for his role in these executions. He was Deputy Chief Justice (2004–2014), Attorney General (2014–2016), and Chief Justice (2019–2021). Raisi was elected to the Assembly of Experts from South Khorasan Province , for

1742-663: A ruined and depopulated city throughout the Ilkhanid period. Besides, the fact that the Ilkhanid vizier Šams-al-Din Jovayni took refuge in the Fātimah bint Mūsā sanctuary in 683/1284, indicates that the city must have experienced at least a modest comeback. The city walls were probably rebuilt and, moreover, four graves of saints are known to have been constructed between 720/1301 and 1365. Additionally, some fine tiles are known from this period. Nothing

1876-479: A small number of candidates being approved. In the 1997 election , for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Some Western observers have routinely criticized the approvals process as a way for the council and supreme leader to ensure that only conservative and like-minded Islamic fundamentalists can win office. The council denies this, citing approval of Iranian reformists in previous elections. The council rejects most of

2010-538: A statement published on 6 April, and called it his "religious and revolutionary responsibility to run", citing the need for a "fundamental change in the executive management of the country" and a government that "fights poverty and corruption." He registered on 14 April 2017 at the Ministry of Interior saying it's time to perform citizenship rights, not only writing act. On 15 May 2017, conservative candidate Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf withdrew his candidacy in favor of Raisi. It

2144-448: A station on the nearby highway and was used until Sasanian times. The recently published results of the excavations carried out in 1955 by Iranian archeologists have, however, revived the old thesis of a Seleucid religious building. Besides Khurha, which is already mentioned as Khor Abad at Qomi in the 9th century, the region has turned up a few other remnants from this epoch, including the four Parthian heads found near Qom, now kept in

2278-491: A sum of 5 million dirhams. The names of those involved have survived. The move of a Hadith transmitter from Kufa to Qom, which took place probably in the middle of the 9th century, indicates the increased importance of Qom as a center of Shia learning. At about the same time another military attack on the city occurred in 254/868, when Mofleḥ, the Turkish officer of the caliph Al-Mostaʿin, executed some of its inhabitants because of

2412-518: A vice president and head of the Administrative and Recruitment Affairs Organization , while Sowlat Mortazavi was appointed vice president for executive affairs and head of the presidential administration. In addition, former Head of Management and Planning Organization Farhad Rahbar was appointed the president's assistant for Economic Affairs. Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi was appointed

2546-554: A vice president and head of the Plan and Budget Organization . He also presented nominations for his cabinet before the Islamic Consultative Assembly on the same day. Raisi's nomination of Ahmad Vahidi as Minister of Interior among his cabinet nominations was quickly strongly condemned by both Argentina and Israel, with the former having requested his arrest through a red notice of Interpol for his alleged involvement in

2680-497: A vice president and the head of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs on 12 September. Importation of COVID-19 vaccine meanwhile surged since Raisi took office, with over 30 million doses being imported during the Iranian month of Shahrivar , more than the vaccine imports since February 2021, while 13.4 million were imported during the month of Mordad in which Raisi was sworn in. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced

2814-500: A while" before investigation by the Iranian media, he "referred to himself" as "Ayatollah" on his website. However, according to Vatanka, the media "publicized his lack of formal religious education" and credentials, after which Raisi ceased claiming to hold the aforementioned rank. After this investigation and criticism he "refer[ed] to himself as hojat-ol-eslam " , a clerical rank immediately beneath that of Ayatollah. Raisi subsequently again declared himself an Ayatollah shortly before

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2948-708: Is a city in the Central District of Qom County , Qom province, Iran , serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the seventh largest metropolis and also the seventh largest city in Iran. The city is 140 km (87 mi) to the south of Tehran , and on the banks of the Qom River . Qom is considered holy in Shi'a Islam , as it is the site of the shrine of Fatimah bint Musa , sister of Imam Ali ibn Musa Rida (Persian: Imam Reza ; 789–816). The city

3082-530: Is a lexical connection between the words "Komiran", "Shemiran (near Tehran)", "Tehran", "Chamran (in Saveh areas)" and "Iran", and they considered the old name of Qom to be "Komiran" (in the meaning of "Iran city"). The present town of Qom in Central Iran dates back to ancient times. Its pre-Islamic history can be partially documented, although the earlier epochs remain unclear. Excavations at Tepe Sialk indicate that

3216-499: Is barely a century old. There are nearly 300,000 clerics in Iran's seminaries. The Fordow uranium enrichment facility is located 20 miles north east of Qom. In January 2012 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) announced that Iran had started producing uranium enriched up to 20% for medical purposes and that material "remains under the agency's containment and surveillance." Iranian authorities state

3350-523: Is in the southwest of Qom. Qom has a hot desert climate bordering a cold desert climate based on Köppen climate classification ( BWh bordering on BWk ) and has an arid climate based on Trewartha climate classification ( BW ), with low annual rainfall due to remoteness from the sea and being situated in the vicinity of the subtropical anticyclone aloft. Summer weather is very hot and essentially rainless, whilst in winter weather can vary from warm to – when Siberian air masses are driven south across

3484-430: Is known about animal husbandry in the region, but the considerable number of fifty-one mills existed, of which a fifth was in decay. Legends speak of mineral deposits and mines of silver , iron , gold and lead , while Kurds seem to have produced salt from a lake nearby (see Qom Lake ). The production of chairs, textiles, and saddle equipment indicates craftsmanship. The city's taxation has to be distinguished between

