72-394: [REDACTED] Opposition Military defectors: Others: Religious groups: Militant groups: Individual groups: [REDACTED] Government Government parties: Others: Religious groups: Military loyalists: [REDACTED] Gloria Macapagal ( Vice President ) [REDACTED] Joseph Estrada ( President ) The Second EDSA Revolution , also known as
144-500: A mnemonic device for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: J aworski, O reta, E nrile, S antiago, C oseteng, O smeña, H onasan, O ple, R evilla, T atad, S otto). On February 14, 2001, at the initiative of Pimentel, the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that businessman Jaime Dichaves and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account.' Senator Tessie Aquino-Oreta , one of eleven senators who voted against opening
216-522: A multi-party system evolved. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP; Struggle of the Democratic Filipinos). With the victory of Fidel V. Ramos in the 1992 presidential election , many representatives defected to his Lakas-NUCD party; the same would happen with Joseph Estrada 's victory in 1998 , but he lost support when he was ousted after
288-765: A "concubine" of Estrada for her dancing act, while Senator Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic". As he did in the EDSA I protest, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine, including protesters who received free transportation from nearby provinces such as Pampanga and Bulacan. Similar anti-Estrada rallies took place in regional centers nationwide, including Baguio, Naga, Iloilo City, and Davao. The crowd continued to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from Bayan Muna and Akbayan as well as lawyers of
360-631: A boat along the Pasig River . They were smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal . On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
432-426: A dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings that questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time , The New York Times , The Straits Times , The Los Angeles Times , The Washington Post , Asia Times Online , The Economist , and International Herald Tribune . Former Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated
504-496: A fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving ₱220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking ₱70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. He also allegedly received ₱130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers, while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received ₱100 million "to
576-516: A population of 250,000 must have at least one representative. Each legislative district, regardless of population, has one congressman. For provinces that have more than one legislative district, the provincial districts are identical to the corresponding legislative district, with the exclusion of cities that do not vote for provincial officials. If cities are divided into multiple districts for city hall representation purposes, these are also used for congressional representation. The representatives from
648-407: A snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He added that he would not run in this election. At 12:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in the presence of the crowd at EDSA. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at
720-501: Is the spokesman of the minority party in the House and is an ex-officio member of all standing Committees. The minority leader is elected in party caucus of all Members of the House in the minority party, although by tradition, the losing candidate for speaker is named the minority leader. The incumbent House Minority Leader is Congressman Marcelino Libanan, a party-list member for 4PS. The secretary general enforces orders and decisions of
792-566: Is traditionally elected at the convening of each congress. Before a speaker is elected, the House's sergeant-at-arms sits as the "Presiding Officer" until a speaker is elected. Compared to the Senate President , the unseating of an incumbent speaker is rarer. The incumbent Speaker of the House is Congressman Martin Romualdez who represents Leyte's 1st Congressional district and the first cousin of incumbent president Bongbong Marcos . There
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#1732868882741864-437: Is used to determine who represents each of the 243 geographic districts. The party-list representatives are elected via the party-list system. The party-list representatives should always comprise 20% of the seats. Originally set at 200 in the ordinance of the 1987 constitution, the number of districts has grown to 243. All of the new districts are via created via piecemeal redistricting of the then existing 200 districts, and via
936-435: Is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though. The members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of
1008-446: The 12th Congress , a Deputy Speaker "at large" was created. In the next Congress, another "at large" deputy speakership was created, along with a Deputy Speaker for women. In the 15th Congress starting in 2010, all six deputy speakers are "at large". In the 16th Congress, the deputy speakers represent the chamber at-large. Starting in the 17th Congress, each region is represented by a Deputy Speaker, with additional deputy speakers from
1080-600: The 1987 Constitution . In February 2008, several parts of the Catholic Church, which played a vital role during EDSA II, issued an apology of sorts. The sitting Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo, expressed disappointment in Arroyo's presidency and called EDSA II a mistake. On March 13, 2008, Estrada named Lucio Tan , Jaime Sin , Fidel Ramos , Chavit Singson , and
1152-594: The 2001 EDSA Revolution that brought his vice president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to power. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber. The same would happen when Benigno Aquino III won in 2010 , which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker . Unlike the Senate President , the Speaker usually serves the entire term of Congress, although there had been instances when
1224-507: The Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, a view shared by many foreign political analysts. William Overholt, a Hong Kong -based political economist, said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, but either way, it's not democracy." Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as
1296-792: The Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of the EDSA Revolution of 2001. In October 2016, Estrada claimed without evidence that it was the U.S. that ousted him from office. First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 825471236 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:28:02 GMT House of Representatives of
