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30-523: The town was founded as a fortress in the 10th to 11th centuries by the Polotsk Krivichs . Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Dzisna was part of Połock Voivodeship . The town received its coat of arms in 1567, and in 1569, the king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus , granted Dzisna Magdeburg city rights . It was a royal city of Lithuania. In 1793, Dzisna was acquired by

60-521: A hereditary title of Russian nobility patrilineally descended from Rurik (e.g., Belozersky , Belosselsky-Belozersky , Repnin , Gorchakov ) or Gediminas (e.g., Galitzine , Troubetzkoy ). Members of Rurikid or Gedyminid families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles. From

90-558: A tribal union of Early East Slavs between the 6th and the 12th centuries. It is suggested that originally the Krivichi were native to the area around Pskov . They migrated to the mostly Finnic areas in the upper reaches of the Volga , Dnieper , Dvina , areas south of the lower reaches of river Velikaya and parts of the Neman basin . In some variants of Belarusiphile anti-normanist history,

120-553: Is knyaginya ( княгиня ), kneginja in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian Cyrillic : кнегиња ), kniahinia (княгіня) in Belarusian and kniazioŭna (князёўна) is the daughter of the prince, kniahynia (княгиня) in Ukrainian and kniazivna (князівна) is the daughter of the prince. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is knyazhna ( княжна ). In Russian,

150-420: Is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times. It is usually translated into English as " prince ", " king ", or " duke " depending on specific historical context and the potentially known Latin equivalents at the time, but the word was originally derived from the common Germanic * kuningaz (king). The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian

180-581: Is generally considered to be an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic kuningaz , a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian ( kuningas ). The tradition of translating Knyaz and other Slavic and Russian titles of same origin not as “King” but as "Duke" or "Prince" can be traced back to Medieval Lithuania and Poland when after invasion of Tartar Empire on the lands of Eastern Europe most part of independent Slavic and Russian Kingdoms were destroyed and their lands divided between Fathers of Rome and Rulers of their side and new, Heathen, Tartar Emperors of

210-693: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Following the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , kniaź became a recognised title in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 1630s – apart from the title pan , which indicated membership of the large szlachta noble class – kniaź was the only hereditary title that was officially recognised and officially used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable holders of

240-582: The Russian Empire as a result of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1921 until 1939, Dzisna was part of the Second Polish Republic . In the 1921 census, 49.4% people declared Polish nationality, 37.3% declared Jewish nationality, and 11.7% declared Belarusian nationality. On the eve of World War II , the town likely had a Jewish population of more than 4,500. In September 1939, the town

270-408: The Russian Empire of 1809–1917, Finland was officially called Grand Principality of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta , Swedish : Storfurstendömet Finland , Russian : Великое Княжество Финляндское , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye ). As noted above, the title knyaz or kniaz became a hereditary noble title in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and

300-478: The Tsardom of Russia gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus' , velikii kniaz (великий князь) ( Great Kniaz ) Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar . From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See titles for Tsar's family for details. Kniaz ( Russian : князь , IPA: [ˈknʲæsʲ] ) continued as

330-659: The Varangians . Their chief tribal centres were Gnezdovo , Izborsk , and Polotsk . The Krivichs as a tribe took part in Oleg 's and Igor 's military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. They are also mentioned in De Administrando Imperio as Krivitzoí ( Κριβιτζοί ). Kniaz Knyaz , also knez , knjaz or kniaz ( Old Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , romanized:  kŭnędzĭ ),

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360-554: The 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by Peter the Great to his associate Alexander Menshikov , and then by Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Potemkin . After 1801, with the incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire , various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in Russian as "kniazes". Finally, within

390-421: The 19th century. Those are officially called gradonačelnik (градоначелник) (Serbia) and gradonachalnik (градоначалник) or kmet (кмет) (Bulgaria). In early medieval Bosnia knez ( knjaz, књаз ) was a title used, along župan and duke ( vojvoda ) titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was Stephen, Duke of Bosnia . Later it

420-608: The 6th to 9th centuries with cremated bodies; burial mounds of rich warriors with weapons; sets of distinctive jewelry (bracelet-like temporal rings and glass beads made out of stretched wire). By the end of the first millennium, the Krivichs had already acquired well-developed farming and cattle-breeding. Having settled around the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks , the Krivichs traded with

450-937: The Catholic title " monsignor " for a priest. Today the term knez is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in Slovenian , Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian literature . Knez is also found as a surname in former Yugoslavia . The word is ultimately a cognate of the English King , the German König , and the Swedish Konung . The proto-Slavic form was * kъnędzь , kŭnędzĭ ; Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , kŭnędzĭ ; Bulgarian : княз , knyaz ; Old East Slavic : князь , knyazĭ ; Polish : książę ; Serbo-Croatian Latin : knez / Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : кнез ; Czech : kníže ; Slovak : knieža ; etc. It

480-603: The East that’s why Slavic and Russian Rulers became subdued to Latin, European Kings and Emperors of Holy Roman Empire, their titles became equal to semidependent Dukes and Princes. The rulers of the Duchy of Poland bore the title of książę , which was rendered as dux or princeps in Latin, and later adopted krol (from Karl , the name of Charlemagne ) and its equivalent rex following Bolesław I 's coronation in 1025. Similarly,

