111-394: [REDACTED] Opposition Military defectors: Others: Religious groups: Militant groups: Individual groups: [REDACTED] Government Government parties: Others: Religious groups: Military loyalists: [REDACTED] Gloria Macapagal ( Vice President ) [REDACTED] Joseph Estrada ( President ) The Second EDSA Revolution , also known as
222-561: A bicameral , or two-chamber, Philippine Legislature would be created with the previously existing, all-appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house . This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907. Under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon , the Rules of the 59th United States Congress
333-500: A mnemonic device for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: J aworski, O reta, E nrile, S antiago, C oseteng, O smeña, H onasan, O ple, R evilla, T atad, S otto). On February 14, 2001, at the initiative of Pimentel, the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that businessman Jaime Dichaves and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account.' Senator Tessie Aquino-Oreta , one of eleven senators who voted against opening
444-522: A multi-party system evolved. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP; Struggle of the Democratic Filipinos). With the victory of Fidel V. Ramos in the 1992 presidential election , many representatives defected to his Lakas-NUCD party; the same would happen with Joseph Estrada 's victory in 1998 , but he lost support when he was ousted after
555-575: A two-party system . The party of the ruling president wins the elections in the House of Representatives; in cases where the party of the president and the majority of the members of the House of Representatives are different, a sufficient number will break away and join the party of the president, thereby ensuring that the president will have control of the House of Representatives. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and abolished Congress. He would rule by decree even after
666-765: A "concubine" of Estrada for her dancing act, while Senator Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic". As he did in the EDSA I protest, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine, including protesters who received free transportation from nearby provinces such as Pampanga and Bulacan. Similar anti-Estrada rallies took place in regional centers nationwide, including Baguio, Naga, Iloilo City, and Davao. The crowd continued to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from Bayan Muna and Akbayan as well as lawyers of
777-631: A boat along the Pasig River . They were smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal . On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
888-612: A break with tradition, she chose to first deliver her inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila before departing to Cebu City for her oath taking: the first time a Philippine president had taken the oath of office outside of Luzon . On Friday, February 24, 2006, an alleged coup d'état plot was uncovered in the Philippines, headed by Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim . The declaration of Proclamation No. 1017 (PP 1017) gave Arroyo
999-426: A dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings that questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time , The New York Times , The Straits Times , The Los Angeles Times , The Washington Post , Asia Times Online , The Economist , and International Herald Tribune . Former Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated
1110-708: A federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government. At her 2005 State of the Nation Address, she claimed "The system clearly needs fundamental change, and the sooner the better. It's time to start the great debate on Charter Change". In late 2006, the House of Representatives shelved a plan to revise the constitution through constituent assembly . House of Representatives of the Philippines Minority (28) Vacant (5) The House of Representatives ( Filipino : Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ; Kamara from
1221-574: A few different names, up until the present day. In 1916, the Jones Act , officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established. The Nacionalistas continued their electoral dominance at this point, although they were split into two factions led by Osmeña and Quezon;
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#17328593374681332-496: A fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving ₱220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking ₱70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. He also allegedly received ₱130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers, while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received ₱100 million "to
1443-473: A former television anchor of TV Patrol of ABS-CBN , also a guest candidate of opposition coalition was announced as the topnotcher. The administration's coalition gained the majority. The Oakwood mutiny occurred on July 27, 2003, when a group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros" led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV of the Philippine Navy took over
1554-404: A human rights victim, Roneo Clamor, Karapatan deputy secretary general, Josefina Lichauco, and representatives from civil society - Renato Constantino, Jr., Henri Kahn, Francisco Alcuaz, Rez Cortez , Virgilio Eustaquio, Jose Luis Alcuaz, Leah Navarro , Danilo Ramos, Concepcion Empeño, Elmer Labog , Armando Albarillo, Roneo Clamor, and Bebu Bulchand. The justice committee has 60 days to rule upon
1665-516: A population of 250,000 must have at least one representative. Each legislative district, regardless of population, has one congressman. For provinces that have more than one legislative district, the provincial districts are identical to the corresponding legislative district, with the exclusion of cities that do not vote for provincial officials. If cities are divided into multiple districts for city hall representation purposes, these are also used for congressional representation. The representatives from