1368-552: The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines , former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos , and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development ). Cardinal Sin's statement read, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost
1440-534: The Commission on Appointments ; only a handful of sectoral representatives were seated in this way. With the enactment of the Party-List System Act, the first party-list election was in 1998; with the 2% election threshold, a 3-seat cap and tens of parties participating, this led to only about a fraction of the party-list seats being distributed. Eventually, there had been several Supreme Court decisions changing
1512-632: The Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined the thousands of protesters. A 10-kilometer human chain was formed from the Ninoy Aquino statue in Ayala Avenue, Makati to the EDSA Shrine as a demand for Estrada's resignation. At the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the crowds. The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of
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#17328688827411584-550: The Second People Power Revolution , EDSA 2001 , or EDSA II (pronounced EDSA Two or EDSA Dos , the Spanish word for "two"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada , the thirteenth president of the Philippines . Following allegations of corruption against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by Congress , impeachment proceedings against
1656-466: The committees and have a vote. The leadership positions, except for the Secretary General and Sergeant-at-Arms, are currently vacant. The terms of office of the officers elected during the 18th Congress ended on June 30, 2022. On July 25, 2022, the 19th Congress of the Philippines shall elect among themselves their leaders. The speaker is the head of the House of Representatives. He presides over
1728-525: The moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party. On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial
1800-422: The plurality voting system from single-member districts . Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold , with a party winning not more than three seats. The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of
1872-526: The president for signature to become law, the House of Representatives has the power to impeach certain officials and all franchise and money bills must originate from the lower house. The House of Representatives is headed by the House speaker ( Filipino : ispiker ). The position is currently held by Martin Romualdez . The speaker of the House is third in the Philippine presidential line of succession , after
1944-700: The upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house . This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907. Under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon , the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. Osmeña and Quezon led the Nacionalista Party , with a platform of independence from
2016-641: The vice president and the Senate president . The official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa (literally "national legislature") located in Batasan Hills , Quezon City . The building is often simply called Batasan , and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. The Philippine legislative system began in a unicameral form of government in 1898 when then President Emilio Aguinaldo established
2088-581: The 1973 Constitution abolished the bicameral Congress and created a unicameral Batasang Pambansa parliamentary system of government, as parliamentary election would not occur in 1978 . Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; New Society Movement) won all of the seats except those from the Central Visayas ushering in an era of KBL dominance, which continued until the People Power Revolution overthrew Marcos in 1986. The 1987 Constitution restored
2160-404: The 2022 elections, there will be 316 seats in the House; 253 of these are district representatives, and 63 are party-list representatives. The number of seats to be disputed may change depending on the creation of new congressional districts. Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under
2232-531: The Assembly via a virtual dominant-party system . The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly . But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. Upon the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines in 1946, Republic Act No. 6
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2304-684: The House of Representatives, among other things. Like the Secretary General, the Sergeant-at-Arms is elected by a majority of the members. At present, retired Police Major General Napoleon C. Taas is the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives. The qualifications for membership in the House are expressly stated in Section 6, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows: There are two types of congressmen: those who represent geographic districts, and those who represent party-lists. The first-past-the-post (simple plurality voting) method
2376-459: The House; keeps the Journal of each session; notes all questions of order, among other things. The secretary general presides over the chamber at the first legislative session after an election, and is elected by a majority of the members. At present, Reginald S. Velasco is the Secretary General of the House of Representatives. The Sergeant-at-Arms is responsible for the maintenance of public order in
2448-641: The Malolos Congress of the short-lived 1st Republic of the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. The Congress’ notable achievement was the ratification of Philippine Independence when it was declared on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite. The Malolos Congress’ convened at the Barasoain church during the subsequent inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo and the inauguration of the Malolos Constitution in 1898. A year prior to
2520-478: The Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established. The Nacionalistas continued their electoral dominance at this point, although they were split into two factions led by Osmeña and Quezon; the two reconciled in 1924, and controlled
