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50-769: Significant buildings which are located within the district include Congregation Adas Yisroel Anshe Mezeritz Synagogue at 415 East 6th Street, the OCA Cathedral of the Protection of the Holy Virgin at 59 East 2nd Street, the Community Synagogue at 323 East 6th Street which was originally the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Matthew , from which parish many of the victims of the General Slocum disaster came,

100-624: A Red Shield, alongside the Christian cross and the Muslim crescent. Since 1948, the Star of David has carried the dual significance of representing both the state of Israel and Jewish identity in general. In the United States especially, it continues to be used in the latter sense by a number of athletes. In baseball, Jewish major leaguer Gabe Kapler had a Star of David tattooed on his left calf in 2000, with

150-416: A Star of David across his stomach, and welterweight Dmitriy Salita even boxes under the nickname "Star of David". Maccabi clubs still use the Star of David in their emblems. The Jewish Encyclopedia cites a 12th-century Karaite document as the earliest Jewish literary source to mention a symbol called "Magen Dawid" (without specifying its shape). The name 'Shield of David' was used by at least

200-570: A Star of David on his trunks as well, notably, for the first time as he knocked out Nazi Germany hero Max Schmeling in 1933; Hitler never permitted Schmeling to fight a Jew again. A Star of David, often yellow, was used by the Nazis during the Holocaust to identify Jews . After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, there initially were different local decrees forcing Jews to wear distinct signs (e.g. in

250-525: A blue Star of David on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes was adopted on October 28, 1948, five months after the country's establishment. The origins of the flag's design date from the First Zionist Congress in 1897; the flag has subsequently been known as the "flag of Zion". Many Modern Orthodox synagogues, and many synagogues of other Jewish movements, have the Israeli flag with

300-491: A blue-and-white Magen David symbol on her golf apparel. In boxing, Jewish light heavyweight world champion Mike "The Jewish Bomber" Rossman fought with a Star of David embroidered on his boxing trunks, and also has a blue Star of David tattoo on the outside of his right calf. Other boxers fought with Stars of David embroidered on their trunks include world lightweight champion, world light heavyweight boxing champion Battling Levinsky , Barney Ross (world champion as

350-409: A building on Clinton Street. The building which now houses the synagogue was originally built in 1841 as a 2 1/2-story house for J. B. Murray. Herman Horenburger designed the conversion into a synagogue in 1910. It is similar in style to Congregation Kolbuszower Teitelbaum Cheva Banai at 622 East 5th Street, which was also built in 1910; both have sunburst pediments . The synagogue is unusual in being

400-507: A decorative motif, such as a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century Khirbet Shura synagogue. A hexagram found in a religious context can be seen in a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible from 11th-century Cairo. Its association as a distinctive symbol for the Jewish people and their religion dates to 17th-century Prague. In the 19th century, the symbol began to be widely used by

450-614: A large hexagram appears on the cover. In the colophon is written: "Each man beneath his flag according to the house of their fathers...and he will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David." In 1592, Mordechai Maizel was allowed to affix "a flag of King David, similar to that located on the Main Synagogue" on his synagogue in Prague. Following the Battle of Prague (1648) ,

500-408: A lightweight, as a junior welterweight, and as a welterweight), world flyweight boxing champion Victor "Young" Peres , world bantamweight champion Alphonse Halimi , and more recently World Boxing Association super welterweight champion Yuri Foreman , light welterweight champion Cletus Seldin , and light middleweight Boyd Melson . Welterweight Zachary "Kid Yamaka" Wohlman has a tattoo of

550-589: A shield (v. 31 and v. 36). The term occurs at the end of the "Samkhaynu/Gladden us" blessing, which is recited after the reading of the Haftara portion on Saturday and holidays. The earliest known text related to Judaism which mentions a sign called the "Shield of David" is Eshkol Ha-Kofer by the Karaite Judah Hadassi , in the mid-12th century CE: Seven names of angels precede the mezuzah : Michael, Gabriel, etc. ... Tetragrammaton protect you! And likewise

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600-497: A temple on Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage which dates from 135 CE. Originally, the hexagram may have been employed as an architectural ornament on synagogues, as it is, for example, on the cathedrals of Brandenburg and Stendal , and on the Marktkirche at Hanover . A hexagram in this form is found on the ancient synagogue at Capernaum . The use of the hexagram in a Jewish context as a possibly meaningful symbol may occur as early as