1776-478: A shift to a parliamentary and federal form of government, job creation, universal health insurance, anti-illegal drugs, and anti-terrorism. Arroyo lagged behind Poe in the polls prior to the campaign season, but her popularity steadily climbed to surpass Poe's. As predicted by pre-election surveys and exit polls , she won the election by a margin of over a million votes against her closest rival, Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo took her oath of office on June 30, 2004. In
1887-407: A snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He added that he would not run in this election. At 12:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in the presence of the crowd at EDSA. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at
1998-510: A strong republic. As an economist, she laid the groundwork for a robust economy that weathered the global financial meltdown of 2008. Arroyo nominated the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines : Arroyo's ascent to the Philippine presidency in 2001 resulted from the ouster of her predecessor Joseph Estrada through a peaceful uprising dubbed as Power Power II. On January 20, 2001,
2109-454: A three-year term and can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms without an interruption of one term (e.g. serving one term in the Senate ad interim ). Around 80% of congressmen are district representatives, representing specific geographical areas. The 19th Congress has 253 congressional districts . Party-list representatives, who make up not more than twenty percent of
2220-666: Is currently held by Martin Romualdez . The speaker of the House is third in the Philippine presidential line of succession , after the vice president and the Senate president . The official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa (literally "national legislature") located in Batasan Hills , Quezon City . The building is often simply called Batasan , and
2331-453: Is the spokesman of the minority party in the House and is an ex-officio member of all standing Committees. The minority leader is elected in party caucus of all Members of the House in the minority party, although by tradition, the losing candidate for speaker is named the minority leader. The incumbent House Minority Leader is Congressman Marcelino Libanan, a party-list member for 4PS. The secretary general enforces orders and decisions of
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#17328593374682442-514: Is traditionally elected at the convening of each congress. Before a speaker is elected, the House's sergeant-at-arms sits as the "Presiding Officer" until a speaker is elected. Compared to the Senate President , the unseating of an incumbent speaker is rarer. The incumbent Speaker of the House is Congressman Martin Romualdez who represents Leyte's 1st Congressional district and the first cousin of incumbent president Bongbong Marcos . There
2553-437: Is used to determine who represents each of the 243 geographic districts. The party-list representatives are elected via the party-list system. The party-list representatives should always comprise 20% of the seats. Originally set at 200 in the ordinance of the 1987 constitution, the number of districts has grown to 243. All of the new districts are via created via piecemeal redistricting of the then existing 200 districts, and via
2664-435: Is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though. The members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of
2775-446: The 12th Congress , a Deputy Speaker "at large" was created. In the next Congress, another "at large" deputy speakership was created, along with a Deputy Speaker for women. In the 15th Congress starting in 2010, all six deputy speakers are "at large". In the 16th Congress, the deputy speakers represent the chamber at-large. Starting in the 17th Congress, each region is represented by a Deputy Speaker, with additional deputy speakers from
2886-546: The 1987 Constitution . In February 2008, several parts of the Catholic Church, which played a vital role during EDSA II, issued an apology of sorts. The sitting Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo, expressed disappointment in Arroyo's presidency and called EDSA II a mistake. On March 13, 2008, Estrada named Lucio Tan , Jaime Sin , Fidel Ramos , Chavit Singson , and
2997-594: The 2001 EDSA Revolution that brought his vice president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to power. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber. The same would happen when Benigno Aquino III won in 2010 , which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker . Unlike the Senate President , the Speaker usually serves the entire term of Congress, although there had been instances when
3108-507: The Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, a view shared by many foreign political analysts. William Overholt, a Hong Kong -based political economist, said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, but either way, it's not democracy." Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as
3219-664: The Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of the EDSA Revolution of 2001. In October 2016, Estrada claimed without evidence that it was the U.S. that ousted him from office. First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 14th President of the Philippines Policies First term Second term Senator of the Philippines Vice President of
3330-552: The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines , former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos , and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development ). Cardinal Sin's statement read, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost
3441-534: The Commission on Appointments ; only a handful of sectoral representatives were seated in this way. With the enactment of the Party-List System Act, the first party-list election was in 1998; with the 2% election threshold, a 3-seat cap and tens of parties participating, this led to only about a fraction of the party-list seats being distributed. Eventually, there had been several Supreme Court decisions changing
Second EDSA Revolution - Misplaced Pages Continue
3552-632: The Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined the thousands of protesters. A 10-kilometer human chain was formed from the Ninoy Aquino statue in Ayala Avenue, Makati to the EDSA Shrine as a demand for Estrada's resignation. At the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the crowds. The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of
