105-621: Philippine government Opposition, Estrada loyalists The May 1 riots , or EDSA III (pronounced as EDSA Three or EDSA Tres , the Spanish word for "three"), were protests sparked by the arrest of newly deposed president Joseph Estrada of the Philippines from April 25 to May 1, 2001. The protest was held for 7 days on a major highway in Metro Manila , Epifanio de los Santos Avenue ( EDSA ), which eventually culminated in an attempt to storm
210-519: A jeep ( Tagalog: [ˈdʒip] ), is a type of public utility vehicle (PUV) that serves as the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines . Known for its crowded seating and kitsch decorations, it is a cultural icon of the Philippines and has its own art, "Jeepney art". At the 1964 New York World's Fair , a Sarao jeepney was exhibited in the Philippine pavilion as
315-586: A minibus . Their doors may be situated at the side, or at the front, with doors functioning like that of an actual bus. Cab/chassis variants of jeepneys are based on pick-up trucks and van platforms wherein local coachbuilders assemble rear bodies for passenger and cargo hauling purposes. Their doors are situated at the back as a tailgate and usually have parallel bench seats that can be lifted for more cargo space and air conditioning that may be standard or optional to some car manufacturers. These kind of vehicles are referred to as FB-type vans. Early examples of
420-526: A 16-passenger jeepney to a 54-passenger air-conditioned bus and found that the fuel consumption for both was the same, while no data was given for private vehicles. The planned construction of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems in Manila and Cebu might lead to the removal of jeepneys. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines , public buses and jeepneys were subject to strict lockdown measures that affected
525-451: A Euro 4-compliant engine or an electric engine and must contain safety features like speed limiters, accessibility features like ramps and seatbelts, closed-circuit television cameras, Wi-Fi and USB ports, GPS, and a dashboard camera. Motor manufacturers such as Toyota (and their truck subsidiary Hino), Mitsubishi (and their truck subsidiary Fuso), Isuzu, Hyundai, and even some Chinese truck brands such as Foton presented their own prototypes of
630-485: A blockade made out of jeepneys and human barricades. At 2:00 pm, the situation between the police and the loyalists became tense when anti-riot personnel began approaching the human barricades. Out of fear of antagonizing the loyalists and instigating a riot, the anti-riot personnel withdrew. However, at around 3 pm, the police and military forces aborted the operation for the day as the Sandiganbayan had not yet issued
735-558: A break with tradition, she chose to first deliver her inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila before departing to Cebu City for her oath taking: the first time a Philippine president had taken the oath of office outside of Luzon . On Friday, February 24, 2006, an alleged coup d'état plot was uncovered in the Philippines, headed by Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim . The declaration of Proclamation No. 1017 (PP 1017) gave Arroyo
840-534: A cover for a well- planned coup." The International Herald Tribune reports that the "opportunist coalition of church, business elite and left... orchestrated the ' People Power II movement." Weeks later, Estrada filed a lawsuit challenging the legal basis of the Arroyo presidency and insisting he remained the lawful president, though adding he would not try to reclaim his post. The Supreme Court issued its decision on March 2, 2001, asserting that Estrada had resigned
945-478: A detention center at Camp Crame. Estrada's lawyers were able to persuade the police to let them ride in a private vehicle instead of the police Coaster, as armed police officers escorted a privately-owned van as it moved out of the North Greenhills subdivision towards Camp Crame. After both Estrada and his son were processed and put into a cell, Estrada released a statement maintaining his innocence and denounced
1050-542: A federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government. At her 2005 State of the Nation Address, she claimed "The system clearly needs fundamental change, and the sooner the better. It's time to start the great debate on Charter Change". In late 2006, the House of Representatives shelved a plan to revise the constitution through constituent assembly . Jeepney A jeepney ( Tagalog: [ˈdʒipnɪ] ), or simply
1155-473: A former television anchor of TV Patrol of ABS-CBN , also a guest candidate of opposition coalition was announced as the topnotcher. The administration's coalition gained the majority. The Oakwood mutiny occurred on July 27, 2003, when a group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros" led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV of the Philippine Navy took over
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#17328522232081260-404: A human rights victim, Roneo Clamor, Karapatan deputy secretary general, Josefina Lichauco, and representatives from civil society - Renato Constantino, Jr., Henri Kahn, Francisco Alcuaz, Rez Cortez , Virgilio Eustaquio, Jose Luis Alcuaz, Leah Navarro , Danilo Ramos, Concepcion Empeño, Elmer Labog , Armando Albarillo, Roneo Clamor, and Bebu Bulchand. The justice committee has 60 days to rule upon
1365-514: A national symbol for Filipinos. Jeepneys originate from the American colonial period – share taxis known as "auto calesas ", commonly shortened to "AC". These evolved to modified imported cars with attached carriages in the 1930s which served as a cheap passenger utility vehicles in Manila . These vehicles were mostly destroyed in World War II . The need for replacement transport vehicles led to