2592-464: The Philippines Minority (28) Vacant (5) The House of Representatives ( Filipino : Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ; Kamara from the Spanish word cámara , meaning "chamber") is the lower house of Congress , the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, with the Senate of the Philippines as the upper house . The lower house is commonly referred to as Congress , although
2664-423: The Philippines withdrew their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine. At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appeared on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintained that he would not resign. He said he wanted the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict would remove him from office. At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appeared on television, calling for
2736-403: The Senate ad interim ). Around 80% of congressmen are district representatives, representing specific geographical areas. The 19th Congress has 253 congressional districts . Party-list representatives, who make up not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives, are elected through the party-list system . Aside from needing its agreement to every bill before it is sent to
2808-408: The Speaker left office due to conflict with the president: examples include Jose de Venecia Jr. 's resignation as speaker in 2008 when his son Joey de Venecia exposed alleged corrupt practices by First Gentleman Mike Arroyo , and Manny Villar 's ouster occurred after he allowed the impeachment of President Estrada in 2000. The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For
2880-684: The United States, into successive electoral victories against the Progresista Party and later the Democrata Party , which first advocated United States statehood, then opposed immediate independence. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, and with a few different names, up until the present day. In 1916, the Jones Act , officially
2952-424: The administration change was mixed. While some foreign nations, including the United States, immediately recognized the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law ", "mob rule", and a " de facto coup". The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then,
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3024-401: The candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign. Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling
3096-463: The creation of new provinces and cities. The constitution gave Congress to nationally redistrict the country after the release of every census, but this has not been done. The original 200 districts meant that there should have been 50 party-list representatives. However, the constitution did not give the specifics on how party-list congressmen should have been elected. This led to presidents appointing sectoral representatives, which were then approved by
3168-632: The detriment of regular beneficiaries." Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles, nepotism, and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon , to the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee and the Philippine House Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate
3240-466: The elections in the House of Representatives; in cases where the party of the president and the majority of the members of the House of Representatives are different, a sufficient number will break away and join the party of the president, thereby ensuring that the president will have control of the House of Representatives. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and abolished Congress. He would rule by decree even after
3312-453: The envelope, was seen on national television as the opposition walked out; it was assumed that she was booing back and jigging at the crowd in the Senate gallery after the Ayala group jeered her and other pro-Erap senators. This further fueled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine , and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labeled a "prostitute" and
3384-549: The establishment of the republic, the Congress approved the motion to declare war on the United States, thus beginning the Philippine-American War which lasted from 1899 to 1901. The Malolos Congress was dissolved on April 1, 1901, following Aguinaldo's declaration of allegiance to the United States when he was captured. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16, 1900,
3456-419: The evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the prosecution became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows: After
3528-460: The exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president. On October 20, 2000, an early anti-Estrada rally was allegedly held in Naga City , led by former mayor Jesse Robredo , Mayor Sulpicio Roco Jr., and Ateneo de Naga president Joel Tabora who demanded the resignation of President Estrada. More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin ,
3600-552: The first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. The Philippine Bill of 1902 , a basic law, or organic act , of the Insular Government , mandated that once certain conditions were met a bicameral , or two-chamber, Philippine Legislature would be created with the previously existing, all-appointed Philippine Commission as
3672-598: The historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press. At 2:00 PM, Estrada released a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president". In that same letter, however, he said he would give up his office to allow for national reconciliation. Later, Estrada and his family evacuated Malacañang Palace on
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#17328688827413744-562: The incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of these groups would later participate in EDSA III . The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when
3816-587: The last special election was in 2023. For party-list representatives, the nominee next on the list is asked to replace the outgoing representative; if the nominee agrees, then that person would be sworn in as a member, if the nominee doesn't agree, then the nominee after that person is asked, and the process is repeated. Vacating party-list representatives have always been replaced this way. Eighty percent of representatives shall come from congressional districts, with each district returning one representative. The constitution mandates that every province and every city with
3888-496: The next (2022) election, then the Commission on Elections applied the court's ruling to the other district, bringing the number of districts to 243, while still keeping the 61 party-list representatives, for a total of 304 seats. Vacancies from representatives elected via districts are dealt with special elections , which may be done if the vacancy occurred less than a year before the next regularly-scheduled election. Special elections are infrequently done; despite several vacancies,