3663-531: The Philippine Broadcasting Service her congressional bid for the second district of Pampanga . A day later, she filed her candidacy under the Lakas-Kampi-CMD . Arroyo, a practicing economist, made the economy the focus of her presidency. Based on official ( National Economic and Development Authority ) figures, economic growth in terms of gross domestic product has averaged 5.0% during
3774-550: The Second People Power Revolution , EDSA 2001 , or EDSA II (pronounced EDSA Two or EDSA Dos , the Spanish word for "two"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada , the thirteenth president of the Philippines . Following allegations of corruption against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by Congress , impeachment proceedings against
3885-525: The Spanish word cámara , meaning "chamber") is the lower house of Congress , the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, with the Senate of the Philippines as the upper house . The lower house is commonly referred to as Congress , although the term collectively refers to both houses. Members of the House are officially styled as representatives ( Filipino : mga kinatawan ) and are sometimes informally called congressmen or congresswomen ( Filipino : mga kongresista ). They are elected to
3996-670: The United States Congress until October 1907 when it was joined by the Philippine Assembly. William Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. The Philippine Bill of 1902 , a basic law, or organic act , of the Insular Government , mandated that once certain conditions were met
4107-466: The committees and have a vote. The leadership positions, except for the Secretary General and Sergeant-at-Arms, are currently vacant. The terms of office of the officers elected during the 18th Congress ended on June 30, 2022. On July 25, 2022, the 19th Congress of the Philippines shall elect among themselves their leaders. The speaker is the head of the House of Representatives. He presides over
4218-574: The midterm elections that was held later that month. Arroyo outlined her vision for the country as "building a strong republic" throughout her tenure. Her agenda consists of building up a strong bureaucracy, lowering crime rates, increasing tax collection, improving economic growth, and intensifying counter-terrorism efforts. The 2001 legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14, 2001 - four months after Arroyo took office. Independent senatorial candidate Noli de Castro ,
4329-476: The moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party. On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial
4440-422: The plurality voting system from single-member districts . Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold , with a party winning not more than three seats. The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of
4551-399: The "opportunist coalition of church, business elite and left... orchestrated the ' People Power II movement." Weeks later, Estrada filed a lawsuit challenging the legal basis of the Arroyo presidency and insisting he remained the lawful president, though adding he would not try to reclaim his post. The Supreme Court issued its decision on March 2, 2001, asserting that Estrada had resigned
Second EDSA Revolution - Misplaced Pages Continue
4662-581: The 1973 Constitution abolished the bicameral Congress and created a unicameral Batasang Pambansa parliamentary system of government, as parliamentary election would not occur in 1978 . Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; New Society Movement) won all of the seats except those from the Central Visayas ushering in an era of KBL dominance, which continued until the People Power Revolution overthrew Marcos in 1986. The 1987 Constitution restored
4773-404: The 2022 elections, there will be 316 seats in the House; 253 of these are district representatives, and 63 are party-list representatives. The number of seats to be disputed may change depending on the creation of new congressional districts. Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under
4884-542: The Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on the quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects. It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in
4995-644: The Arroyo presidency from 2001 up to the first quarter of 2008. This is higher than in the administration of the previous recent presidents: 3.8% average of Aquino , 3.7% average of Ramos , and 3.7% average of the Joseph Estrada administration. The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%. Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former "friend" and classmate in Georgetown, ex-US President Bill Clinton , who cited her "tough decisions" that put
5106-722: The Barasoain church during the subsequent inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo and the inauguration of the Malolos Constitution in 1898. A year prior to the establishment of the republic, the Congress approved the motion to declare war on the United States, thus beginning the Philippine-American War which lasted from 1899 to 1901. The Malolos Congress was dissolved on April 1, 1901, following Aguinaldo's declaration of allegiance to
5217-684: The House of Representatives, among other things. Like the Secretary General, the Sergeant-at-Arms is elected by a majority of the members. At present, retired Police Major General Napoleon C. Taas is the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives. The qualifications for membership in the House are expressly stated in Section 6, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows: There are two types of congressmen: those who represent geographic districts, and those who represent party-lists. The first-past-the-post (simple plurality voting) method
5328-459: The House; keeps the Journal of each session; notes all questions of order, among other things. The secretary general presides over the chamber at the first legislative session after an election, and is elected by a majority of the members. At present, Reginald S. Velasco is the Secretary General of the House of Representatives. The Sergeant-at-Arms is responsible for the maintenance of public order in