3618-409: Is known about the irrigation systems of the town, but nearby a dam was built in the Ilkhanid period and the local administration must have functioned again, as the name of a judge shows. The agricultural situation is described as flourishing with a variety of cultivated plants and a good supply of water, and legends indicate the use of deposits of mineral resources. Information exists concerning taxes for

3752-480: Is now over fifty, and the number of research institutes and libraries somewhere near two hundred and fifty. Its theological center and the Fatima Masumeh Shrine are prominent features of Qom. Another very popular religious site of pilgrimage formerly outside the city of Qom but now more of a suburb is called Jamkaran . Qom's proximity to Tehran has allowed the clerical establishment easy access to monitor

3886-560: Is the Qalʿa-ye Doḵtar in Qom itself, which was long thought to have served religious purposes, while more recent research points to an administrative use. The wider surroundings of Qom also contain numerous traces from palaces, religious, military and administrative buildings. Some of these are mentioned by Qomi, who also names many more fire temples in the urban area of present Qom and its region, of which no archeological traces are left although

4020-440: Is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a significant destination of pilgrimage, with around twenty million pilgrims visiting the city every year, the majority being Iranians but also other Shi'a Muslims from all around the world. Qom has developed into a lively industrial center owing in part to its proximity to Tehran. It is a regional center for the distribution of petroleum and petroleum products, and

4154-606: The 2021 Iranian presidential election was rigged in favour of Raisi. Almost 600 candidates, 40 of which were female, registered in the election, of which 7 men were approved a month before the election by the 12 jurists and theologians on the Guardian Council (an unelected body that has the final decision on candidate validity based on the strength of 'the candidates' qualifications'). Three of those seven candidates were subsequently pulled out before polling day. Before he withdrew, reformist candidate Mohsen Mehralizadeh hinted that

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4288-524: The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Scotland. President of Iran After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum on March 29 and 30, the new government needed to craft a new constitution. Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini , ordered an election for the Assembly of Experts , the body tasked with writing the constitution. The assembly presented

4422-399: The 2021 presidential election . The decree by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei appointing him as President, referred to him as a hojat-ol-eslam . In 1981, he was appointed the prosecutor of Karaj . Later on, he was also appointed Prosecutor of Hamadan and served both positions together. He was simultaneously active in two cities more than 300 km away from each other. After four months, he

4556-524: The Alborz Mountains by blocking over Europe – frigid. An example of the latter situation was in January 2008 when minima fell to −23 °C or −9.4 °F on the 15th, whilst earlier similar situations occurred in January 1964 and to a lesser extent January 1950, January 1972 and December 1972. The highest recorded temperature was 47 °C (117 °F) on 11 July 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature

4690-659: The Ayatollah Khomeini led his opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty from Qom. On 19 February 2020, the Iranian Students News Agency reported that the first two cases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran were detected in Qom. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 957,496 in 241,827 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,074,036 people in 299,752 households. The 2016 census measured

4824-689: The Fedaian and the Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist Party), were executed as well. According to Amnesty International , "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country and extrajudicially executed pursuant to an order issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran and implemented across prisons in the country. Many of those killed during this time were subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in

4958-685: The Gaza conflict and continued arming proxy groups like Hezbollah and the Houthi movement . Ebrahim Raisi was born on 14 December 1960 to a clerical family in the Noghan district of Mashhad . His father, Seyed Haji, died when he was 5. Raisi passed his primary education in "Javadiyeh school"; and then started studying in the Hawza (Islamic seminary). In 1975, he went to "Ayatollah Boroujerdi School" to continue his education in Qom Seminary . He has claimed to have received

5092-427: The Guardian Council to look into "violations of the law" before and during the elections, with 100 pages of attached documentation. In 2021, Raisi ran again for the presidency and won the election . The election had a 48.8% turnout, and 63% went to Raisi. Out of 28.9 million votes, around 3.7 million votes were not counted, likely because they were blank or otherwise invalid protest votes. According to many observers,

5226-648: The Minister of Education . Many of the ministerial choices are sanctioned by the United States and several are veterans of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces . Raisi meanwhile appointed former IRGC commander-in-chief Mohsen Rezaee as the vice president for economic affairs on 25 August. He also appointed him as the secretary of the Supreme Council for Economic Coordination  [ fa ] , as well as

5360-589: The National Museum of Iran in Tehran. Qomi names Parthian personalities as founders of villages in the Qom area. The possible mention of Qom in the form of Greek names in two ancient geographical works (the Tabula Peutingera and Ptolemy's geographical tables) remains doubtful. The Sasanian epoch offers many archeological findings and remnants, besides the fact that various sources mention Qom. The most interesting building from an archeological point of view

5494-626: The Quds Corps , which reports directly to the supreme leader. The current supreme leader Ali Khamenei , ruling Iran for more than three decades, has issued decrees and made final decisions on economy , education , environment, foreign policy , national planning, and almost everything else in the country. Khamenei has also made final decisions on the degree of transparency in elections in Iran , and has fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments. The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by

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5628-539: The Russian invasion of Ukraine started. Negotiations with the U.S. over the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) have continued to be stalled under Raisi, with him accusing the Americans of "delaying and dragging their feet". Between 14–17 February 2023, Raisi visited China and met Chinese leader Xi Jinping . During the meeting, the two countries signed 20 cooperation agreements and agreed to boost relations. Following

5762-483: The Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution . The legality of women running for presidency depends upon the meaning of one of the criteria the candidate is required to fill. The 115th article of the Iranian constitution states that the president must be elected from among "religious and political men " or "religious and political personalities ", depending on the interpretation ( Persian : رجال مذهبی و سیاسی , romanized :  rejāl-e mazhabi va siāsi ). In 1997,

