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70-403: Dwinsk may refer to: Daugavpils , a city in southeastern Latvia SS Dwinsk , a British-flagged ocean liner sunk by in 1918 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dwinsk . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

140-539: A princely or ducal ruler. Bathory also pledged several bribes, including 200,000 florins and ransoms for Polish captives taken by the Tatars . After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellon , sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus , should be elected 'king' and marry Stephen Báthory. In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland. On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and

210-512: A ceremony was held in the Vilnius Cathedral during which bishop Merkelis Giedraitis presented Báthory a decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearls (both were sanctified by Pope Gregory XIII himself), while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania , this way ignoring the stipulations of

280-439: A civilian or military/civilian airport, although no plans have come to fruition as of 2023. Griva Airfield is located 4 km NW of Daugavpils, next to the river. It's movements mainly involve parachute jumping and paragliding. The head of the city government is the mayor of Daugavpils or, literally, 'Council Chairman' ( domes priekšsēdētājs ). The incumbent since January 2021 is Andrejs Elksniņš , an independent formerly of

350-630: A new castle and a town were built 20 km (12 mi) downriver, by the Polish King and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory . In 1582 Daugavpils was granted Magdeburg town rights . In 1654, Russia invaded Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , seizing much of the eastern lands. Russian troops besieged Daugavpils in April and May 1655, but did not capture the city; it was only taken by Swedish troops on July 11, 1655, who invaded Poland at that time. When

420-580: A strong and independent Hungarian-Polish union under his rule. However, the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area. In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin , and spoke Italian and German; he never learned the Polish language. In his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes. Before Báthory's election to

490-655: Is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians". During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef Piłsudski . After the Second World War , in the communist People's Republic of Poland , he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary. Nonetheless, his good image remained intact, reinforced by

560-753: Is currently held at the Latvijas Spīdveja Centrs with America's triple World Champion Greg Hancock being the most successful rider in Latvia winning the GP in 2009, 2009 and 2013. Lokomotiv Daugavpils is a Motorcycle speedway team which successfully competes in the Polish league system . The football club BFC Daugavpils play at Celtnieks Stadium in Daugavpils. They play in the Latvian Higher League . In

630-753: Is now situated. In 1281–1313 the castle was ruled by Lithuania . In 1561 it again became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, subsequently, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 (see Duchy of Livonia ). In 1621 Daugavpils became the capital of the newly formed Inflanty Voivodeship , which existed until the First Partition of Poland (1772). In 1577 the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible captured and destroyed Dünaburg castle. That same year,

700-635: The Academy of Vilnius , the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university. He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism , while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance , issuing a number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews , and denouncing any religious violence . In external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of

770-582: The Battle of Daugavpils in the area from 1919 to 1920. Daugavpils and the whole of Latvia was under Soviet rule between 1940–41 and 1944–1991. Nazi Brandenburgers led the German attack against the town in 1941, speaking Russian and wearing Soviet uniforms, and Germany occupied it between 1941 and 1944. The Nazis established the Daugavpils Ghetto where the town's Jews were forced to live. Most were murdered. During

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840-460: The Battle of Kerelőszentpál . On 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub Uchański , representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Archduke Maximilian III as the new monarch. However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski , Piotr Zborowski and other opponents of Habsburgs argued against a Habsburg king, fearing the political power of a native Polish king. Zborowski in particular supported electing

910-559: The Cold War the Lociki air-base operated 12 km (7 mi) northeast of Daugavpils itself. In the late Soviet era, there was a proposal to build a hydroelectric power station on the Daugava river that was successfully opposed by the nascent environmental movement in Latvia. On 16 April 2010 an assassin shot vice-mayor Grigorijs Ņemcovs in the center of the city. He died almost immediately and

980-726: The Daugavpils fortress began in 1810 and was completed in 1878. The new centre of the city was built southeast of the fortress in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St. Petersburg in 1826. The city was located on the Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railway line, to which it was connected in 1860. As part of the Russian Empire , the city was called Dvinsk from 1893 to 1920. The newly independent Latvian state renamed it Daugavpils in 1920. Latvians, Poles and Soviet troops fought

1050-569: The Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel . In 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski , whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade. This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family , framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years. In external politics, Báthory