5439-727: The Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Arroyo administration. The group also stated that they saw signs suggesting that Arroyo was going to declare martial law . Although the Philippine Constitution bars a president from reelection, it allows for the election of a person who has succeeded as president and has served for not more than four years. In December 2002, Arroyo made
5550-581: The Philippine economy back in shape. Whether the official economic figures are accurate, or how they translate to improving lives of the citizens, however, is debatable. Studies made by the United Nations ( UN ) and local survey research firms show worsening, instead of improving, poverty levels. A comparative 2008 UN report shows that the Philippines lags behind its Asian neighbors, Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam and China , in terms of poverty amelioration. The study reveals that from 2003 up to 2006,
5661-626: The Philippines Post-Presidency The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , also known as the Arroyo administration , spanned nine years from January 20, 2001, to June 30, 2010. She served the remainder of her predecessor Joseph Estrada 's term after he was deposed , and she was elected to a full second term in 2004 which ended in 2010. Arroyo is the daughter of 9th president Diosdado Macapagal . Arroyo instituted policies and measures geared towards economic stability and building
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#17328593374685772-423: The Philippines withdrew their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine. At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appeared on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintained that he would not resign. He said he wanted the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict would remove him from office. At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appeared on television, calling for
5883-418: The Philippines by Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. The Bible which she used was held by Cecilia Paz Abad, the youngest of daughter of then-Batanes Representative Florencio Abad . Coincidentally, Arroyo assumed office the same day as US President George W. Bush . Join me therefore as we begin to tear down the walls that divide. Let us build an edifice of peace, progress, and economic stability. While
5994-435: The Philippines on May 14, 2007. Positions contested included half the seats in the Senate , which are elected for six-year terms, and all the seats in the House of Representatives , who were elected for three-year terms. The duly elected legislators of the 2007 elections joined the elected senators of the 2004 elections to comprise the 14th Congress of the Philippines . Arroyo's coalition won three senate seats and 123 seats in
6105-622: The Republic of the Philippines in 1946, Republic Act No. 6 was enacted providing that on the date of the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines, the existing Congress would be known as the First Congress of the Republic. The "Liberal bloc" of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks, creating the Liberal Party . These two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be
6216-408: The Speaker left office due to conflict with the president: examples include Jose de Venecia Jr. 's resignation as speaker in 2008 when his son Joey de Venecia exposed alleged corrupt practices by First Gentleman Mike Arroyo , and Manny Villar 's ouster occurred after he allowed the impeachment of President Estrada in 2000. The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For
6327-462: The Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant. The military and the national police had earlier withdrawn their support for Estrada. Arroyo was one of those people called for the resignation of Estrada. Upon the news that Estrada had left Malacañang Palace and stepped down from office, Arroyo went to EDSA Shrine and took her oath of office as President. At noon, Arroyo was sworn in as President of
6438-639: The United States when he was captured. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16, 1900, the sole national legislative body was the Philippine Commission with all members appointed by the President of the United States . Headed by the Governor-General of the Philippines the body exercised all legislative authority given to it by the President and
6549-424: The administration change was mixed. While some foreign nations, including the United States, immediately recognized the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law ", "mob rule", and a " de facto coup". The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then,
6660-433: The administration for not doing enough to curb corruption. Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families. In 2005, Arroyo initiated a movement for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential-bicameral republic into
6771-401: The candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign. Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling
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#17328593374686882-486: The cases reached the required endorsement of 1/3 of the members for transmittal to and trial by the Senate. On October 13, 2008, the 4th 97-page impeachment complaint against Arroyo was filed at the House of Representatives of the Philippines with the required endorsements by Party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo , Teodoro Casiño and Liza Maza . The complaint accuses Arroyo of corruption, extrajudicial killings, torture and illegal arrests. The impeachment further raised
6993-701: The complaint's sufficiency in form and substance. However, the opposition has only 28 House seats. On October 25, 2007, supposedly based on the recommendation by the Department of Justice (DOJ), Arroyo granted a pardon to Joseph Estrada , who was convicted by the Sandiganbayan of plunder and imposed a penalty of reclusion perpetua . Press Secretary Ignacio Bunye noted that Estrada committed in his application not to seek public office, and he would be free from his Tanay resthouse on October 26, noon. Accordingly, DOJ Secretary Raul Gonzales categorically stated in 2008 that an Estrada plan to run for president in