5896-471: The death of Mahsa Amini , and unrest spread all over the country. President Raisi promised to set up a commission to investigate the murder, but this did not affect the protests, as law-enforcement agencies are allegedly retreating from small cities due to uncontrollable rioting. After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban , Raisi stated on 16 August that the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan offered

6030-536: The quality of life for Iranians and defend human rights. Raisi appointed Muhammad Mukhbar , the head of the Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order foundation, as the first vice president of Iran on 8 August. Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili , a former spokesman for the judiciary , was also appointed Raisi's chief of staff. On 11 August, Raisi appointed former Minister of Petroleum and Minister of Commerce Masoud Mir Kazemi as

6164-622: The 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires. The Argentine foreign ministry stated that Vahidi's designation was an "affront to the Argentine justice and the victims of the terrorist attack". On 20 August, Raisi appointed former Minister of Culture Mohammad Hosseini as vice president for parliamentary affairs. 18 out of 19 of his cabinet picks were approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 25 August, except Hossein Baghgoli , whom Raisi had chosen as

6298-653: The Ayatollah Borujerdi school. He was a student of Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi , Morteza Motahhari , Abolghasem Khazali , Hossein Noori Hamedani , Ali Meshkini and Morteza Pasandideh. Raisi also passed his "KharejeFeqh" (external- Fiqh ) to Seyyed Ali Khamenei and Mojtaba Tehrani . According to Alex Vatanka of the Middle East Institute , Raisi's "exact religious qualification" is a "sore point". "For

6432-579: The Guardian Council are chosen by the supreme leader. The president of Iran is elected for a four-year term by direct vote and is not permitted to run for more than two consecutive terms. Chapter IX of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the qualifications for presidential candidates. The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by

6566-494: The Guardian Council used the first interpretation to reject the candidature of Azam Taleghani, the first woman to run for presidency. However, before the 2021 presidential election, the guardian council's spokesman said that legally there is no impediment for a woman to be president. According to the article 131 of the Iranian constitution , "In case of death, dismissal, resignation, absence, or illness lasting longer than two months of

6700-554: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the establishment of a Palestinian state " from the river to the sea ". Raisi said that his government's priority in the meeting with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was to strengthen strategic ties between Iran and Syria. He criticized the Saudi -led blockade of Yemen and called for a ceasefire. In March 2022, according to Foreign Policy , Raisi pledged an alliance in favor of Russia when

6834-517: The President or when his term in office has ended and a new president has not been elected due to some impediments, or similar other circumstances, his first deputy shall assume, with the approval of the Leader , the powers and functions of the President. The Council, consisting of the Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , Chief Justice , and the first deputy of the President, is obliged to arrange for

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6968-591: The Saffavid dynasty. By 1503, Qom became one of the important centers of theology in relation to Shia Islam and became a significant religious pilgrimage site and pivot. The city suffered heavy damage again during the Afghan invasions, resulting in consequent severe economic hardships. Qom further sustained damage during the reign of Nader Shah and the conflicts between the two households of Zandieh and Qajariyeh in order to gain power over Iran. Finally in 1793 Qom came under

7102-563: The Taliban to form an inclusive government. In April 2022, Raisi warned that Israel would be targeted by his country's armed forces if it made "the slightest move" against Iran. During an interview in September of that year, he denounced the Abraham Accords and called Israel a "false regime". Raisi threatened major Israeli cities, including Tel Aviv and Haifa, and stated that the only solution to

7236-498: The affairs and decisions of state. Many Grand Ayatollahs possess offices in both Tehran and Qom; many people simply commute between the two cities as they are only 156 kilometres or 97 miles apart. Southeast of Qom is the ancient city of Kashan . Directly south of Qom lie the towns of Delijan , Mahallat , Naraq, Pardisan City , Kahak, and Jasb . The surrounding area to the west of Qom is populated by Tafresh , Saveh , and Ashtian and Jafarieh. Arak city (Industrial Capital of Iran)

7370-508: The aftermath of the 1979 Iranian Revolution , Raisi served in several positions in Iran's judicial system , including as Prosecutor of Karaj , Prosecutor of Hamadan and Deputy Prosecutor and Prosecutor of Tehran . Raisi played role on the Tehran branch of what has been called the " 1988 Iran death commission ". Under the direction of Grand Ayatollah Khomeini several Iranian political prisoners were executed by these local "death commissions," and as

7504-522: The agent (wakil) responsible for the pensions of the Alids. The first Friday mosque in Qom was built in 878–79 on the site of a fire temple, although there are also confusing reports concerning a possible earlier Friday mosque. In 881–82 Qom was occupied by the Turkish military leader Edgu Tegin (Arabic: Yadkutakin b. Asātakin or Aḏkutakin), who tried to collect the tax arrears for seven years which partially ruined

7638-469: The armies of the Mongol generals, Jebe and Sübedei, in 621/1224 and left the city in ruins for at least twenty years, when the sources (Jovayni) tell of the levying of taxes. Twenty years later, reconstruction and repair works, probably sponsored by some wealthy inhabitants, were being done on the mausoleums of Shia saints in the city, which contradict those sources, such as Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi, that describe Qom as

7772-470: The attempt to enforce collective responsibility by the taxpayers had failed. The information in the Tāriḵ-e Qom on taxation also mention by name 21 tax districts (rasātiq) in the region with 900 villages. Little is known about the time until the period of Seljuki dominance. In 387/997, Qom became involved in internal Buyid quarrels and was subsequently unsuccessfully besieged. In 418/1027–28, Qom fell under

