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71-485: The KB collects everything that is published in and concerning the Netherlands, from medieval literature to today's publications. About 7 million publications are stored in the stockrooms, including books, newspapers, magazines and maps. The KB offers digital services, such as the national online Library (with e-books and audiobooks), Delpher (millions of digitized pages) and The Memory (about 800,000 images). Since 2015,

142-500: A famous 'afzetter' (somebody who embellished prints, maps and book illustrations at a time when it was not yet possible to print in colour). In 1871, the library bought the library of A. van der Linde, among others devoted to chess . Mixed with that of M. Niemeijer, acquired in 1948, the Biblioteca van der Linde-Niemeijeriana (approximately 40,000 items) forms one of the most important collections worldwide on this topic. The collection

213-489: A great success. When a new storeroom extension of the KB complex was taken into use in 2006, the exhibition Magazine! was organized. This was set up as a three-dimensional magazine in which the visitor literally walks around. The KB's Research Department is engaged in internationally renowned research in the field of digital technology, sustainable preservation and accessibility of both paper and digital heritage. Important topics are

284-514: A member of the Guild of St Luke , the guild responsible for painters, sculptors, engravers and printers. The quality of his work as a bookbinder brought him into contact with nobility and wealth. By 1549, he headed one of the most well-respected publishing houses in Europe. He was responsible for printing a wide range of titles, from Cicero to religious hymnals . While delivering a prestigious commission, he

355-451: A printer's mark which would appear in various forms on the title pages of all Plantin Press books. The motto Labore et Constantia ("By Labor and Constancy") surrounds the symbol of a pair of compasses held by a hand extending from a bank of clouds and inscribing a circle. The center point of the compasses indicates constancy, the moving point which renders the circle is the labor. Plantin holds

426-507: A registered Dutch publisher. The Royal Library of the Netherlands also has works of art and antiquities. One such piece of art is The Madonna with the Christ Child by the fifteenth-century French painter Jean Fouquet , who is regarded as one of the best painters from that era. A valuable antiquity that is housed within the library is a bound book by Christopher Plantin (1520–89), a sixteenth-century French printer and publisher. The binding

497-713: A society that supported sea voyages and trading along coasts and rivers, as well as pilgrimages to such destinations as Jerusalem ; Canterbury and Glastonbury in England; St. David's in Wales; and Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales became popular at the end of the 14th century. The most prominent authors of Jewish secular poetry in the Middle Ages were Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi , both of whom were also renowned religious poets. While it

568-507: A warning to others. The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine reached such popularity that, in its time, it was reportedly read more often than the Bible . Francis of Assisi was a prolific poet, and his Franciscan followers frequently wrote poetry themselves as an expression of their piety. Dies Irae and Stabat Mater are two of the most powerful Latin poems on religious subjects. Goliardic poetry (four-line stanzas of satiric verse)

639-430: Is accessible for members. Any person aged 16 years or older can become a member. One-day passes are also available. Requests for material take approximately 30 minutes . The KB hosts several open access websites, including the "Memory of the Netherlands" ( Geheugen van Nederland ), Digital Library for Dutch Literature and Delpher , an archive of more than 100 million pages as of 2020. The KB also holds material related to

710-594: Is also responsible for directing and coordinating the Public Library world according to the Public Library Facilities Act (WSOB). Together with the network of (public) libraries, the KB is building the national digital library. In the KB's older collections, the humanities were central, with an emphasis on Dutch history, language and culture. Since 1974, however, all publications in the field of exact and social sciences have also been collected within

781-518: Is made of brown calfskin with gold tooling. The book was made at Plantin's workshop in Antwerp and was dedicated to Emperor Charles V (1500–58). The library also has remarkable eighteenth-century brocade paper from Augsburg, Germany. In addition, the library holds a rare elaborately illustrated book from 1596. The book is of the travels of Jan Huygen van Linschoten (1563-1611). He travelled to Spain, India, Indonesia, and East Asia. Another valuable antiquity

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852-476: Is the oldest depiction of 'Dutchmen'. In 975, Count Dirk and Countess Hildegard donated the medieval manuscript, known as the Egmond Gospels , to Egmond Abbey . It is one of the oldest surviving church treasures and includes depictions of 'Dutch' people and buildings. The Egmond Gospels were lost around the sixteenth century, but were found in the early nineteenth century. Knowing its historical significance,