7104-463: The creation of new provinces and cities. The constitution gave Congress to nationally redistrict the country after the release of every census, but this has not been done. The original 200 districts meant that there should have been 50 party-list representatives. However, the constitution did not give the specifics on how party-list congressmen should have been elected. This led to presidents appointing sectoral representatives, which were then approved by
7215-474: The crowd had looted stores and burned cars. Arroyo declared a 'state of rebellion' in Manila and ordered the arrests of opposition leaders who led the uprising and conspired to topple the government. The state of rebellion was lifted one week later, with Arroyo declaring "the disorder has subsided". Support for the opposition and Estrada subsequently dwindled after the victory of administration allied candidates in
7326-416: The declaration was to disperse demonstrators, particularly the groups picketing along EDSA . Former Philippine president Corazon Aquino was among those that protested, along with leftist and extreme right activists. A number of public figures were reported to have been arrested. After the foiling of the plot and the dispersal of the rallies, PP 1017 continued for a week on threats of military plots (such as
7437-632: The detriment of regular beneficiaries." Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles, nepotism, and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon , to the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee and the Philippine House Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate
7548-453: The envelope, was seen on national television as the opposition walked out; it was assumed that she was booing back and jigging at the crowd in the Senate gallery after the Ayala group jeered her and other pro-Erap senators. This further fueled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine , and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labeled a "prostitute" and
7659-419: The evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the prosecution became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows: After
7770-460: The exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president. On October 20, 2000, an early anti-Estrada rally was allegedly held in Naga City , led by former mayor Jesse Robredo , Mayor Sulpicio Roco Jr., and Ateneo de Naga president Joel Tabora who demanded the resignation of President Estrada. More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin ,
7881-598: The historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press. At 2:00 PM, Estrada released a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president". In that same letter, however, he said he would give up his office to allow for national reconciliation. Later, Estrada and his family evacuated Malacañang Palace on
7992-474: The hotel. Trillanes and Lim surrendered to authorities after an armored personnel carrier rammed into the lobby of the hotel. Director Geary Barias declared that the standoff at the Manila Peninsula Hotel was over as Trillanes, Lim, and other junior officers agreed to leave the hotel and surrender to Barias after the 6 hour siege. There was difficulty getting out for a while due to the tear gas that
8103-409: The house. A rebellion occurred on November 29, 2007, when detained Senator Antonio Trillanes IV , General Danilo Lim , and other Magdalo officials walked out of their trial and marched through the streets of Makati , called for the ouster of Arroyo, and seized the second floor of The Peninsula Manila Hotel along Ayala Avenue . Former Vice-President Teofisto Guingona also joined the march to
8214-562: The incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of these groups would later participate in EDSA III . The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when
8325-604: The issues on "national broadband network agreement with China, human rights violations, the Northrail project, the Mt. Diwalwal project, fertilizer fund scam , alleged bribery of members of the House, the swine scam under the Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation, and 2004 electoral fraud." The opposition complainants were Edita Burgos, Iloilo Vice Governor Rolex Suplico, Jose de Venecia III , Harry Roque , Armando Albarillo,
8436-587: The last special election was in 2023. For party-list representatives, the nominee next on the list is asked to replace the outgoing representative; if the nominee agrees, then that person would be sworn in as a member, if the nominee doesn't agree, then the nominee after that person is asked, and the process is repeated. Vacating party-list representatives have always been replaced this way. Eighty percent of representatives shall come from congressional districts, with each district returning one representative. The constitution mandates that every province and every city with
8547-447: The local media and its proponents hailed EDSA II as another peaceful " People Power ," international views expressed through foreign media described it as a "conspiracy" to oust Estrada and install Arroyo as president. The New York Times reported that Southeast Asia-based political economist William Overholt called it "either... mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well- planned coup." The International Herald Tribune reports that
8658-537: The military stand-off of February 26 at Fort Bonifacio headed by Col. Ariel Querubin), violence, illegal rallies and public disturbance. Six leftist representatives - Satur Ocampo , Teodoro Casiño , and Joel Virador of Bayan Muna , Liza Maza of GABRIELA , and Crispin Beltran and Rafael Mariano of Anakpawis - were charged with rebellion. Crispin Beltran of Anakpawis was arrested on February 25 on charges of inciting to sedition and rebellion. To avoid further arrest,
8769-465: The morning of December 5, 2009. In so doing, Malacañang has suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the province except "for certain areas," enabling the military to make arrests without court intervention. Her proclamation constituted the first declaration of martial law in the Philippines since 1972, when then-president Ferdinand Marcos imposed military rule over the entire country. On November 30, 2009, after much speculation, Arroyo announced on