650-606: A very small, urban congregation on a narrow lot that has an extremely beautiful Neo-Classical facade, and is the last operating "tenement synagogue" in the East Village. Andrew Berman of the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation called it "an intact historic gem." Architectural historian and New York University professor Gerald R. Wolfe describes the synagogue's "most attractive interior... The unusually narrow building has balconies which extend almost to

700-586: Is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located at 415 East 6th Street , in the East Village of Manhattan , New York City , New York , United States. The congregation was established in 1888, comprising immigrants from Międzyrzec Podlaski , a city in Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship , Poland , known as a center of Jewish learning. The synagogue building was designed by Herman Horenburger in

750-746: The Bowery , which the city has named a cultural district, as well as several remnants of the theatres on Second Avenue when Yiddish theatre thrived there and it was called the " Jewish Rialto ". Three buildings contributing to this district were destroyed in the East Village gas explosion on March 26, 2015. Notes 40°43′36″N 73°59′20″W  /  40.726722°N 73.988932°W  / 40.726722; -73.988932 Meseritz Synagogue Meserich Synagogue , Meserich Shul or Meseritz Shul , also known as Edes Israel Anshei Mesrich , Edath Lei'Isroel Ansche Meseritz or Adas Yisroel Anshe Mezeritz ("Community of Israel, People of Mezertiz"),

800-522: The Galilee region. Gershom Scholem writes that the term "seal of Solomon" was adopted by Jews from Islamic magic literature, while he could not assert with certainty whether the term "shield of David" originated in Islamic or Jewish mysticism. Leonora Leet argues though that not just the terminology, but the esoteric philosophy behind it had pre-Islamic Jewish roots. She also shows that Jewish alchemists were

850-568: The General Government , a white armband with a blue Star of David; in the Warthegau , a yellow badge, in the form of a Star of David, on the left breast and on the back). If a Jew was found in public without the star, he could be severely punished. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word Jude ( German for Jew) was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich and in

900-781: The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation , the East Village Community Coalition, and Jewish groups have rallied to save the building and have asked the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to landmark the building. The Kushners later withdrew from the development deal. In October 2012, the Landmarks Preservation Commission created the East Village/Lower East Side Historic District , which included in its boundaries

950-470: The Jewish communities of Eastern Europe , ultimately coming to represent Jewish identity or religious beliefs. It became representative of Zionism after it was chosen as the central symbol for a Jewish national flag at the First Zionist Congress in 1897. By the end of World War I , it was an internationally accepted symbol for the Jewish people, used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers. Today,

1000-507: The Neo-Classical style , was completed in 1910, and is located between Avenue A and First Avenue . Pesach (Paul) Ackerman served as Rabbi from 1969 until his death on June 14, 2013. Międzyrzec was home to a large Jewish community from the 16th century. At the end of the 1930s in the reborn Polish Republic approximately 12,000 inhabitants, or 75% of its population, were Jewish. The congregation, founded in 1888, originally worshiped in

1050-511: The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (by a decree issued on September 1, 1941, and signed by Reinhard Heydrich ) and was gradually introduced in other Nazi-occupied areas. Others, however, wore the Star of David as a symbol of defiance against Nazi antisemitism, as in the case of United States Army private Hal Baumgarten, who wore a Star of David emblazoned on his back during the 1944 invasion of Normandy . The flag of Israel , depicting

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1100-517: The Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram. Gershom Scholem (1990) disagrees with this view, arguing that Isaac Luria talked about parallel triangles one beneath the other and not about the hexagram. The Star of David at least since the 20th century remains associated with the number seven and thus with the Menorah , and popular accounts associate it with the six directions of space plus

1150-503: The 11th century as a title of the God of Israel , independent of the use of the symbol. The phrase occurs independently as a divine title in the Siddur , the traditional Jewish prayer book, where it poetically refers to the divine protection of ancient King David and the anticipated restoration of his dynastic house, perhaps based on Psalm 18, which is attributed to David, and in which God is compared to

1200-724: The 11th century, in the decoration of the carpet page of the famous Tanakh manuscript, the Leningrad Codex dated 1008. Similarly, the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain. A hexagram has been noted on a Jewish tombstone in Taranto , Apulia in Southern Italy , which may date as early as the third century CE . The Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship in Kabbalah , which has been connected to

1250-584: The 17th century, and from there spread to much of Eastern Europe . In the 19th century, it came to be adopted by European Jews as a symbol to represent Jewish religion or identity in the same manner the Christian cross identified that religion's believers. The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community after it was chosen as the central symbol on a flag at the First Zionist Congress in 1897, due to its usage in some Jewish communities and its lack of specifically religious connotations. It