923-511: Is true that women in the medieval period were never accorded full equality with men, some women were able to use their skill with the written word to gain renown. Religious writing was the easiest avenue—women who would later be canonized as saints frequently published their reflections, revelations, and prayers. Much of what is known about women in the Middle Ages is known from the works of nuns such as Clare of Assisi , Bridget of Sweden , and Catherine of Siena . Frequently, however,

994-547: The Divine Comedy . A recent study has concluded that only about 68 percent of all medieval works have survived to the present day, including fewer than 40 percent of English works, around 50 percent of Dutch and French works, and more than three quarters of German , Icelandic , and Irish works. Christopher Plantin Christophe Plantin ( Dutch : Christoffel Plantijn ; c.  1520 – 1 July 1589)

1065-470: The Church Fathers and tended to re-tell and embellish stories they had heard or read rather than invent new stories. And even when they did, they often claimed to be handing down something from an auctor instead. From this point of view, the names of the individual authors seemed much less important, and therefore many important works were never attributed to any specific person. Theological works were

1136-496: The Matter of Britain and the Matter of Rome . Political poetry threads throughout the period from the very early Armes Prydein (10th-century Britain) to the goliard rebels of 12th and 13th centuries, who were church trained clerics unable or unwilling to be employed in the church. Travel literature was highly popular in the Middle Ages, as fantastic accounts of far-off lands (frequently embellished or entirely false) entertained

1207-732: The Mauritshuis (period 1807 to 1821) and a site at the Binnenhof (period 1798 to 1807). Medieval literature By century Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (that is, the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca. AD 500 to the beginning of the Renaissance in

1278-603: The Nationaal Archief . The building also houses the 'Literatuurmuseum' (Literary Museum), the Kinderboekenmuseum (Children's Book Museum), RKD and the offices of Europeana , DEN (Digital Heritage Netherlands) LIBER and IFLA . The CDNL secretariat is also housed in the KB building. The library was previously located in the former city palace Huis Huguetan on the Lange Voorhout (period 1821 to 1982), before that in

1349-599: The Old French Chanson de Roland , are well known to this day. Although the extant versions of these epics are generally considered the works of individual (but anonymous ) poets, there is no doubt that they are based on their peoples' older oral traditions. Celtic traditions have survived in the lais of Marie de France , the Mabinogion and the Arthurian cycles . Another host of vernacular literature has survived in

1420-469: The Old Norse literature and more specifically in the saga literature of Iceland . A notable amount of medieval literature is anonymous . This is not only due to the lack of documents from a period, but also due to an interpretation of the author 's role that differs considerably from the romantic interpretation of the term in use today. Medieval authors often deeply respected the classical writers and

1491-418: The 14th, 15th or 16th century, depending on country). The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works. Just as in modern literature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane, touching all points in between. Works of literature are often grouped by place of origin, language, and genre. Outside of Europe, medieval literature

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1562-706: The British Y Gododdin and Preiddeu Annwfn , along with the Germanic Beowulf and Nibelungenlied . They relate to myths or certain 6th-century events, but the surviving manuscripts date from centuries later— Y Gododdin from the late 13th century, Preiddu Annwfn from the early 14th century, Beowulf from c.  1000 , and the Nibelungenlied from the 13th century. The makers and performers were bards (British/Welsh) and scops (Germanic), elite professionals attached to royal or noble courts to praise

1633-754: The Dutch government purchased the manuscript and brought it to the Royal Library of the Netherlands. The Royal Library of the Netherlands also has the Trivulzio Book of Hours (ca. 1465), a medieval manuscript that measures 9 cm x 13 cm, and contains wonderfully detailed Flemish miniature art. One of the most precious atlases is the Atlas van der Hagen of 4 volumes, each containing something more than 100 maps and prints, created around 1690. All plates were coloured by hand and highlighted with gold by Dirk Jansz van Santen ,

1704-536: The Fagel Collection . The KB started a voluntary Deposit of Dutch Publications on 1 January 1974. In 1985, by decree of the Council of Ministers, government departments and institutions and institutions subsidized by the government were obliged to submit a free copy of their publications to the KB. The KB strives for a Dutch collection that is as complete as possible of books, magazines and geographical maps published in