8880-496: The next (2022) election, then the Commission on Elections applied the court's ruling to the other district, bringing the number of districts to 243, while still keeping the 61 party-list representatives, for a total of 304 seats. Vacancies from representatives elected via districts are dealt with special elections , which may be done if the vacancy occurred less than a year before the next regularly-scheduled election. Special elections are infrequently done; despite several vacancies,
8991-419: The number of poor Filipinos increased by 3.8 million, with poverty incidence being approximately three times higher in agricultural communities. With regards the problem of hunger , quarterly studies by the social polling research firm Social Weather Stations show that the number of Filipino households suffering from hunger has significantly increased during Arroyo's presidency. Her administration first set
9102-428: The number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards. On January 7, 2010, senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted the position of SB 2294; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs." In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, impeachment complaints were filed against Arroyo, although none of
9213-564: The other five found shelter at the Batasang Pambansa Complex . On Saturday, February 25, the office of the Daily Tribune , a newspaper known as a hard-hitting critic of the Arroyo administration, was raided. After the raid, an issuance of Journalism Guideline followed, authored by the government in order to cope with the "present abnormal situation", according to then Chief of Staff Michael Defensor. The move to suppress freedom of
9324-687: The party-list ranks. The deputy speakers perform the speaker's role when the speaker is absent. In case in the resignation of the speaker, the deputy speakers shall elect from among themselves an acting speaker, until a speaker is elected. The outgoing deputy speakers of the House are former president and speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , Congressman Raymond Democrito Mendoza , Congressman Roberto Puno , Congresswoman Kristine Singson-Meehan , Congressman Isidro Ungab , Congresswoman Camille Villar , former Senator and outgoing Congressman Ralph Recto , Congressman Aurelio Gonzales Jr. , and Congressman Vincent Franco-Frasco. The majority leader, aside from being
9435-541: The power to issue warrantless (and until then unconstitutional) arrests and to take over private institutions that run public utilities. Arroyo, through the Department of Education , suspended classes in elementary and high school levels. In response, colleges and universities suspended classes. By virtue of PP 1017, she declared a State of Emergency for the whole country in an attempt to quell rebellion as her grip on power began to slip, to stop lawless violence and promote peace and stability. The government's first move after
9546-539: The presidency and relinquished his post. The court unanimously voted to dismiss Estrada's petition, reaffirming the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency. On May 1, 2001 , a week after Estrada was arrested on charges of plunder, an estimated 3,000,000 protesters sympathetic to Estrada degenerated into violence and attempted to storm the presidential palace to force Arroyo from office. Four people died, including two policemen, and more than 100 were wounded in clashes between security forces and rioters. After being dispersed
9657-549: The president were opened on January 16. The decision by several senators not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila , and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days, with the Armed Forces withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled Malacañang Palace with his family. He
9768-442: The presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. One deviation from the previous setup was the introduction of the mid-term election; however, the dynamics of the House of Representatives resumed its pre-1972 state, with the party of the president controlling the chamber, although political pluralism ensued that prevented the restoration of the old Nacionalista-Liberal two-party system. Instead,
9879-518: The press against the Daily Tribune was criticized by Reporters Without Borders . The decree was lifted on March 3, 2006. However the opposition, lawyers, and concerned citizens filed a complaint in the Supreme Court contesting the constitutionality of PP 1017. The court, on May 4, declared the proclamation constitutional, but said it was illegal to issue warrantless arrests and seize private institutions. Legislative and local elections were held in
9990-448: The record for hunger levels in March 2001, and beginning June 2004, broke the record again seven times. December 2008 figures saw the new record high of 23.7%, or approximately 4.3 million households, of Filipino families experiencing involuntary hunger . A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda,
10101-477: The scheduled 2010 elections is unconstitutional; Estrada, however, disagrees, saying that he is eligible to run for president again, based on the legal advice he gets from former Supreme Court Chief Justice Andres Narvasa . In response to the massacre of 57 people in Ampatuan town, Arroyo placed Maguindanao under a state of martial law under Proclamation No. 1959. Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita announced on
10212-399: The session; decides on all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member; signs all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by or upon order of the House; appoints, suspends, dismisses, or disciplines House personnel; and exercise administrative functions. The speaker is elected by a majority of all the members of the House, including vacant seats. The speaker
10323-414: The sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated. Estrada had resigned from office and the constitutionality of his resignation was upheld by the Supreme Court on March 2, 2001. After Estrada's plunder conviction and subsequent pardon, on January 18, 2008, Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) bought full-page advertisements in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 for having "inflicted