1300-626: The Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Magen David Adom was boycotted by the International Committee of the Red Cross, which refused to grant the organization membership because "it was [...] argued that having an emblem used by only one country was contrary to the principles of universality." Other commentators said the ICRC did not recognize the medical and humanitarian use of this Jewish symbol,

1350-461: The Jewish ghetto , a marker was fashioned which separated the two communities. The Christians were identified by the cross and the Jews by the hexagram. When the Jews of Vienna were expelled in 1669, many refugees fled to other cities which in turn used the symbol for their community seal. The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community, and later the broader Jewish community, after it

1400-410: The Jews of Prague were again granted a flag, in recognition of their contribution to the city's defense. That flag showed a yellow hexagram on a red background, with a "Swedish star" placed in the center of the hexagram. In the 1650s, the Jews of Vienna adopted a seal with the hexagram on it, likely choosing the motif used on the seal for the Jews of Prague. When a boundary was fixed between Vienna and

1450-522: The Meserich Synagogue. In 2013, the congregation entered into a $ 1.2 million 99-year lease with East River Partners to build apartments on the upper stories of its building. The synagogue temporarily relocated during the development and reopened in March 2017 with a ceiling put at balcony level above the restored sanctuary to separate it from the luxury apartments that were built. The building façade

1500-555: The Promised Land carrying the badge of honor. David Wolffsohn (1856–1914), a businessman prominent in the early Zionist movement, was aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag, and that the design proposed by Theodor Herzl was gaining no significant support, wrote: At the behest of our leader Herzl, I came to Basle to make preparations for the Zionist Congress. Among many other problems that occupied me then

1550-606: The Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over Congress Hall, came into being. In the early 20th century, the symbol began to be used to express Jewish affiliations in sports. Hakoah Vienna was a Jewish sports club founded in Vienna, Austria, in 1909 whose teams competed with the Star of David on the chest of their uniforms, and won the 1925 Austrian League soccer championship. Similarly, The Philadelphia Sphas basketball team in Philadelphia (whose name

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1600-558: The Star of David prominently displayed at the front of the synagogues near the Ark containing the Torah scrolls. Magen David Adom (MDA) ("Red Star of David" or, translated literally, "Red Shield of David") is Israel's only official emergency medical, disaster, and ambulance service. It has been an official member of the International Committee of the Red Cross since June 2006. According to

1650-606: The building housing the Pyramid Club at 101 Avenue A, and the Middle Collegiate Church at 112 Second Avenue. In addition the district features many row houses and tenements in the Greek Revival style , and numerous buildings constructed for the German immigrants who dominated the neighborhood in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district also includes the theatres on East 4th Street between Second Avenue and

1700-453: The building should be preserved, because cities should preserve "architecture that not only reflects the lives and history of the rich, but also the incredibly history of common people in New York." After experiencing dwindling attendance and facing financial difficulties due to the ongoing maintenance of the synagogue building, the congregation began negotiations with Joshua Kushner , part of

1750-662: The center (under the influence of the description of space found in the Sefer Yetsira : Up, Down, East, West, South, North, and Center), or the Six Sefirot of the Male ( Zeir Anpin ) united with the Seventh Sefirot of the Female (Nukva). Some say that one triangle represents the ruling tribe of Judah and the other the former ruling tribe of Benjamin . It is also seen as a dalet and yud ,

1800-458: The early Middle Ages , which is why most modern authors have seen Islamic mysticism as the source of the medieval Spanish Kabbalists ' use of the hexagram. The name "Star of David" originates from King David of ancient Israel. Only around one millennium later, however, did the star begin to be used as a symbol to identify Jewish communities, a tradition that seems to have started in Prague before

1850-455: The elements of the plate for the Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram: above the three sefirot "Crown", "Wisdom", and "Insight", below the other seven. Similarly, M. Costa wrote that M. Gudemann and other researchers in the 1920s claimed that Isaac Luria was influential in turning the Star of David into a national Jewish emblem by teaching that the elements of the plate for

1900-511: The family that owns the New York Observer newspaper. Kushner planned to tear down the present synagogue and build a six-story residential building, housing the synagogue in a modern space on the lowest two floors. According to historic preservationist Samuel D. Gruber , there was a feasible, yet more costly, alternative which would preserve the synagogue building and construct apartments above it. A coalition of neighborhood groups including