7906-497: The bigger settlements that were loosely connected by defense installations. It is difficult to decipher the actual process of the Arab conquest of Qom from the extant Arabic sources. According to Balāḏori, the first tentative conquest of Qom took place in 23/644 by Abu Musa Ashaari after a few days of fighting (although Abu Musa's route through Western Persia , as narrated by Balāḏori, appears somewhat confusing). It remains unclear who

8040-531: The candidates stating that they are not "a well-known political figure", a requirement by the current law. The president must be elected with a simple majority of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority in the first round, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates. The president automatically becomes the Head of the Supreme National Security Council and the Head of

8174-455: The city's refusal to pay taxes. Mofleḥ became governor of Qom and lasted in that position for at least five years. During his governorship important Alids moved to Qom and there are references to close contacts between the representative of the 11th Shia's Imam, Hassan al-Askari , in Qom and other Qomis. The representative Aḥmad b. Esḥāq was at the same time administrator of the Fāṭema sanctuary and

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8308-404: The city, too, as the payment of poll tax (jezya) indicates, although their number can only be very roughly estimated at a few thousand at the end of the 9th century and must have shrunk drastically in the 10th century. The majority of these non-Muslims were Zoroastrians, who made their living mostly as farmers. Jews must have lived in Qom as well, but information on them is scant. It is striking that

8442-498: The competing Seljuk factions in Jebāl and the city changed hands many times. The most stable period seems to have been the 14 years (513–27/1119–33) when Qom lay in Sanjar's sphere of power and witnessed the construction of a second Friday mosque. Qom enjoyed relative prosperity in its economy in the Seljuk period. The rigidly Sunni Seljuks seem to have practiced a pragmatic policy and one of

8576-418: The constitution on October 24, 1979, and Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini and Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan approved it. The 1979 Constitution designated the supreme leader of Iran as the head of state and the president and prime minister as the heads of government. The post of prime minister was abolished in 1989. The first Iranian presidential election was held on January 25, 1980, and resulted in

8710-543: The control of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar . On being victorious over his enemies, the Qajar Sultan Fath Ali Shah was responsible for the repairs done on the sepulchre and Holy Shrine of Hæzræt Mæ'sume, as he had made such a vow. The city of Qom began another era of prosperity in the Qajar era. After Russian forces entered Karaj in 1915, many of the inhabitants of Tehran moved to Qom due to reasons of proximity, and

8844-504: The defenders of Qom were; probably fleeing Sasanian nobles and local soldiers returning from the great battles against the Arabs formed the core of the resistance. The area remained largely untouched for 60 years after the initial conquest and was probably administered from Isfahan . The first permanent settlement of Arab settlers in Qom took place during the revolts of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and Moṭarref b. Moḡira b. Šaʿba in 66–77/685–96, when small groups of refugees moved there and Qom itself

8978-421: The eighth Imam of Shias Ali al-Ridha in the city in 201/816–17 proved to be of great importance for the later history of Qom. Fātimah bint Mūsā died while following her brother to Khorasan , a region in northern Iran. The place of her entombment developed from 869–70 into a building that was transformed over time into today's magnificent and economically important sanctuary. In 825–26, a major rebellion against

9112-445: The election of Abulhassan Banisadr with 76% of the votes. Banisadr was impeached on June 22, 1981, by Parliament . Until the early election on July 24, 1981 , the duties of the President were undertaken by the Provisional Presidential Council. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected president on July 24, 1981, and took office on August 2. Rajai was in office for less than one month because he and his prime minister were both assassinated in

9246-401: The establishment of the office of the jahbaḏ (financial officer) as the tax broker for the city, which fostered local self-determination. In 909 Hosayn ibn Hamdan ibn Hamdun was appointed governor of Qom and Kāšān by the caliph Al-Moqtader and had to assist the caliph's army against the Saffarids in Fars . Altogether he stayed in power only for two years before he had to return to Baghdad. In

9380-399: The execution of ʿEzz-al-Din Yaḥyā, the naqib of the Shias, by the Tekesh in 592/1196 and the work on the tiles of the sanctuary (probably in 605–13/1208–17), which indicate a certain economic prosperity at a time of unstable political conditions. From 614/1217–18 until the Mongol attack, Qom remained under Muhammad II of Khwarezm . The Mongol invasion led to the total destruction of Qom by

9514-419: The first Sasanian king Ardashir I , who fought his decisive battles near Qom, and the collapse of the Sasanian empire, which is extensively reported by Ebn Aʿṯam Kufi and the Nehāyat al-Erab and names a certain Šērzād as the satrap of the region. The existence of an urban settlement in the Sasanian epoch is furthermore verified by Middle Persian sources (literary sources, inscriptions, and seals) that mention in

9648-432: The first time in the 2006 election . He was Custodian and Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi , a bonyad , from 2016 until 2019. Raisi ran for president in 2017 as the candidate of the conservative Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces , losing to the moderate incumbent president Hassan Rouhani , 57% to 38%. Raisi successfully ran for president a second time in 2021 with 63% of the votes, succeeding Rouhani. Considered

9782-417: The formerly dominant Ashaaries had lost their leading positions by the end of the 10th century. This points at a new social situation that allowed assimilated Persians to join the local establishment. The city's topography in the 10th century still reflected the evolutionary merging of the original six villages; these were still separated by fields. The town center was located in the village of Mamajjān, which