1470-724: A popular and creative way to re-establish inexpensive public transportation, much of which had been destroyed during World War II. Recognizing the widespread use of these vehicles, the Philippine government began to regulate their use. Drivers now must have special driver's licenses. Routes are regulated and prices are fixed fares. Illegal (unfranchised) operators are referred to as " colorum " operations. Jeepneys have been reported to be exported to Papua New Guinea to replace buses and vans that are too costly to import. 4,000 jeepneys were exported to Papua New Guinea in 2004 with considerations to export them to Guam, India and Vietnam. Recently,
1575-562: A powerful stereo system, so they are often referred to as "mobile discos." Many manufacturers are moving to build modern-looking jeepneys such as Hummer and Jeep Wrangler Rubicon lookalikes and oversized van-style passenger jeepneys with headlights, hoods, bumpers and other components salvaged from AUVs and sport utility vehicles like the Honda CR-V or the Toyota Tamaraw . In Iloilo City , jeepneys called passad are known for bearing
1680-570: A resemblance to sedans or pickup trucks , with the front fascia taken off an existing SUV or AUV. The vehicle's body has a much lower profile which resembles more of a sedan chassis with an elongated body. In the Cordillera Administrative Region , especially in Baguio City and Benguet province, they have jeeps fitted with truck wheels, or jeeps based on a heavy truck platform, frame, and engine. The same goes for other parts of
1785-481: A resettlement site that Estrada established in Taytay, Rizal planned to soon stage a protest against his arrest, with a businesswoman from the area stating her firm belief in his innocence: "If Estrada is arrested, we will stage People Power III." On April 19, Estrada's birthday, the former president visited the resettlement site for his customary birthday celebration in the area and gave a radio interview mentioning that he
1890-601: A second line of officers, and again when the crowds reached the palace and tried to force their way into the fenced compound. They then broke through a third police line, the last before a phalanx of heavily armed officers that waited at Mendiola, a key bridge entrance to the presidential palace. A policeman, laying injured and bloody, was pelted with rocks by protesters. Marchers used a dump truck to break through an initial line of riot police who dropped their plastic shields and scattered. At least one person died and many injured as thousands of protestors clashed with riot police outside
1995-478: A shift to a parliamentary and federal form of government, job creation, universal health insurance, anti-illegal drugs, and anti-terrorism. Arroyo lagged behind Poe in the polls prior to the campaign season, but her popularity steadily climbed to surpass Poe's. As predicted by pre-election surveys and exit polls , she won the election by a margin of over a million votes against her closest rival, Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo took her oath of office on June 30, 2004. In
2100-418: A source of traffic congestion by indiscriminately loading and unloading passengers in the middle of the street, blocking traffic and risking the safety of some passengers. Some drivers engage in practices such as jostling over passengers, blocking other jeepneys to get passengers in the middle of the lane and trip-cutting (not completing the route, dropping off passengers if there are less than three to return to
2205-587: The Malacañang Palace . Taking place four months after the Second EDSA Revolution , the protests were considered as a more populist uprising in comparison to the previous demonstrations in the same location in January 2001. The protests and the attack on the presidential palace, however, failed in their objectives. Participants continue to claim that it was a genuine People Power event, a claim disputed by
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#17328522232082310-531: The National Capital Region pursuant to Proclamation No. 38 and arrested leaders who participated in the said rebellion, such as Senator Juan Ponce Enrile and former ambassador Ernesto Maceda , but released them on bail . She also announced the death of two police officers, expressing sympathy towards their families. Journalists however later corrected their initial reports and stated that one officer (PO1 Grant Fausto Savedia) turned out to be alive while
2415-542: The People Power Revolution (EDSA Revolution) and EDSA Revolution of 2001 , argue that while this was a major protest, the spirit of it was unlike of the first and second protests. Supporters of EDSA III allege that EDSA's I and II's participants were made up of the professional–managerial class and as such not democratically representative unlike those who had participated in EDSA III. Other arguments also point to
2520-531: The Philippine Broadcasting Service her congressional bid for the second district of Pampanga . A day later, she filed her candidacy under the Lakas-Kampi-CMD . Arroyo, a practicing economist, made the economy the focus of her presidency. Based on official ( National Economic and Development Authority ) figures, economic growth in terms of gross domestic product has averaged 5.0% during
2625-645: The Puwersa ng Masa coalition , which mainly consisted of candidates from the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino and the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino parties, claimed that at least 50,000 joined the rally as of April 26. News organizations aiming to cover the rally were advised not to approach the area, as there were reports of hostility towards cameramen, particularly those from ABS-CBN and GMA . Rally leaders also refused to give interviews to newspaper media representatives, claiming that
2730-644: The Toyota HiAce or the Nissan Urvan . Modern jeepneys are an updated version of the third-generation models, featuring additional regulatory standards. These include standardized seating, increased vehicle height, CCTV, fare collection systems (both traditional and Beep ), speed limiters, GPS, and Wi-Fi . Typically, brand-new jeepneys of this generation are issued to transport cooperatives and are manufactured by major vehicle producers. However, some modern jeepneys are also built by coachbuilders, provided they adhere to