1775-611: The Foundation Bibliotheek.nl (BNL), the Digital Library for Dutch Literature (DBNL) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB). In 2020 the name was changed to 'KB, national library'. The KB's main task is to acquire, catalogue, store and make available the printed (including the modern digital variants) heritage of the Netherlands and thus offer everyone in the Netherlands the opportunity to read, learn and research. It

1846-399: The KB and the database is expanded daily. The Literature museum was founded in 1750 as Nederlands Letterkundig Museum, The museum contains a large collection of letters, manuscripts and memorabilia. The museum has three permanent and several temporary exhibitions. It also contains a special children's book museum. On 4 February 2016, an online museum was opened. On 1 November 2016, the museum

1917-504: The KB has played a coordinating role for the network of the public library. The KB's collection of websites as hosted by the former Dutch internet provider XS4ALL is on the Unesco documentary world heritage memory of the world. It is the first web collection in the world that has been granted this status. The initiative to found a national library was proposed by representative Albert Jan Verbeek on August 17, 1798. The collection would be based on

1988-407: The Middle Ages explores literacy and literature in terms of women in medieval society. The book has been reviewed as "a radical reassessment of women's contribution to medieval literary culture." While medieval literature makes use of many literary devices , allegory is so prominent in this period as to deserve special mention. Much of medieval literature relied on allegory to convey the morals

2059-483: The Netherlands, written abroad by Dutch people or about the Netherlands. Sheet music (because the volume of publications per year was too large for processing within the Depository) and Braille books (so as not to unnecessarily withdraw copies from libraries for the blind) were excluded from the start. At first, local door-to-door newspapers were also included, but the acquisition was stopped in 1992. Title information of

2130-652: The Officina Plantiniana, as it was known, can be examined online following digitization by the Museum Plantin-Moretus and hosting by World Digital Library. Though outwardly a faithful member of the Catholic Church, he appears to have used his resources to support several sects of heretics , sometimes known as the Family of Love or Familists. It is now proven that many of their books, published without naming

2201-510: The applicability of artificial intelligence , the use of big data , the increasing importance of privacy & security, the changes in the publishing and publishing world and the role of public libraries in today's society. In 2015, it was discovered that “View of the Kattenberghof in Antwerp with horsemen in the foreground” by Gillis Neyts (1618-1687) had belonged Dr. Arthur Feldmann , a Jewish art collector from Brno (Czech Republic) who

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2272-598: The author had in mind while writing—representations of abstract qualities, events, and institutions are thick in much of the literature of this time. Probably the earliest and most influential allegory is the Psychomachia ( Battle of Souls ) by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius . Other important examples include the Romance of the Rose , Everyman , Piers Plowman , the Roman de Fauvel , and

2343-674: The best printing of his time. The art of engraving then flourished in the Habsburg Netherlands , and Dutch engravers illustrated many of his editions. Antwerp was a dangerous place for publishers around the time. In 1561, the Spanish governor ordered a raid on Plantin's workshop for possibly housing heretical works and being a Protestant sympathizer. To avoid being jailed, Plantin quickly sold all of his works so that nothing would be found in his possession. As soon as things calmed down around him, he bought them all back. In 1562, while Plantin

2414-402: The borders of the present-day Netherlands and of all books published in the Dutch language outside the Netherlands. The STCN is made on the basis of the collections of libraries in and outside the Netherlands. The size of the file is more than 200,000 titles in more than 500,000 copies (November 2013). The STCN was created in a project. The project was completed in 2009. The service is continued by

2485-507: The city of Tours , Touraine . He was not born to a wealthy family, and his mother died when Plantin was still quite young. As a youth he apprenticed as a bookbinder in Caen , Normandy , and also married there. In 1545, he and his wife, Joanna Rivière, set up shop in Paris , but after three years, they chose to relocate to the booming commercial centre of Antwerp , where Plantin became a free citizen and

2556-535: The confiscated book collection of William V . The library was officially founded as the Nationale Bibliotheek (National Library) on November 8 of the same year, after a committee of representatives had advised the creation of a national library on the same day. The National Library was initially only open to members of the Representative Body. King Louis Bonaparte gave the national library in 1806