10434-599: The spokesman of the majority party, is to direct the deliberations on the floor. The Majority Leader is also concurrently the Chairman of the Committee on Rules. The majority leader is elected in a party caucus of the ruling majority party. The incumbent House Majority Floor Leader is Congressman Manuel Jose Dalipe, a member of the Lakas–CMD party and is representing Zamboanga City's second congressional district. The minority leader
10545-593: The surprise announcement that she would not seek a new term in the 2004 Philippine general election . Ten months later, however, she reversed her position and declared her intention to seek a direct mandate from the people, saying "there is a higher cause to change society... in a way that nourishes our future". Arroyo faced a tough election campaign in early 2004 against Estrada friend and popular actor Fernando Poe, Jr. , senator and former police general Panfilo Lacson , former senator Raul Roco , and Christian evangelist Eddie Villanueva . Her campaign platform centered on
10656-445: The total number of representatives, are elected through the party-list system . Aside from needing its agreement to every bill before it is sent to the president for signature to become law, the House of Representatives has the power to impeach certain officials and all franchise and money bills must originate from the lower house. The House of Representatives is headed by the House speaker ( Filipino : ispiker ). The position
10767-463: The two reconciled in 1924, and controlled the Assembly via a virtual dominant-party system . The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly . But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. Upon the inauguration of
10878-449: The vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up. Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections . Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another. Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local;
10989-468: The vote, Senator Nene Pimentel resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase " Joe's Cohorts " quickly surfaced as
11100-424: The way the winning seats are distributed, ensuring that all party-list seats are filled up. There were supposed to be 245 congressional districts that were to be disputed in the 2019 election , so there were 61 party-list seats contested in the party-list election. Elections in two of these districts were delayed due to its creation right before campaigning. The Supreme Court ruled that one district be contested in
11211-588: The word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. The Philippine legislative system began in a unicameral form of government in 1898 when then President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Malolos Congress of the short-lived 1st Republic of the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. The Congress’ notable achievement was the ratification of Philippine Independence when it was declared on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite. The Malolos Congress’ convened at
11322-572: The year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy. Annual inflation reached the 17-year high of 12.5 percent in August 2008, up from a record low of 2.8 percent registered in 2007. It eased to 8.8 percent in December 2008 as fuel and energy prices went down. The managing director of the World Bank, Juan Jose Daboub, criticized
11433-431: Was a position of speaker pro tempore for congresses prior the reorganization of the officers of the House of Representatives during the 10th Congress in 1995. The speaker pro tempore was the next highest position in the House after the speaker. The position was replaced by deputy speakers in 1995. Originally, there was one Deputy Speaker for each island group of Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . Then, in 2001 during
11544-605: Was covering the area where they were hiding. Days after the mutiny, the Makati Regional Trial Court dismissed the rebellion charges against all the 14 civilians involved in the siege, and ordered their release. After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, 2008 during
11655-481: Was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7. The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank , who testified that she
11766-515: Was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit. The country aims to balance the national budget by 2010. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso , making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005–06. The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it by far Asia's best performing currency for
11877-471: Was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" on documents involving a ₱500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block
11988-707: Was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. Osmeña and Quezon led the Nacionalista Party , with a platform of independence from the United States, into successive electoral victories against the Progresista Party and later the Democrata Party , which first advocated United States statehood, then opposed immediate independence. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, and with
12099-405: Was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue , the major thoroughfare connecting six cities in Metro Manila , namely Pasay , Makati , Mandaluyong , San Juan , Quezon City and Caloocan . The revolution's epicenter
12210-469: Was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr. On March 2, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Estrada's resignation in a unanimous 13-0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto. On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007. International reaction to
12321-577: Was the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of the Ortigas Center business district. On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson , a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada and his friends and family had received millions of pesos from operations of jueteng , a numbers game which is illegal in the Philippines. The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered
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