2835-505: The carretela -type calesa ) that was joined seamlessly with the chassis. It seated two people on each side. The automobiles used were cheap imported British Austin 7s and later on, American Bantams , both of which are the direct precursors of the Jeep . They later expanded to seat eight to ten people but were still much shorter than modern jeepneys. Most of these vehicles were destroyed in World War II . When American troops began to leave
2940-521: The midterm elections that was held later that month. Arroyo outlined her vision for the country as "building a strong republic" throughout her tenure. Her agenda consists of building up a strong bureaucracy, lowering crime rates, increasing tax collection, improving economic growth, and intensifying counter-terrorism efforts. The 2001 legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14, 2001 - four months after Arroyo took office. Independent senatorial candidate Noli de Castro ,
3045-555: The same day as US President George W. Bush . Join me therefore as we begin to tear down the walls that divide. Let us build an edifice of peace, progress, and economic stability. While the local media and its proponents hailed EDSA II as another peaceful " People Power ," international views expressed through foreign media described it as a "conspiracy" to oust Estrada and install Arroyo as president. The New York Times reported that Southeast Asia-based political economist William Overholt called it "either... mob rule or mob rule as
3150-542: The Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on the quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects. It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in
3255-484: The Arroyo government's efforts to persecute him as a "violation of his human rights", calling Filipinos to "witness this denial of justice and mockery of the Bill of Rights ." As a result, a crowd of an alleged 700,000 loyalists (although according to Eagle Broadcasting Corporation -owned broadcast network Net 25 and to Senator Tito Sotto , a high of over 3 million in the evening from April 25–30), most of whom were members of
EDSA III - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-644: The Arroyo presidency from 2001 up to the first quarter of 2008. This is higher than in the administration of the previous recent presidents: 3.8% average of Aquino , 3.7% average of Ramos , and 3.7% average of the Joseph Estrada administration. The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%. Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former "friend" and classmate in Georgetown, ex-US President Bill Clinton , who cited her "tough decisions" that put
3465-678: The DKW-AC Company. By the mid-1930s, Emil Bachrach , a Russian American Jewish entrepreneur in the Philippines (who also owned the Ford Motor Co. franchise in the Philippines, as well as Manila's first bus company), started the Bachrach Motor Company (BMC). They began manufacturing similar vehicles known as the BMC-AC. Unlike the DKW-ACs, they had a back-entry carriage style (similar to
3570-727: The Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Arroyo administration. The group also stated that they saw signs suggesting that Arroyo was going to declare martial law . Although the Philippine Constitution bars a president from reelection, it allows for the election of a person who has succeeded as president and has served for not more than four years. In December 2002, Arroyo made
3675-581: The Philippine economy back in shape. Whether the official economic figures are accurate, or how they translate to improving lives of the citizens, however, is debatable. Studies made by the United Nations ( UN ) and local survey research firms show worsening, instead of improving, poverty levels. A comparative 2008 UN report shows that the Philippines lags behind its Asian neighbors, Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam and China , in terms of poverty amelioration. The study reveals that from 2003 up to 2006,
3780-502: The Philippines at the end of World War II , hundreds of surplus Jeeps were sold or given to the Filipinos . An American soldier named Harry Stonehill was involved in the disposal of military surplus , and reportedly created a black market for the surplus including jeeps. The Jeeps were stripped down and altered locally: metal roofs were added for shade, and the vehicles were decorated in vibrant colours with chrome-plated ornaments on
3885-483: The Philippines on May 14, 2007. Positions contested included half the seats in the Senate , which are elected for six-year terms, and all the seats in the House of Representatives , who were elected for three-year terms. The duly elected legislators of the 2007 elections joined the elected senators of the 2004 elections to comprise the 14th Congress of the Philippines . Arroyo's coalition won three senate seats and 123 seats in
3990-969: The Philippines with unpaved roads. The launching of the jeepney modernization program raised concerns that the jeepney's iconic look would be erased by other designs that would make them look like buses. In response, the LTFRB reassured the public that modern jeepneys can retain their traditional look. Several lawmakers have pushed to retain the jeepney's iconic design in modern jeepneys. Fully assembled with refurbished engines, some also have air-conditioning units, which are popular in Makati . Most of these jeepneys have radically expanded passenger capacities, and are often flamboyant and noisy. Many jeepneys from this generation run on diesel fuel , though very rarely with gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Passenger jeepneys from this generation and beyond may employ tailgates especially if they traverse expressways. These are usually rigged mechanically to be controlled from
4095-559: The Visayas and Mindanao". Loi Ejercito , the wife of Estrada, also claimed during her Senate campaign speech on April 4, 2001 that arresting him will cause people to "get mad" and "revolt". In mid-April 2001, hundreds of supporters of former president Joseph Estrada situated themselves outside the gates of North Greenhills subdivision in San Juan, Metro Manila where Estrada resided in an attempt to guard him from arrest. At this time, residents of