3960-687: The party-list ranks. The deputy speakers perform the speaker's role when the speaker is absent. In case in the resignation of the speaker, the deputy speakers shall elect from among themselves an acting speaker, until a speaker is elected. The outgoing deputy speakers of the House are former president and speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , Congressman Raymond Democrito Mendoza , Congressman Roberto Puno , Congresswoman Kristine Singson-Meehan , Congressman Isidro Ungab , Congresswoman Camille Villar , former Senator and outgoing Congressman Ralph Recto , Congressman Aurelio Gonzales Jr. , and Congressman Vincent Franco-Frasco. The majority leader, aside from being
4032-549: The president were opened on January 16. The decision by several senators not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila , and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days, with the Armed Forces withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled Malacañang Palace with his family. He
4104-442: The presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. One deviation from the previous setup was the introduction of the mid-term election; however, the dynamics of the House of Representatives resumed its pre-1972 state, with the party of the president controlling the chamber, although political pluralism ensued that prevented the restoration of the old Nacionalista-Liberal two-party system. Instead,
4176-399: The session; decides on all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member; signs all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by or upon order of the House; appoints, suspends, dismisses, or disciplines House personnel; and exercise administrative functions. The speaker is elected by a majority of all the members of the House, including vacant seats. The speaker
4248-470: The sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated. Estrada had resigned from office and the constitutionality of his resignation was upheld by the Supreme Court on March 2, 2001. After Estrada's plunder conviction and subsequent pardon, on January 18, 2008, Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) bought full-page advertisements in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 for having "inflicted
4320-688: The sole national legislative body was the Philippine Commission with all members appointed by the President of the United States . Headed by the Governor-General of the Philippines the body exercised all legislative authority given to it by the President and the United States Congress until October 1907 when it was joined by the Philippine Assembly. William Howard Taft was chosen to be
4392-599: The spokesman of the majority party, is to direct the deliberations on the floor. The Majority Leader is also concurrently the Chairman of the Committee on Rules. The majority leader is elected in a party caucus of the ruling majority party. The incumbent House Majority Floor Leader is Congressman Manuel Jose Dalipe, a member of the Lakas–CMD party and is representing Zamboanga City's second congressional district. The minority leader
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#17328688827414464-421: The term collectively refers to both houses. Members of the House are officially styled as representatives ( Filipino : mga kinatawan ) and are sometimes informally called congressmen or congresswomen ( Filipino : mga kongresista ). They are elected to a three-year term and can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms without an interruption of one term (e.g. serving one term in
4536-449: The vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up. Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections . Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another. Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local;
4608-468: The vote, Senator Nene Pimentel resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase " Joe's Cohorts " quickly surfaced as
4680-424: The way the winning seats are distributed, ensuring that all party-list seats are filled up. There were supposed to be 245 congressional districts that were to be disputed in the 2019 election , so there were 61 party-list seats contested in the party-list election. Elections in two of these districts were delayed due to its creation right before campaigning. The Supreme Court ruled that one district be contested in
4752-431: Was a position of speaker pro tempore for congresses prior the reorganization of the officers of the House of Representatives during the 10th Congress in 1995. The speaker pro tempore was the next highest position in the House after the speaker. The position was replaced by deputy speakers in 1995. Originally, there was one Deputy Speaker for each island group of Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . Then, in 2001 during
4824-572: Was enacted providing that on the date of the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines, the existing Congress would be known as the First Congress of the Republic. The "Liberal bloc" of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks, creating the Liberal Party . These two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system . The party of the ruling president wins
4896-481: Was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7. The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank , who testified that she
4968-471: Was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" on documents involving a ₱500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block
5040-405: Was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue , the major thoroughfare connecting six cities in Metro Manila , namely Pasay , Makati , Mandaluyong , San Juan , Quezon City and Caloocan . The revolution's epicenter
5112-469: Was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr. On March 2, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Estrada's resignation in a unanimous 13-0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto. On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007. International reaction to
5184-577: Was the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of the Ortigas Center business district. On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson , a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada and his friends and family had received millions of pesos from operations of jueteng , a numbers game which is illegal in the Philippines. The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered
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