1120-647: The Harmony party . It is his third term in office, his initial term was ended after the coalition broke apart in September 2017 less than a month following the 2017 municipal elections and he was succeeded by Rihards Eigims  [ lv ] of the Latvian Green Party (elected on the "Our Party" electoral list). "Our Party" governed in coalition with the Latgale Party of the previous mayor Jānis Lāčplēsis . Eigims

1190-633: The Russo-Swedish war started, the Russians captured Daugavpils on 10 August 1656, renamed the town Borisoglebov and controlled the region for 11 years, between 1656 and 1667. Russia returned the area of Latgale to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667). Called Dyneburg, the city became the capital of the Inflanty Voivodeship , also known as the Duchy of Livonia , and

1260-664: The Turks . Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . As Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat. During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years. During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position

1330-625: The Union of Lublin . The Báthory's ceremony of 29 May 1580 coincided with the nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g. Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł , Eustachy Wołłowicz , Jan Karol Chodkiewicz , Konstanty Ostrogski ) initial demands before the Union of Lubin to have a separate declaration act of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius. With Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election

1400-809: The Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939. His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy , the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory . In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill , a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation , the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade , and numerous Polish streets and schools. One of

1470-537: The 1990s. The Dauteks synthetic fibre plant was one of the largest in the USSR and was the second largest industrial employer in Latvia. The Ķīmija suburb built to house it's workers in the 1960s was named after the plant. It was owned by the French company Rhodia in the early 2000s before closing entirely. A number of tax incentives exist to attract new industrial investment to eastern Latvia. The Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia

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1540-499: The Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580. In 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov . While the city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582. The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk , Veliz and most of

1610-654: The Commonwealth. He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber ( szabla batorówka ). His later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland when the Polish state lost its independence. He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi , Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie , Michał Bobrzyński , Józef Szujski and others. Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon , Joachim Lelewel and Jędrzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory

1680-592: The Ditton Driving Chain Factory ( Ditton pievadķēžu rūpnīca ), Latvijas Maiznieks commercial bakery, the Ziegler GmbH machine works, Axon cable assembly plant, Nexis Fibers industrial yarn, Latgales alus SIA brewery and Fores , a manufacturer of windows and interior wood fittings. The chemical industry was well developed during the Soviet era and largely disappeared after the return to capitalism in

1750-650: The Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II . The troublesome south-eastern border with the Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579. The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw

1820-506: The Holocaust in Daugavpils see Daugavpils Ghetto . Under the Köppen climate classification , Daugavpils features a humid continental climate (Dfb), with warm summers and cold winters. As of 1 January 2023, the city had a population of 78,850. Historically, Daugavpils has been known to be a multicultural city and according to the census carried out in 1935, the demographic image of

1890-541: The Jews had conspired to set fire to the town and that they were assisting the Soviet army, the Germans and their Latvian collaborators carried out large executions on 28–29 June. During July the Jews were enslaved and forced to cut down timber. On 7–11 July Einsatzkommando 1b under Erich Ehrlinger executed many of the remaining Jews. Later in July the 14,000 remaining Jews were forced into a Ghetto along with those from nearby towns. By

1960-461: The Latvian border with Russia . Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre, and was an historically important garrison city lying approximately midway between Riga and Minsk , and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg . Daugavpils, then called Dyneburg, was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Following the first partition of Poland in 1772,

2030-477: The Latvian word pils (meaning "castle" - cognate with Lithuanian pilis , with Greek polis and with Old Prussian pils ). Historically, several names in various languages have identified Daugavpils. Some are still in use today. The town's history began in 1275 when the Livonian Order , led by Ernst von Ratzeburg , built Dünaburg Castle 20 km (12 mi) up the Daugava river from where Daugavpils

2100-543: The Saules College of Art . More than 1,000 teachers and engineers graduate from the University of Daugavpils (formerly Daugavpils Pedagogical University) and the local branch of Riga Technical University annually. There is also a Polish gymnasium (academic secondary school) on Varšavas iela (Warsaw Street). The historical centre of Daugavpils city is an architectural heritage of national importance (the construction work

2170-533: The city became part of the Russian Empire . Since the Second World War, it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian -speaking population, with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities. Historically, German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages. In the Latvian language , the current name Daugavpils ( Latvian pronunciation: [ˈdauɡaupils] ) references Daugava and

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2240-481: The city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation. Tying up the administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia , receiving his feudal tribute. After securing control over the Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he