4200-433: The administration for not doing enough to curb corruption. Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families. In 2005, Arroyo initiated a movement for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential-bicameral republic into
4305-493: The average cost per kWh of electricity in the Philippines is unsustainable for owner-operators. However, considering the uncertainty in diesel prices, e-jeepneys seem more economical in the long run compared to diesel-fueled jeepneys. In early 2023, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board assured the public that the modernization program could retain the traditional jeepney's iconic look. Amid
EDSA III - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-535: The cases reached the required endorsement of 1/3 of the members for transmittal to and trial by the Senate. On October 13, 2008, the 4th 97-page impeachment complaint against Arroyo was filed at the House of Representatives of the Philippines with the required endorsements by Party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo , Teodoro Casiño and Liza Maza . The complaint accuses Arroyo of corruption, extrajudicial killings, torture and illegal arrests. The impeachment further raised
4515-714: The central island of Cebu , the bulk of jeepneys are built from second-hand Japanese trucks, originally intended for cargo. These are euphemistically known as "surplus trucks". Popular jeepney manufacturers in Cebu are Chariot and RDAK, known for its "flat-nosed" jeepneys made from surplus Suzuki Carry (also known as multicab ) and Isuzu Elf trucks, which are no longer in use in Japan owing to road tax and obsolescence in their country of origin. These are equipped with high-powered sound systems, and racing themes, and are said to be bigger and taller than those in Manila. In Bulacan, particularly in
4620-420: The city of Malolos, shorter extended "owner" jeeps called "Karatig" are used for short-distance, inter-city transportation. The size varies, with approximately 3 meters (9.8 ft) of passenger space which is longer than and can seat at least twice as many passengers as private-use "owner" jeeps. The "Karatigs" are less ergonomic and fuel-efficient compared to the more standard-size public utility jeeps dominating
4725-753: The complaint's sufficiency in form and substance. However, the opposition has only 28 House seats. On October 25, 2007, supposedly based on the recommendation by the Department of Justice (DOJ), Arroyo granted a pardon to Joseph Estrada , who was convicted by the Sandiganbayan of plunder and imposed a penalty of reclusion perpetua . Press Secretary Ignacio Bunye noted that Estrada committed in his application not to seek public office, and he would be free from his Tanay resthouse on October 26, noon. Accordingly, DOJ Secretary Raul Gonzales categorically stated in 2008 that an Estrada plan to run for president in
4830-426: The crowd had looted stores and burned cars. Arroyo declared a 'state of rebellion' in Manila and ordered the arrests of opposition leaders who led the uprising and conspired to topple the government. The state of rebellion was lifted one week later, with Arroyo declaring "the disorder has subsided". Support for the opposition and Estrada subsequently dwindled after the victory of administration allied candidates in
4935-475: The dawn of May 1. Meanwhile, a report from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism stated that around 150,000 Estrada supporters marched towards Malacañang. Two of Estrada's sons, JV Ejercito and Jude Estrada , were observed marching with the crowd and leaving before they reached Mendiola Street . Several broadcast vans of ABS-CBN were torched by members of the crowd, while others attacked
5040-416: The declaration was to disperse demonstrators, particularly the groups picketing along EDSA . Former Philippine president Corazon Aquino was among those that protested, along with leftist and extreme right activists. A number of public figures were reported to have been arrested. After the foiling of the plot and the dispersal of the rallies, PP 1017 continued for a week on threats of military plots (such as
5145-476: The defense of during the riots. On July 3, 2001, the Department of Justice dropped charges against 147 pro-Estrada rallyists upon the orders of President Arroyo, with the protesters signing affidavits that stated "they had nothing to do with the siege and that they were merely used." Three days later, they were released from the custody of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and Pampanga Governor Lito Lapid . On October 20, 2001, an arrest warrant
5250-454: The driver's side in lieu of electronic locking systems. Two kinds of 3rd-generation jeepneys have surfaced over the years: Modernized jeepneys and truck-and-van-based jeepneys. Modernized jeepneys are manufactured using new engine components and are built with air-conditioning, particularly with recent Euro 4 engine standards imposed in the country. Though some keep the traditional body of the contemporary jeepney, many of these closely resemble
5355-767: The existing Beep Card many of the proposed systems were rejected by the Department of Transportation (DOTr). Additionally, all Jeepney Drivers and Operators are urged to form or become a member of a Transport Cooperative or consolidated franchise as part of the modernization program. Body designs of jeepneys vary by region. Some are plainly colored, while others can use massive variety. They either use sheet metal or stainless steel as body panels. Some jeepneys can be decorated with stickers or spray paint, with designs consisting of caricatures, illustrations, or pictures inspired by popular cultures, such as actors and actresses, cartoons, animes , comics, games, or movie characters, abstract designs and lines, religious icons, and others. In