9916-405: The government does well, the people will do well." He stated that the amputation of thieves' hands, which is based on a very strict interpretation of Sharia, is one of "our honours" and that such punishments will not be limited to now and will be continued in the future. He stated that he should be honoured and esteemed for his role in the 1988 Iranian mass executions of political prisoners . Raisi

10050-501: The group of Ashaaries that emigrated from Kufa to the region of Qom. It is not exactly clear why they migrated, but it might have also been a general opposition to the Umayyad dynasty. A central element was the early contact with the leading local Zoroastrian Persian noble Yazdanfadar. As the Arabs required a great deal of pasture for their large herds of cattle and were much wealthier than

10184-426: The guarantors (some of whom are known) of these taxes. At about the same time the early orthodox Shias achieved their victory in the town. In 893–94, at the latest, all extremists (ḡolāt) were driven out of town by the leading Shia shaikh of Qom, Aḥmad b. Moḥammed b. Isa Ashaari. Probably one year later, in 1895, the famous Islamic mystic Ḥosayn b. Manṣur Ḥallaj stayed in Qom, where he was arrested. From 895–96 onwards

10318-526: The history of Qom was connected with a family of Turkish military leaders from the army of the caliph Al-Mu'tadid , including the governor Berun (Birun). In the same year, Berun destroyed a big and probably still active fire temple located on the territory of the evolving city and probably opposite today's sanctuary of Fātimah bint Mūsā. In these unstable political times, Qom was visited by the vizier of Al-Moʿtazed, Obayd-Allah ibn Solayman, and two tax assessments were organized. An administrative peculiarity of Qom

10452-498: The importation of 60 million more vaccines on 19 September. In a pre-recorded speech before the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly on 21 September, Raisi stated that Iran wanted to resume talks over its nuclear programme. He also stated that the hegemony of the United States was being rejected across the world and criticised its sanctions on Iran as unjust. On 17 September, protests erupted after

10586-670: The irrigation channels between 733 and 900. The Ašʿaris were also the proprietors of the water rights, which were safeguarded in the water authority (divān-e āb) that regulated the water shares. The system made the Ašʿaris the wealthiest inhabitants of Qom and stayed in place until 347/958–59 when they were expropriated by the Buyids, which consequently brought about a decline in the whole system of irrigation. Although there were attempts at restoration in 371/981–82, only three of originally twenty-one channels had flowing water which meant enough drinking water

10720-574: The known 18 tax figures ranging over 160 years there are great differences and the tax figures vary from 8 million to 2 million dirhams with a mean value at around 3 million. In taxation Qom always followed the solar calendar with its own local variation, starting from the death of the Sasanian Yazdegerd III . A highly differentiated tax administration existed and is known in great detail; 24 tax collectors (ʿommāl) are listed from 189/804–05 to 371/981–82 plus two jahabaḏa who acted as mediators after

10854-587: The lecture Raisi regarding the killings as "one of the proud achievements of the system." For his role, Raisi earned a reputation of being a hanging judge and was nicknamed the "Butcher of Tehran". Other persons were Morteza Eshraghi (Prosecutor of Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Judge), and Mostafa Pourmohammadi ( MOI representative in Evin ). Names of the first two persons are mentioned in Khomeini's order. Pourmohammadi has denied his role but Raisi did not comment publicly on

10988-407: The local Persians, they slowly started to buy land and take over more villages. The decisive step for controlling the area was the elimination of the local Persian noble class that took place after the death of Yazdanfadar in 733. Although a few names of governors and their tax assessments are known from the time after the administrative independence, the death of Fātimah bint Mūsā , the sister of

11122-450: The location of one fire temple can probably be equated with today's Masjed-e Emām in the city. According to Qomi, the most important fire temple of the area stood in the nearby village of Dizijan . Tāriḵ-e Qom and some other sources also speak of genuine historical figures of the Sasanian epoch in connection with Qom and its region. They shed new light on the time of the seizure of power by

11256-412: The main sources of this time (ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini) speaks of good relations between the famous vizier Nizam al-Mulk and Seljuk sultans on the one hand, and members of the local nobility on the other. Sultans reportedly visited the sanctuary (although no specific sultan is mentioned by name) and in general no religiously motivated punitive action against Qom is known to have taken place. Under Seljuk rule

11390-534: The matter. Due to the involvement of this prosecution committee in thousands of executions, it has been informally called the 'death committee'. The 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners were a series of state-sponsored executions of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and lasting for approximately five months. The majority of those killed were supporters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran , although supporters of other leftist factions, including

11524-591: The ministers and vice presidents at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision. The supreme leader also directly chooses the ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs, and interior, as well as certain other ministries, such as the Science Ministry. Iran's foreign policy is directly controlled by the office of the supreme leader , with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' role limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. All of Iran's ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by

11658-675: The more proper rule of the Abbasid tax bureaucracy and the time of the Deylamid warlords where rules were bent arbitrarily. A stunning diversity of taxes is known (often meant to serve the Abbasid bureaucracy and the Deylamid and Buyid war machinery) but the Karaj (land tax), which was composed of many different separate sums, was the most important single tax existing in Qom at least since post-Sasanian times. Within

11792-407: The more visited sites of Qom are: Qom is well known for its many religious seminaries and institutes that offer advanced religious studies, which made this city the largest center for Shia scholarship in the world. There are an estimated 50,000 seminarians in the city coming from 80 countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Pakistan. Qom has seminaries for women and some non-Shia students. Most of