2310-518: The city was completely different: totaling 45 160 inhabitants, Latvians made 33.57%, followed by Jewish people making 24.59%, then Polish people equaling 18.15%, Russians 17.84%, and Belarussians 2.56%. In Daugavpils 85% of the voters supported the proposal to make Russian the second state language in the 2012 referendum . Back in 1930 Daugavpils was one of the most ethnically diverse cities in Europe, with no ethnic group making up more than 30% of

2380-539: The crime remains unsolved. Prior to 1941, Daugavpils, called Dvinsk by its Jewish inhabitants, was home to the most prominent Jewish community in eastern Latvia. The city was already a Jewish center as early as the 1780s and by the time of the 1897 census, they numbered 32,400 (44% of the overall population of the city). The Jews of the town were very prosperous and ran 32 factories and there were 4000 artisans among them. By 1911 they had increased to 50,000. However, tens of thousands of Jews migrated away from Daugavpils; in

2450-479: The districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him. Immediately after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy . His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of

2520-504: The end of August an additional 7000 Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis and the local Latvian collaborators. The largest execution took place in November 1941 and was followed by plagues that decimated the few survivors. Only about 1500 Jews remained in the city. These were murdered on 1 May 1942. When the town was liberated in 1944 only 100 survivors remained of a community of 16,000. For more on

2590-488: The façades of these buildings even many decades later make one appreciate and admire the striking accuracy of detail. Daugavpils satiksme AS oversees the city's bus and tram networks. The city's railway station is the terminus of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway . A former Soviet Air Force base is located at Lociki 12 km (7 mi) northeast of downtown Daugavpils with the potential to be redeveloped as

2660-516: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwinsk&oldid=932804089 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Daugavpils Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania (distances of 33 km (21 mi) and 25 km (16 mi), respectively), and some 120 km (75 mi) from

2730-535: The last census taken prior to the Second World War, in 1935, the Jewish population of Daugavpils numbered only 11,106 (24.6% of the overall population of the city). The city not only boasted a large Jewish population but a rich religious culture including 40 synagogues. The city was home to two of the most prominent rabbis of their time: Joseph Rosen (1858–1936), known as the Rogatchover Gaon (genius from Rahachow ),

2800-513: The military realm. His signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski ). Stephen Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's Șimleu Silvaniei ). He

2870-499: The painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and Stanisław Wyspiański . A statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua , Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski . Other monuments to him include one in the Łazienki Palace (1795 by André Lebrun ) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939). He was a patron of

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2940-802: The past there was Dinaburg FC which played at the former Daugava Stadium . FBC Latgale represent the city in floorball . There is also a hockey team called HK Dinaburga , which currently plays in the Latvian Hockey Higher League . In 2008 the construction of the Daugavpils Multifunctional Sports Complex was started and was completed in October 2009. Daugavpils is twinned with: Stephen B%C3%A1thory Stephen Báthory ( Hungarian : Báthory István ; Polish : Stefan Batory ; Lithuanian : Steponas Batoras ; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586)

3010-439: The picturesque surroundings create the essence of Daugavpils’ image and endow it with a special charm. In 2020, the municipality allocated 70,000 euros for the restoration of eight historical buildings, including Art Nouveau and red brick buildings. There are also several architectural, historical, and cultural monuments in Daugavpils. The most prominent are: Daugavpils is exceptionally rich in red brick buildings. This style

3080-545: The representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as a grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions. In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania . On 29 May 1580

3150-587: The resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania. He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position. In 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs. The Sejm

3220-506: The resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War . By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived. In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored a number of victories in Liviona and began pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war . Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of

3290-493: The starostwo of Dyneburg. It was a place of local sejmik 's gatherings. Roman Catholic Bishop of Inflanty , who was always residing outside of diocese, moved his seat to Dyneburg at the end of 17th century. At the end of the 18th century, 540 people lived in the city itself, but counting the population of the suburbs the number was 1,373. It became part of the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It

3360-477: The third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski . The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion . He reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish and Lithuanian history , particularly in

3430-403: The throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia ; the conflict would grow to involve a number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden , the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway ). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and

3500-446: The total: Church Hill ( Baznīcu kalns ) is a city landmark. Very prominently, all of the main denominations practiced in Latvia: Lutheran, Catholic, Orthodox and Old Believer are represented. Places of worship in the city: Before the Second World War, there were more than 40 synagogues in the city. Daugavpils is an important cultural centre in eastern Latvia. There are 22 primary and secondary schools, four vocational schools, and