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#17328522232085460-522: The first versions to be referred to as "Public Utility Jeepneys" (PUJ) or "passenger-type" jeeps. The non-extended, original-seat configuration jeeps were labeled "owners", short for "owner-type" jeeps, and are used non-commercially. To distinguish it from those used as public transportation, the term "owner" is used. The original jeepneys were refurbished military Jeeps by Willys and Ford . Modern jeepneys are now produced with engines and other parts from Japan or South Korea. The jeepney rapidly emerged as
5565-560: The global financial meltdown of 2008. Arroyo nominated the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines : Arroyo's ascent to the Philippine presidency in 2001 resulted from the ouster of her predecessor Joseph Estrada through a peaceful uprising dubbed as Power Power II. On January 20, 2001, the Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant. The military and the national police had earlier withdrawn their support for Estrada. Arroyo
5670-474: The hotel. Trillanes and Lim surrendered to authorities after an armored personnel carrier rammed into the lobby of the hotel. Director Geary Barias declared that the standoff at the Manila Peninsula Hotel was over as Trillanes, Lim, and other junior officers agreed to leave the hotel and surrender to Barias after the 6 hour siege. There was difficulty getting out for a while due to the tear gas that
5775-409: The house. A rebellion occurred on November 29, 2007, when detained Senator Antonio Trillanes IV , General Danilo Lim , and other Magdalo officials walked out of their trial and marched through the streets of Makati , called for the ouster of Arroyo, and seized the second floor of The Peninsula Manila Hotel along Ayala Avenue . Former Vice-President Teofisto Guingona also joined the march to
5880-652: The issues on "national broadband network agreement with China, human rights violations, the Northrail project, the Mt. Diwalwal project, fertilizer fund scam , alleged bribery of members of the House, the swine scam under the Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation, and 2004 electoral fraud." The opposition complainants were Edita Burgos, Iloilo Vice Governor Rolex Suplico, Jose de Venecia III , Harry Roque , Armando Albarillo,
5985-426: The jeepney each day. The word jeepney is a portmanteau of post– World War II " jeep " and pre-war " jitney ", both words common slang in the popular vernacular of the era. From the American colonial period up to shortly after World War II , jeepneys were known as "auto calesa" (or "AC" for short), named after the horse-drawn calesas of Manila , or simply " jitney " or "baby bus." The term "auto calesa"
6090-411: The jeepney industry has faced threats to its survival. Most of the larger builders have gone bankrupt or have switched to manufacturing other products, with the smaller builders forced to go out of business. Jeepney drivers also face rising cost of living and rising cost of diesel fuel due to government deregulation of oil prices. A 2017 study published in a Metro Manila newspaper compared the fuel use of
6195-453: The jeepney stand and wait for a new set of passengers as it is not profitable for them to continue the route). Hence, some people are requesting that this mode of transportation be phased out. Some jeepneys have distorted subframes and poor emissions. In response to the cons of the jeepneys, a modernization program has been launched. Newly manufactured jeepneys, such as e-jeepneys and modernized diesel jeepneys, are required to have at least
6300-550: The livelihoods of those in the transport sector. Jeepney drivers struggled with the effects of lockdowns and other disease containment measures. In 2020, jeepney drivers filed a case with the Supreme Court against the government's COVID-19 policies, which they argue were prejudicial to their livelihood and deprived them of income to provide for their families. In 2016, the Department of Transportation (Philippines) imposed an age limit on jeepneys of 15 years, with older jeepneys starting to be phased out. Many jeepney operators oppose
6405-537: The military stand-off of February 26 at Fort Bonifacio headed by Col. Ariel Querubin), violence, illegal rallies and public disturbance. Six leftist representatives - Satur Ocampo , Teodoro Casiño , and Joel Virador of Bayan Muna , Liza Maza of GABRIELA , and Crispin Beltran and Rafael Mariano of Anakpawis - were charged with rebellion. Crispin Beltran of Anakpawis was arrested on February 25 on charges of inciting to sedition and rebellion. To avoid further arrest,
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#17328522232086510-557: The modern type of jeepney include the Toyota Tamaraw , Ford Fiera, and the Mitsubishi Cimmaron (Which predates the Tamaraw and Fiera by a whole decade, introduced as far back as 1961) which had parallel benches offered standard by their respective manufacturers. They were introduced back in the 1970s and were an alternative to the aging jeepney. Modern examples include the pick-up based Toyota Hilux , ISUZU IPV and Mitsubishi L200 to
6615-465: The morning of December 5, 2009. In so doing, Malacañang has suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the province except "for certain areas," enabling the military to make arrests without court intervention. Her proclamation constituted the first declaration of martial law in the Philippines since 1972, when then-president Ferdinand Marcos imposed military rule over the entire country. On November 30, 2009, after much speculation, Arroyo announced on
6720-406: The news organizations were biased against Estrada. Estrada's son, JV Ejercito, later apologized for the hostility of the protesters and requested the news organizations to cover the event, assuring the safety of their journalists. However, Net 25 and foreign news organizations such as CNN , BBC , NHK , and Reuters were able to provide coverage of the protests. The protest was led by members of
6825-615: The next day, six thousand police officers at Camp Crame in Quezon City stood by for the order to arrest Estrada, headed by Philippine National Police (PNP) chief Director-General Leandro Mendoza alongside troopers of the Philippine Marine Corps and the PNP Special Action Force in seven vehicles and five buses. However, an estimated 6,000 loyalists of Estrada had mobilized to Greenhills in San Juan to block