11926-566: The most and consisted of Persians and Arabs who had adopted the Persian of the time as their language and many social customs from the Persians, whose proportion was probably smaller than the Arabs. The Kurds lived in the countryside to the west. The Twelver Shia constituted the great majority of the population and many important Shia scholars of the time came from Qom or lived there. As many as 331 male Alids lived in Qom in 988–89, and they produced

12060-422: The most famous and important remnants. Their dating and function have instigated long and controversial debates and interpretations, for they have been interpreted and explained variously as the remains of a Sasanian temple, or of a Seleucid Dionysian temple, or of a Parthian complex. Its true function is still a matter of dispute, but the contributions by Wolfram Kleiss point to a Parthian palace that served as

12194-497: The new Supreme Leader, Raisi was appointed Tehran prosecutor by newly appointed Chief Justice Mohammad Yazdi . He held the office for five years from 1989 to 1994. In 1994, he was appointed head of General Inspection Office . From 2004 until 2014, Raisi served as First Deputy Chief Justice of Iran, being appointed by Chief Justice Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi . He kept his position in Sadeq Larijani 's first term as Chief Justice. He

12328-444: The number in thousands; and then- Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini 's deputy, Hussein-Ali Montazeri put the number between 2,800 and 3,800 in his memoirs. Human Rights Watch puts the estimate at between 2,800 to 5,000 people. Amnesty describes the state's refusal to provide families with the location of the mass graves of their loved ones as 'ongoing crimes against humanity.' After Khomeini's death and election of Ali Khamenei as

12462-592: The pilgrims of the holy shrine, especially poor people, and also serving nearby, especially the poor and dispossessed as two important responsibilities of Raisi in his appointment order. Raisi was named as one of the Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces (JAMNA)'s presidential candidates in February 2017. His candidacy was also supported by the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability . He officially announced his nomination in

12596-415: The population of the city as 1,201,158 people in 356,976 households. Qom, the capital of Qom province, is located 125 kilometers south of Tehran, on a low plain. The shrine of Fatimeh Masumeh, the sister of Imam Reza , is located in this city, which is considered by Shiʿa Muslims holy. The city is located in the boundary of the central desert of Iran ( Kavir-e Markazi ). At the 2011 census its population

12730-531: The positions such as membership in the "Supreme Council of Cyberspace", "the Monetary and Credit Council", and "the Anti-Corruption Headquarters". He became chairman of Astan Quds Razavi on 7 March 2016 after the death of his predecessor Abbas Vaez-Tabasi , a position which he stayed in until 2019. He was the second person to serve this office from 1979. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei enumerated serving

12864-438: The post-Mongolian period. Qom paid 40,000 dinars, but more remarkable is the fact that some of the surrounding rural districts paid as much as Qom or even more, which suggests that the whole administrative structure of districts had also changed. In the late 14th century, the city was plundered by Tamerlane and the inhabitants were massacred. Qom gained special attention and gradually developed due to its religious shrine during

12998-433: The power. The president answers to the supreme leader, who functions as the country's head of state , and executes his decrees. Unlike the executive in other countries, the president of Iran does not have full control over the government, which is ultimately under the direct control of the supreme leader. Before elections , nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the Guardian Council . Members of

13132-461: The process." Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into forklift trucks in groups of six and hanged from cranes in half-hour intervals. The killings have been described as a political purge without precedent in modern Iranian history, both in terms of scope and coverup. However, the exact number of prisoners executed remains unknown with several sources giving estimates. Amnesty International, after interviewing dozens of relatives, put

13266-517: The region had been settled since ancient times (Ghirshman and Vanden Berghe), and more recent surveys have revealed traces of large, inhabited places south of Qom, dating from the 4th and 1st millennium BC. While nothing is known about the area from Elamite , Medes , and Achaemenid times, there are significant archeological remains from the Seleucid and Parthian epochs, of which the ruins of Khurha (about 70 kilometres or 43 miles southwest of Qom) are

13400-618: The relatively stable political period until 988–89, but Qom seems to have been isolated inside Persia because of its Shia creed. At the same time, the Fatima sanctuary was enlarged and the number of sayyeds residing in Qom reached a considerable number. In 373/984, Qom and its environs were impacted by the revolt of the Kurdish Moḥammad Barzikāni against the Buyid Fakr-Al-Dawla. The population amounted to 50,000 inhabitants at

13534-575: The rule of Šahryuš from the Kakuyid dynasty and a few years later (1030–40) it became part of the Ghaznavid domain. The Seljuki did not occupy Qom at once but left the town and Jebāl in Kakuyid hands for ten years. From 442/1050–51 on, the city was under Seljuk rule and nothing is known about its fate until 487/1094. Afterwards the growing instability of the Seljuk empire involved Qom in the power struggles between

13668-461: The secretary of the Iranian government's Economic Committee. On 26 August, Iran had a renewed diplomatic clash with Argentina, when the latter condemned the appointment of Rezaee. Rezaee is also wanted by Argentina for alleged involvement in the AMIA bombing. Argentina "energetically" condemned his designation and added that "Iran must cooperate with the investigation" and added again that Rezaee's designation

13802-443: The seminaries teach their students modern social sciences and Western thought as well as traditional religious studies. The Hawzah (a short form of al-Hawzah al-Ilmiyya), which presently consists of over 200 education and research centres and organisations, catering for over 40,000 scholars and students from over 80 sovereign states. The modern Qom hawza was revitalized by Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi and Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi and