1950-420: The masculine Zer Anpin correspond to the six items on the seder plate, while the seventh sfira being the feminine Malkhut corresponds to the plate itself. However, these seder-plate triangles are parallel, one above the other, and do not actually form a hexagram. According to G. S. Oegema (1996): Isaac Luria provided the hexagram with a further mystical meaning. In his book Etz Chayim he teaches that

2000-447: The middle of the sanctuary, and through the intervening space, broad rays of light from two overhead skylights seem to focus on the Ark and on a large stained glass panel above it. The soft-yellow-colored panes of the two-story-high window are crowned by an enormous Mogen David [Star of David] of red glass which seems to dominate the entire room." Andrew Dolkart , a Columbia University professor of historic preservation, believes that

2050-560: The star is the central symbol on the national flag of the State of Israel . Unlike the menorah , the Lion of Judah , the shofar and the lulav , the hexagram was not originally a uniquely Jewish symbol. The hexagram , being an inherently simple geometric construction, has been used in various motifs throughout human history, which were not exclusively religious. It appeared as a decorative motif in both 4th-century synagogues and Christian churches in

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2100-510: The teachers of their Muslim and Christian counterparts, and that a way-opener such as Maria Hebraea of Alexandria (2nd or 3rd century CE ; others date her earlier) already used concepts which were later adopted by Muslim and Christian alchemists and could be graphically associated with the symbolism of the upper and lower triangles constituting the hexagram, which came into explicit use after her time. The hexagram however only becomes widespread in Jewish magical texts and amulets ( segulot ) in

2150-500: The two letters assigned to Judah. There are 12 Vav, or "men", representing the 12 tribes or patriarchs of Israel. In 1354, King of Bohemia Charles IV approved for the Jews of Prague a red flag with a hexagram. In 1460, the Jews of Ofen (Buda, now part of Budapest , Hungary ) received King Matthias Corvinus with a red flag on which were two Shields of David and two stars. In the first Hebrew prayer book, printed in Prague in 1512,

2200-571: The use of the Star of David. Medieval Kabbalistic grimoires show hexagrams among the tables of segulot , but without identifying them as "Shield of David". In the Renaissance, in the 16th-century Land of Israel, the book Ets Khayim conveys the Kabbalah of Ha-Ari ( Rabbi Isaac Luria ) who arranges the traditional items on the seder plate for Passover into two triangles, where they explicitly correspond to Jewish mystical concepts. The six sfirot of

2250-643: The words "strong-willed" and "strong-minded", major leaguer Mike "Superjew" Epstein drew a Star of David on his baseball glove, and major leaguer Ron Blomberg had a Star of David emblazoned in the knob of his bat which is on display at the Baseball Hall of Fame . NBA basketball star Amar'e Stoudemire , who says he is spiritually and culturally Jewish, had a Star of David tattoo put on his left hand in 2010. NFL football defensive end Igor Olshansky has Star of David tattoos on each side of his neck, near his shoulders. Israeli golfer Laetitia Beck displays

2300-508: Was an acronym of its founding South Philadelphia Hebrew Association) wore a large Star of David on their jerseys to proudly proclaim their Jewish identity, as they competed in the first half of the 20th century. In boxing, Benny "the Ghetto Wizard" Leonard (who said he felt as though he was fighting for all Jews) fought with a Star of David embroidered on his trunks in the 1910s. World heavyweight boxing champion Max Baer fought with

2350-435: Was chosen to represent the First Zionist Congress in 1897. A year before the congress, Herzl had written in his 1896 Der Judenstaat : We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we must raise a symbol above their heads. I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of our working-day . For we shall march into

2400-514: Was not considered an exclusively Jewish symbol until after it began to be used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers in World War I . The hexagram does appear occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity, apparently as a decorative motif. For example, in Israel, there is a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century Khirbet Shura synagogue in the Galilee . It also appears on

2450-472: Was one that contained something of the essence of the Jewish problem. What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a flag—and it is blue and white. The talith (prayer shawl) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with

2500-527: Was restored. Star of David The Star of David ( Hebrew : מָגֵן דָּוִד , romanized :  Magen David , lit.   'Shield of David') is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism . Its shape is that of a hexagram : the compound of two equilateral triangles . A derivation of the seal of Solomon was used for decorative and mystical purposes by Muslims and Kabbalistic Jews . The hexagram appears occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity as

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