6930-718: The notice of a state of rebellion. Hours after the crowds of EDSA III were dispersed, representatives of the Archdiocese of Manila and Civil Society supporters of the Arroyo administration reclaimed the EDSA Shrine where there had been alleged acts of vandalism and desecration of the site. Unlike previous upheavals under the EDSA name, EDSA III was marred by widespread destruction and vandalism of public utilities (stop lights and street posts were thrown down), torching of media equipment, particularly those of ABS-CBN , and attacks on stores fronting
7035-419: The number of poor Filipinos increased by 3.8 million, with poverty incidence being approximately three times higher in agricultural communities. With regards the problem of hunger , quarterly studies by the social polling research firm Social Weather Stations show that the number of Filipino households suffering from hunger has significantly increased during Arroyo's presidency. Her administration first set
7140-428: The number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards. On January 7, 2010, senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted the position of SB 2294; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs." In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, impeachment complaints were filed against Arroyo, although none of
7245-531: The only difference is that they are taller in height and their passenger doors are now situated on the side. Classes 2 and 3 are based on medium-duty trucks (Often converted to a bus) or an actual minibus. Class 1 and 2 PUVs have their seating configuration facing sidewards while Class 3 are front-facing seat configuration. For truck vans and minibuses, vehicle manufacturers/coachbuilders can sometimes offer both Class 2 and Class 3 configurations on their models. Local automobile parts manufacturers are now planning
7350-564: The other five found shelter at the Batasang Pambansa Complex . On Saturday, February 25, the office of the Daily Tribune , a newspaper known as a hard-hitting critic of the Arroyo administration, was raided. After the raid, an issuance of Journalism Guideline followed, authored by the government in order to cope with the "present abnormal situation", according to then Chief of Staff Michael Defensor. The move to suppress freedom of
7455-412: The other officer was killed in Manila in a prior incident unrelated to the riots. According to CNN , they interviewed on the phone with President Arroyo and told them that rebellions are no more and that many of the plotters have been arrested. Three protesters and one bystander were killed during the riots and dispersal. Around 113 were reported to be injured. On May 7, 2001, President Arroyo lifted
7560-477: The ouster, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago expressed vehement support for Estrada and opposition to Arroyo's presidency throughout her reelection campaign in early 2001. Her speeches were marked by hyperbolic statements and inflammatory rhetoric: among others, she mentioned that if Estrada is arrested, she will jump off an airplane without a parachute in response, and there would be the possibility of civil war "in Luzon,
7665-615: The palace. The rebellion sought to remove Arroyo from the presidency and reinstate Estrada. The rebellion came to a head in the early morning of May 1, 2001, as most of the people left EDSA Shrine, specifically the Iglesia ni Cristo members, as an agreement between their leaders and the government occurred. However, pro-Estrada demonstrators still stormed towards Malacañang Palace, the presidential residence. The number of protesters overwhelmed anti-riot police patrolling all possible routes to Manila, such as Ortigas Avenue and Santolan Road . Some of
7770-422: The participants and supporters of EDSA II. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has acknowledged the divisive nature of the two terminologies by saying in one statement that she hoped to be the president of "EDSA II and EDSA III". The Second EDSA Revolution (or EDSA II) in January 2001 saw the ouster of Joseph Estrada as Philippine president and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeding him. Despite
7875-636: The phase-out, and George San Mateo, leader of the "No to Jeepney Phaseout" Coalition, called the modernization program "corrupt". Leyte Representative Martin Romualdez urged the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to drop its jeepney modernization program. As part of the PUV modernization program all new and existing vehicles must be fitted with a tap card system which allows commuters to pay for their trip. After multiple failed attempts at implementation and crippling technical issues surrounding
7980-435: The police and military from arresting the former president, who lived inside the North Greenhills subdivision. The PNP had floated the possibility of having to forcibly airlift Estrada from his home with airborne troops if the police squad headed by Mendoza was unable to enter the subdivision, as loyalists blocked the combined police and military forces from accessing the subdivision's Buchanan gate along Club Filipino Avenue with
8085-418: The police and soldiers with rocks, sticks, and pipes. The government continued enforcing a "maximum tolerance" policy for the police and military in responding to the protesters, with them dispersing the marchers with warning shots and tear gases. The enforcement of the "maximum tolerance" policy was later credited with preventing an escalation of the violence. President Arroyo declared a state of rebellion in
8190-471: The political opposition of the time, most notably Senators Juan Ponce Enrile , Vicente Sotto III , Gringo Honasan , Panfilo Lacson and Miriam Defensor-Santiago . On the night of April 30, the scene turned violent as riot police fired warning shots and tear gas on crowds of supporters of Estrada. Some of the estimated 20,000 marchers picked up abandoned shields and raided a construction site for scrap wood to use as clubs. Volleys of shots later rang out from