13936-441: The sphere of interest of Daylami warlords and was relieved from the direct authority of the caliph, although it changed hands several times between 928 and 943. The Daylamites brutally exploited the city through harsh taxes. With the firm establishment of Buyids control from 340/951–52 on, the political circumstances were less troubled than before, although the economic situation deteriorated. No outstanding events are reported for

14070-418: The statistical anomalies in voting reports and large-scale overvoting in the officially announced tallies. Ali Khamenei , Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani , Mohammad Khatami , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani were each elected president for two terms. The most recent president of Iran was Ebrahim Raisi . He succeeded Hassan Rouhani , who served eight years in office from 2013 to 2021. On May 19, 2024,

14204-575: The support of the United States and certain European countries." In January 2024, he predicted that the Israel-Hamas war would result in " Israel's destruction ." Raisi canceled a trip to Geneva in December 2023 due to accusations against him regarding his role in the torture and murder of prisoners in 1988, for which he could face arrest. Raisi was widely considered to be a hardliner in Iranian politics and

14338-416: The supreme leader. The president functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the supreme leader, including: signing treaties with foreign countries and international organizations; and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs. The president appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament and the supreme leader, who can dismiss or reinstate any of

14472-552: The supreme leader. The president of Iran is elected for a four-year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage by everyone of at least 18 years of age. Presidents can only be reelected once if in a consecutive manner. Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the Council of Guardians , which is a twelve-member body consisting of six clerics selected directly by Iran's supreme leader (who may also dismiss them and replace them at any time), and six lawyers proposed by

14606-502: The supreme leader–appointed head of Iran's judicial system and subsequently approved by the Majles . According to the Constitution of Iran candidates for the presidency must possess the following qualifications: Within these guidelines the council vetoes candidates who it deems unacceptable. The approval process is considered to be a check on the president's power, and usually amounts to

14740-665: The talks, Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to restore diplomatic ties cut in 2016 on 10 March after a deal brokered between the two countries by China following secret talks in Beijing. Raisi praised Hamas' 7 October attacks on Israel, stating that these actions would lead to the demise of Israel. He condemned Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war and accused Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza "with

14874-495: The tax regulations of the caliphate broke out in Qom. It was caused by the refusal of the caliph Al-Ma'mun to lower the yearly tax assessment as he had done in Ray. The revolt was led by an Ashaari named Yahya ibn Emran, maintaining that taxes should not be paid to an unlawful ruler. Yahya was killed by troops sent by the caliph and the citizens were severely punished; the taxes were raised from 2 million to 7 million dirhams. Two years later

15008-564: The taxes were again raised by 700,000 dirham by the Ashaari governor Ali ibn Isa, who was subsequently deposed because he was strongly rejected by the inhabitants of Qom. But in 833 Ali returned to the post of governor (wali) and forcefully collected tax debts that were laid upon him by the caliph. He destroyed parts of Qom and handed over a wanted rebel to caliphal authorities under Al-Moʿtasem. Between 839–42 two contradicting tax assessments were carried out under turbulent circumstances which amounted to

15142-462: The time of Shapur I and Kawād I the names Godmān/Gomān and Ērān Win(n)ārd Kawād, both of which could be identified as Qom. Altogether one can assume that Qom functioned as a small administrative unit throughout the whole Sasanian era. Probably the urban structure of the Sasanian settlement of Qom can be compared with the type of city of Ctesiphon (Or. Madāʾen) and consisted of several villages and little towns with Abaraštejān, Mamajjān and Jamkarān as

15276-541: The transfer of the capital from Tehran to Qom was even discussed. But the British and Russians defeated prospects of the plan by putting Ahmad Shah Qajar under political pressure. As a center of religious learning Qom fell into decline for about a century from 1820 to 1920 but had a resurgence when Shaykh Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi accepted an invitation to move from Sultanabad (now called Arak, Iran ), where he had been teaching, to Qom. In 1964–65, before his exile from Iran,

15410-399: The vote would be a foregone conclusion, saying during a candidate TV debate that the ruling clerics had aligned "sun, moon and the heavens to make one particular person the president," according to The Economist . Former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , among those barred from running, said in a video message that he would not vote, declaring: "I do not want to have a part in this sin." Raisi

15544-417: The years 301/913–14 to 315/927, the people of Qom had, besides another tax assessment (meanwhile the eighth), a caliphal intervention that resulted in the appointment of a governor to stabilize the administrative grip over the region. This move caused more unrest and affected the balance of power in an area that was disputed between the powers of the time (Daylamites, Samanids). Beginning in 316/928 Qom fell into

15678-514: Was 1,074,036, comprising 545,704 males and 528,332 females. Qom is a focal center of the Shiʿah . Since the revolution, the clerical population has risen from around 25,000 to more than 45,000 and the non-clerical population has more than tripled to about 700,000. Substantial sums of money in the form of alms and Islamic taxes flow into Qom to the ten Marja' -e taqlid or "Source to be Followed" that reside there. The number of seminary schools in Qom

15812-451: Was a member of Tehran's "death commission" during the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners . Raisi's involvement in the executions gained publicity in 2016, when Hussein-Ali Montazeri released an audio recording of an August 1988 meeting of the Tehran "death committee." In a 2018 lecture as Iran's president, Raisi did not deny his presence at the 1988 meeting. According to the human rights organization Amnesty International , during

15946-714: Was a member of the Principlists faction. He strongly supported sex segregation . He said in a 2014 interview about planned segregation in Tehran Municipality "I think this is a good move because the majority of women do a better job in a totally relaxed atmosphere and fit are required." He was a supporter of Islamization of universities, revision of the Internet and censorship of Western culture. Raisi claimed that economic sanctions were an opportunity. Raisi said: "We will have guidance patrols, but for managers." He also said: "If