3570-440: The train from Daugavpils to Libau , travelling westwards from Radviliškis on the Libau-Romny Railway , and would have crossed the seas by one of the steamships departing for New York via a regular service established in 1906 by the Russian American Line . Jewish Daugavpils, a 16,000 strong community, already greatly diminished by emigration, came to an end following the Nazi German invasion on 26 June 1941. Falsely claiming that

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3640-417: Was Prussia . Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions. The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as the legitimate ruler. The resulting conflict

3710-412: Was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). The son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes . In 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and

3780-428: Was born here in 1873. She was a leading figure in establishing equal rights for women in pre-state Israel . Another famous Jewish resident, moving in a very different direction, was the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko . Born in Daugavpils in 1903 he immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States where he painted over 800 paintings in his unique style. Rothko and many of his fellow Jews would have taken

3850-480: Was carried out in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St Petersburg in 1826). The historical centre is the greatest attraction of the city and one of the most successful examples of balancing the aspects of ancient and modern times. Daugavpils is one of the few cities in Latvia which can pride itself on a unified ensemble of both classic and eclectic styles. The cultural heritage of architectural, artistic, industrial, and historical monuments combined with

3920-439: Was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed due to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass the requested tax raises. Báthory's health had been declining for several years. He died on 12 December 1586. He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians. His death

3990-460: Was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania . After being chosen as king in the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election , Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania . Báthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action. At first

4060-426: Was developed by many outstanding architects. In Daugavpils, this variety of eclecticism is most widely represented in the buildings designed by Wilhelm Neumann , an architect of German origin who was the chief architect of the city from 1878 to 1895. Bright examples of brick architecture are the buildings at 1/3 Saules Street and at 8 Muzeja Street. The shape-forming techniques typical of eclecticism that were applied in

4130-594: Was famed for his commentaries on the works of Maimonides and on the Talmud. Famed for his acidic wit and penetrating genius, he led the towns Hasidic Jews . His 'competitor', the leader of the local Misnagdim (non-Hasidic Jews) was the Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843–1926). Rabbi Meir Simcha was also renowned for his work on Maimonides ( Or Somayach ) as well as Bible commentary Meshech Chochma. In one famous comment he predicted that since some Jews had assimilated and viewed Berlin as their ' Jerusalem ' they would suffer persecution originating in Berlin. Sarah Azariahu

4200-410: Was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski , Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and many others. He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub Jasiński , Józef Ignacy Kraszewski , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Henryk Rzewuski and others. He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among

4270-406: Was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III , was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa , who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth. Báthory actively promoted his legend, sponsoring many works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry. In his lifetime, he

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4340-402: Was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France ; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited the Polish-Lithuanian one by returning to France. Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at

4410-407: Was known as the Danzig rebellion . Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached. The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577. However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached. In exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed,

4480-401: Was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes . Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya. After Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania . Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in

4550-411: Was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne. In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the piechota wybraniecka , an infantry formation composed of peasants. Many of his projects aimed to modernize the Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania. He also founded

4620-400: Was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy . A number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics. In his last years, Báthory, with Pope Gregory XVIII 's approval, made a plan with Antonio Possevino for the liberation of Ottoman Hungary by a well organized (mostly Polish) Christian army, and the creation of

4690-414: Was previously mayor from 2001–2003 as leader of the Light of Latgale party and briefly in 2009 as a member of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party . The Council consists of 15 members who are elected every four years. The most recent election was in 2021. Light industry is important and local employers include the Daugavpils Locomotive Repair Plant ( Daugavpils Lokomotīvju Remonta Rūpnīca ),

4760-408: Was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski , who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers. Báthory reorganised the judiciary by the formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581). While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he

4830-489: Was the uyezd administrative center as part of the Pskov Governorate (1772-1776), Polotsk (1776-1796), Belarusian (1796-1802), and finally Vitebsk (1802-1917), first as Dinaburg , then Dvinsk later during Russian rule. From 1784 onwards, the city had a large and active Jewish population, among them a number of prominent figures. According to the Russian census of 1897 , out of a total population of 69,700, Jews numbered 32,400 (ca. 44% percent). The construction of

4900-470: Was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi . He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters. Little is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University . Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , and took part in his military struggle against

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