8295-541: The power to issue warrantless (and until then unconstitutional) arrests and to take over private institutions that run public utilities. Arroyo, through the Department of Education , suspended classes in elementary and high school levels. In response, colleges and universities suspended classes. By virtue of PP 1017, she declared a State of Emergency for the whole country in an attempt to quell rebellion as her grip on power began to slip, to stop lawless violence and promote peace and stability. The government's first move after
8400-539: The presidency and relinquished his post. The court unanimously voted to dismiss Estrada's petition, reaffirming the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency. On May 1, 2001 , a week after Estrada was arrested on charges of plunder, an estimated 3,000,000 protesters sympathetic to Estrada degenerated into violence and attempted to storm the presidential palace to force Arroyo from office. Four people died, including two policemen, and more than 100 were wounded in clashes between security forces and rioters. After being dispersed
8505-518: The press against the Daily Tribune was criticized by Reporters Without Borders . The decree was lifted on March 3, 2006. However the opposition, lawyers, and concerned citizens filed a complaint in the Supreme Court contesting the constitutionality of PP 1017. The court, on May 4, declared the proclamation constitutional, but said it was illegal to issue warrantless arrests and seize private institutions. Legislative and local elections were held in
8610-410: The production of electric jeepneys. Electric jeepneys are now widely deployed in several parts of Metro Manila and in some provinces, either as a staple transportation that completely replaces conventional jeepneys or as a service vehicle. The deployments were in response to calls for reduced greenhouse gas emissions and the fluctuations in oil prices. E-jeepneys have come into the economic question as
8715-480: The proliferation of air-conditioned minibuses, often called "modern jeepneys", local companies such as Francisco Motor Corp. plan to modernize jeepneys while keeping the jeepney's traditional design intact. The jeepney is the cheapest way to commute in the Philippines. Because of its open rear door design, picking up and dropping off is easy for both passengers and drivers, they can stop anywhere unlike buses. But also because of this convenience, some jeepney drivers are
8820-407: The protest routes at Claro M. Recto Avenue , Legarda Street , Chino Roces (Mendiola) Street , Rizal Avenue , Nicanor Reyes (Morayta Street), and Quezon Boulevard as protesters approached Malacañang Palace and retreated after intervention of the police and military. Most of the protesters arrested who were unable to post bail were later pardoned and set free. Several public figures who supported
8925-479: The protesters approaching Malacañang were even met with little resistance, with the government blockade mistaking the crowd for a pro-government rally. Pro-Estrada protesters were "prepared" for the storming, as demonstrators were reported to breach blockade outposts with dump trucks and homemade firearms. Estimates of the number of protestors who stormed Malacañang varied. The Philippine Star reported at least 50,000 pro-Estrada demonstrators who marched to Malacanang on
9030-619: The rallies, including Enrile and Honasan, denied involvement in the protests. JV Ejercito remarked that the May 1 storming was a "spontaneous gathering". On the other hand, Miriam Defensor-Santiago openly defended the demonstrations. President Arroyo remarked in a statement that the alleged leaders of EDSA III only incited the demonstrators to storm Malacañang and were "hiding in fear" from the arrests. President Arroyo gave an award to Navy Lt. Cmdr. Edwin Mackay on May 23, 2001 for leading his Navy contingent in
9135-448: The record for hunger levels in March 2001, and beginning June 2004, broke the record again seven times. December 2008 figures saw the new record high of 23.7%, or approximately 4.3 million households, of Filipino families experiencing involuntary hunger . A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda,
9240-402: The remainder of her predecessor Joseph Estrada 's term after he was deposed , and she was elected to a full second term in 2004 which ended in 2010. Arroyo is the daughter of 9th president Diosdado Macapagal . Arroyo instituted policies and measures geared towards economic stability and building a strong republic. As an economist, she laid the groundwork for a robust economy that weathered
9345-663: The rest of the country. Despite this awkward size, "Karatig" jeeps' unique and even "cute" size has become an icon contributing to the culture and experience of Bulacan public transportation. Nelson-type jeepneys are manufactured in Davao City and are known there as "uso-uso". The designs of these jeepneys are very different from the traditional style. These jeepneys feature modern front grille and body designs, lowered ride height, and industrial-quality paint jobs. Newer models of Nelson-type jeepneys feature chrome wheels, equipped with radial tubeless tires. They are almost always equipped with
9450-477: The scheduled 2010 elections is unconstitutional; Estrada, however, disagrees, saying that he is eligible to run for president again, based on the legal advice he gets from former Supreme Court Chief Justice Andres Narvasa . In response to the massacre of 57 people in Ampatuan town, Arroyo placed Maguindanao under a state of martial law under Proclamation No. 1959. Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita announced on
9555-452: The sides and hood. The back part was reconfigured with two long parallel benches with passengers facing each other to accommodate more passengers. The size, length, and passenger capacity have increased as it evolved through the years. In assembly-built jeepneys (notably, those built by Sarao Motors and Francisco Motors), the passenger capacity reached a maximum of fourteen to eighteen (including two up front). These high-capacity jeepneys were