510-667: The Jews resisted, with a few hundred able to flee to the forest, although many were later found by police or turned in. Others who were taken alive were shot in two mass graves near the ghetto. The ghetto was finally liquidated in the summer of 1943. After 1944, Dzisna remained part of the Soviet Union until 1991. Krivichs The Krivichs or Kryvichs ( Russian : кри́вичи , romanized : krivichi , IPA: [ˈkrʲivʲɪtɕɪ] ; Belarusian : крывічы́ , romanized :  kryvičý , IPA: [krɨvʲiˈt͡ʂɨ] ) were

540-472: The Slavic adjective krivoy ("crooked/twisted") due to some possible birth defect. Jan Stankievič believed it was derived from the adjective kroŭ / kryvi ("blood"), hence, kryvič would mean "blood relationship". The Krivichs left many archaeological monuments, such as the remnants of agricultural settlements with traces of ironworks, jeweler's art, blacksmith's work and other handicrafts; long burial mounds of

570-413: The city, and later principality of Polotsk is linked to Krivichians, much like Kyiv is linked to Polianians , however, based on most modern evidence, these were all likely linked to Rus' people . Many historians suggest that the name of the tribe probably stems from that of their legendary forefather Kriv, possibly a kniaz or a voivode . According to Max Vasmer , this sobriquet was derived from

600-449: The degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Knyaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke , see Russian Grand Dukes ). He ruled a Russian : Великое Княжеcтво , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo or Ukrainian : Велике Князiвcтво , romanized :  Velyke Knyazivstvo ( Grand Duchy ), while a ruler of its vassal constituent ( udel , udelnoe knyazivstvo or volost )

630-660: The nine raions in Gebiet Glebokie, which was headed by Gebietskommissar Paul Hachmann. The town was administered as part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . A squad of Feldgendarmerie arrived in Dzisna and took control of the local police, which then became known as the Schutzmannschaft . The head of the police in Dzisna was a Pole by the name of Swiniarski, and his deputy

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660-665: The pagan title 'khan' of his predecessors. The new titles were applied to his sons Vladimir Rasate (889-893) and Simeon I (893–927), however knyaz Simeon took the higher title of tsar soon in 913. According to Florin Curta , the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the Bulgars before christianisation - such as including ‘rex’, ‘basileus’ and ‘khagan’. Omurtag (814–831) and his son Malamir (831–836) are mentioned in inscriptions as ' kanasubigi '. However, secondary sources are almost always ' khan '. In Kievan Rus', as

690-450: The ruler of the Duchy of Lithuania , called kunigaikštis (also derived from kuningaz ) in Polish, was called magnus dux instead of the Polish word for "king", karalius (also derived from Karl ). Medieval German records, however, translated knyaz as koning (king) until at least the 15th century. The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term

720-588: The son of a knyaz is knyazhich ( княжич in its old form). The title is pronounced and written similarly in different European languages . In Serbo-Croatian and some West Slavic languages , the word has later come to denote "lord", and in Czech , Polish and Slovak also came to mean "priest" ( kněz , ksiądz , kňaz ) as well as "prince/duke" ( knez , kníže , książę , knieža ). In Sorbian it means simply "Mister" (from "Master". Compare French monsieur from mon sieur "my lord"), and

750-505: The title kniaź include Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . In the 19th century, the Serbian term knez (кнез) and the Bulgarian term knyaz (княз) were revived to denote semi-independent rulers of those countries, such as Alexander Karađorđević and Alexander of Battenberg . In parts of Serbia and western Bulgaria, knez was the informal title of the elder or mayor of a village or zadruga until around

780-670: Was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . In the days following the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, about half of the Jewish population fled to the east. From 3 July 1941, Dzisna was occupied by Nazi Germany . In the fall of 1941, the Germans established a civil administration and the town became the administrative center of one of

810-459: Was Alfons Bielski. The first Aktion took place on 28 March 1942, when 30 Jews were shot in what was reportedly a reprisal for the death of the son of the Gebietskommissar . On the night of 14–15 June, a small Sicherheitspolizei squad, with the help of reinforcements, surrounded the ghetto in Dzisna, which had 2,181 inhabitants according to German records. As they entered the ghetto, some of

840-466: Was called udelny knyaz or simply knyaz . When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Knyaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev's Principality , Chernigov's Principality , Novgorod Republic and its princes , Pereiaslavl Principality , Vladimir-Suzdal , Muscovy , Tver's Principality , Kingdom of Ruthenia , and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As

870-523: Was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia vlastelin ) of the era, sometime along with an office title given to a person through service to the monarch, such as Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Veliki vojvoda bosanski ), which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the knez , the duke ( vojvoda ) and the župan . The title knez is equivalent to that of prince . Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with

900-508: Was used to denote the chieftain of a Slavic tribe . Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ( Russian : княжество ( knyazhestvo ), Ukrainian : князівство , romanized :  kniazivstvo ) traditionally translated as duchy or principality , for example, of Kievan Rus' . In First Bulgarian Empire , Boris I of Bulgaria (852–889) changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity in 864, abandoning

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