16080-537: Was affected by the fighting between the Umayyad state power and the rebels The decisive step for the later urban development of Qom occurred when a group of Ashaari Arabs came to the area. These Ashaaries originated in Yemen and the first important figure among them was the first conqueror of the area of Qom, the above-mentioned Abu Musa Ashaari. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Saʿd and Aḥwaṣ b. Saʿd were grandsons of Abi Musa's nephew and led

16214-450: Was also a member of the "Supreme Selection Board". He was the founder of "Fatemeh Al-Zahra Seminary" (in Tehran) and the first secretary of the headquarters for reviving the enjoining good and forbidding wrong in the country. He was appointed the prosecutor of Hamedan province , and was active there for three years since 1982 to 1984. His other executive and oversight responsibilities include

16348-561: Was another "affront to the Argentine justice". On 1 September, Raisi appointed former president of Al-Zahra University Ensieh Khazali as vice president for Women and Family Affairs and Mohammad Dehghan as vice president for legal affairs. On 4 September, he stated that Iran would resume talks over its nuclear programme, which have been stalled since his election victory, but not under pressure from Western countries. On 5 September, Raisi appointed Meysam Latifi , former dean of Islamic education and management at Imam Sadiq University , as

16482-425: Was appointed Prosecutor of Hamadan Province . He was appointed Deputy prosecutor of Tehran in 1985 and moved to the capital. After three years and in early 1988, he was placed in the attention of Ruhollah Khomeini and received special provisions (independent from judiciary) from him to address legal issues in some provinces like Lorestan , Semnan and Kermanshah . As deputy prosecutor general of Tehran, Raisi

16616-545: Was appointed the president of Iran on 3 August 2021, through a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. During his inauguration speech, Raisi stated that his government would seek to lift the sanctions on Iran imposed by the United States , but added that it would not let foreigners dictate how its economy is run. He was sworn-in before the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 5 August during

16750-567: Was connected to other parts of the city on the other side of the river by four bridges. There were about eight squares whose function is not clear and three mosques within the city. There is almost no information about madrasas. The sanctuary must have still been quite small as only two cupolas are mentioned. A bazaar and bathhouses must have existed, too, as well as certain administrative buildings (prison, mint). Five bigger and eight smaller roads indicate good traffic connections, which were supported by at least three or maybe even nine city gates. Qom

16884-520: Was designated as acting president until new elections could be held on 28 June. The president is required to gain the supreme leader's official approval before being sworn in by the Parliament , and the supreme leader has the power to dismiss the elected president if he has either been impeached by Parliament or found guilty of a constitutional violation by the Supreme Court. The supreme leader holds all

17018-650: Was influential and provided a number of community leaders. Another important Shia family was that of the Daʿwidār ( Persian: دعوی‌دار ), whose members were judges ( Arabic: قاضی ) in town, which indicates the transformation of Qom from a town governed by the Sunnis to a completely Shai domain. The following epochs of the Eldiguzids and Khawrazmshahs lasted for almost 30 years and brought different systems of rule in quick succession. The two noteworthy events of this period are

17152-418: Was later appointed Attorney-General of Iran in 2014, a position that he held until 2016, when he resigned to become Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi . He was also served as Special Clerical Court prosecutor by the order of the Supreme Leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei from 2012 to 2021. Raisi was a member of the board of trustees of Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order for ten years by order of Seyyed Ali Khamenei. He

17286-608: Was one of nine Iranian officials listed in November 2019 subjected to sanctions by the United States Department of State due to alleged human rights abuses . He was sanctioned by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control in accordance with Executive Order 13876 . He was accused of crimes against humanity by international human rights organizations and United Nations special rapporteurs . A formal request had been made to arrest Raisi for crimes against humanity, if he attended

17420-488: Was put to an end at about the same time, to wit the independent appointment of judges through the Arab inhabitants of Qom until the time of al-Moktafi, which, together with the dispatch of a joint Arab-Persian delegation to the vizier Ḥamid ibn Abbas indicate the end of the elevated position of the Arabs in Qom. The period of the governor Abbas ibn Amr Ganawi (292–96/904–09) is remarkable for the presence of non-Twelver Shias in Qom and

17554-450: Was speculated that Ghalibaf would be Raisi's first vice president if he was elected. They also joined in a campaign rally in Tehran with each other. After the election results were announced, Raisi received 15,786,449 out of 42,382,390 (38.30% of the votes). He lost to incumbent president Rouhani and ranked second. He did not congratulate Rouhani on his re-election as the president, and asked

17688-423: Was supplied for the population, but the available amount could not have been adequate for agricultural purposes. Altogether the state of cultivation in Qom seems to have resembled that of the other regions of Persia, although the thirty different crops and plants are only indirectly mentioned in connection with the tax assessments. The soil is reported to have good quality and produced big quantities of food. Little

17822-455: Was then in a difficult economic and social position. Many houses inside the city as well as bridges and mills were ruined, and the roads and agriculture were suffering from an insecure situation. This has to be attributed to difficult social circumstances and excessive taxation. The water supply seems to have been satisfactory and the Ashaaries seem to have undertaken continuous renovation works on

17956-428: Was −23 °C (−9 °F) on 15 January 2008. Authority for the city lies with the mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by the city's residents. The municipal central office is located on Saheli Street. The current mayor of Qom is Mohammad Delbari. Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 195 sites of historical and cultural significance in Qom. But

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