9660-453: The specified standards. Many modern jeepneys resemble truck vans in design and aesthetics, often featuring a hoodless front due to their industrial manufacturing process. This design choice makes them look more like buses than traditional jeepneys. There are at least 3 classifications categorized by manufacturers, Class 1 is based on vans or microvans chassis cabs. Like 3rd-generation jeepneys, they have rear bodies made by coachbuilders, but
9765-742: The success of the first two to remove the presidents targeted, versus this event's failure to do so. Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 14th President of the Philippines Policies First term Second term Senator of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines Post-Presidency The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , also known as the Arroyo administration , spanned nine years from January 20, 2001, to June 30, 2010. She served
9870-593: The surprise announcement that she would not seek a new term in the 2004 Philippine general election . Ten months later, however, she reversed her position and declared her intention to seek a direct mandate from the people, saying "there is a higher cause to change society... in a way that nourishes our future". Arroyo faced a tough election campaign in early 2004 against Estrada friend and popular actor Fernando Poe, Jr. , senator and former police general Panfilo Lacson , former senator Raul Roco , and Christian evangelist Eddie Villanueva . Her campaign platform centered on
9975-632: The urban poor and devotees of the Iglesia ni Cristo , which institutionally supported Estrada, gathered at the Roman Catholic EDSA Shrine , the site of the January EDSA II revolt that had toppled Estrada from the presidency. There was no uniform consensus on the number of protesters in EDSA III. Police estimated around 150,000 pro-Estrada protesters at EDSA Shrine on April 26, which decreased to around 65,000 on April 29 before morning. Meanwhile,
10080-559: The use of U.S. military jeeps left over from the war, which became the template for the modern jeepney. A jeepney modernization program launched by the Department of Transportation in 2017 seeks to use more environmentally-friendly vehicles, but has raised concerns regarding the preservation of the jeepney's iconic look as most modern jeepneys resemble regular minibuses. As of 2022, there were an estimated 600,000 drivers nationwide dependent on driving jeepneys for their livelihood. In Metro Manila , an estimated 9 million commuters take
10185-454: The van-based Hyundai H100 , Mitsubishi L300 , Kia K-2500 Karga , Isuzu Traviz and even truck-based Mitsubishi Fuso Canter , Hino Dutro and Isuzu N-Series to name a few. Although they are often seen as commercial van rather than actual jeepneys, they are popularly used as school buses, delivery vehicles, and other modes of public transportation , mainly UV Express , though used sparingly in comparison to actual commercial vans such as
10290-488: The warrant for Estrada's arrest. On April 25, the Sandiganbayan finally issued the arrest order at noon. At 3:00 pm, court-appointed sheriff Ed Urieta, two thousand police officers, and troopers of the Philippine Marine Corps accompanied by PNP Chief Mendoza arrived at Estrada's home and served the warrant. The arresting team escorted Estrada and his son Jinggoy into a PNP-owned Toyota Coaster to take them both to
10395-572: The year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy. Annual inflation reached the 17-year high of 12.5 percent in August 2008, up from a record low of 2.8 percent registered in 2007. It eased to 8.8 percent in December 2008 as fuel and energy prices went down. The managing director of the World Bank, Juan Jose Daboub, criticized
10500-605: Was covering the area where they were hiding. Days after the mutiny, the Makati Regional Trial Court dismissed the rebellion charges against all the 14 civilians involved in the siege, and ordered their release. After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, 2008 during
10605-406: Was first attested in 1910, and originally referred to relatively cheap imported cars that were used as share taxis by local drivers for ₱ 2 (equivalent to ₱1,099 in 2021) an hour. The first automobile to be modified for seating more passengers was introduced in 1932 by a Filipino entrepreneur, using cheap imported German DKW vehicles with side-entry carriages attached. These were operated by
10710-515: Was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit. The country aims to balance the national budget by 2010. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso , making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005–06. The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it by far Asia's best performing currency for
10815-527: Was issued by the Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 27 against Ronald Lumbao, spokesman of the People's Movement Against Poverty (PMAP), due to charges of rebellion for his alleged role as leader in the attempted storming of Malacañang by rallyists on May 1. On April 25, 2002, Lumbao was captured by police authorities in an apartment building in Quezon City . Critics of EDSA III, styled after
10920-488: Was one of those people called for the resignation of Estrada. Upon the news that Estrada had left Malacañang Palace and stepped down from office, Arroyo went to EDSA Shrine and took her oath of office as President. At noon, Arroyo was sworn in as President of the Philippines by Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. The Bible which she used was held by Cecilia Paz Abad, the youngest of daughter of then-Batanes Representative Florencio Abad . Coincidentally, Arroyo assumed office
11025-477: Was ready to give himself over to authorities upon arrest, stating that "I always submit myself to the rule of law." In addition, he discouraged his supporters from becoming violent: "I want to fight off these charges in a peaceful way." On April 24, 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada, his son San Juan mayor Jinggoy Estrada , gambling consultant Charlie "Atong" Ang, and lawyer Edward Serapio over charges of plunder and graft . As early as 6:00 am
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