2627-432: The dominant form of literature typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages. Catholic clerics were the intellectual center of society in the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was produced in the greatest quantity. Countless hymns survive from this time period (both liturgical and paraliturgical). The liturgy itself was not in fixed form, and numerous competing missals set out individual conceptions of

2698-508: The earliest epic poems, prose tales, and romances, more long poems were crafted—the chansons de geste of the late 11th and early 12th centuries. These extolled conquests, as in The Song of Roland (part of the Matter of France ) and Digenis Acritas (one of the Acritic songs ). The rather different chivalric romance tradition concerns adventures about marvels, love, and chivalry. They tell of

2769-478: The entire literature of the Netherlands , from medieval manuscripts to modern scientific publications. As there was no mandatory law for depositing Dutch publications, the library started on January 1, 1974, the voluntary 'Depot van Nederlandse Publicaties' (Dutch Repository Library). This in contrast with most other countries that have a legal deposit of publications. For a publication to be accepted, it must be from

2840-435: The fifteenth century included Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk ; Cecily Neville, Duchess of York ; and Lady Margaret Beaufort , Countess of Richmond and Derby. Lady Margaret Beaufort may also have completed translations as a testament to her piety, as Bishop Father John Fisher noted in a sermon dedicated to her after her death. For modern historical reflection, D.H. Green's (2007) historical work entitled, Women Readers of

2911-480: The fine Hebrew typefaces of that renowned Venetian printer. The co-venture lasted only until 1567 but enabled Plantin to acquire a house in the Hoogstraat which he named "De Gulden Passer" (The Golden Compasses). This gesture mirrors the commercial success of publishing emblem books , which present collections of images paired with short, often cryptic, text explanations. It is also at this time that Plantin adopted

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2982-591: The firm began to decline in the second half of the 17th century. It remained, however, in the possession of the Moretus family, which left everything in the office untouched, and when the city of Antwerp acquired (for 1.2 million francs) the old buildings with all their contents, the authorities created, with little trouble, the Musee Plantin, which opened on 19 August 1877. In 1968, the Christophe Plantin Prize

3053-416: The framework of the 'Depot van Nederlandse Publicaties' (Depository of Dutch Publications). In 2016, the KB contained 7,000,000 items, equivalent to 115 kilometres of bookshelves. Most items in the collection are books. There are also pieces of " grey literature ", where the author, publisher, or date may not be apparent but the document has cultural or intellectual significance. The collection contains almost

3124-580: The heroes of legendary history. Prose tales first emerged in Britain: the intricate Four Branches of the Mabinogi about princely families, notably anti-war in theme, and the romantic adventure Culhwch and Olwen . (The Mabinogi is not the same as the Mabinogion , a collection of disconnected prose tales, which does, however, include both the Mabinogi and Culhwch and Olwen .) These works were compiled from earlier oral tradition c.  1100 . At about

3195-812: The influence of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox Church made Greek and Old Church Slavonic the dominant written languages. In Europe the common people used their respective vernaculars . A few examples, such as the Old English Beowulf , the Middle High German Nibelungenlied , the Medieval Greek Digenis Acritas , the Old East Slavic Tale of Igor's Campaign , and

3266-501: The instrument in portraits of him, such as the one commissioned from the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens . In November 1576, the Spaniards plundered and burned Antwerp, which essentially ended its supremacy as the commercial centre and richest city of Europe, and Plantin had to pay an exorbitant ransom to protect his printing works. He established a branch of his firm in Paris . In 1583,

3337-415: The interests of the copyright holders, the publications can only be consulted locally, unless the copyright holder consents to such online consultation. The Short-title catalogue , Netherlands is a service of the KB. It concerns a database of the Dutch retrospective bibliography up to 1800. The database contains (abridged) descriptions of all books that were published up to and including the year 1800 within

3408-522: The library has been housed in a modern building at the Prins Willem Alexanderhof in The Hague, next to The Hague Central Station . The entire complex comprises approx. 55,000 m net and approx. 78,000 m gross surface (gross content 305,000 m³). The building, which is characterized by 5,200 white aluminum plates that clad the facades, with rounded corners and recessed facade surfaces, stands next to

3479-562: The next major exhibition Wonderland, from Pietje Bell to Harry Potter , especially for children, was held in the Kunsthal in Rotterdam, in which a selection was made from its collection of 125,000 children's books. Thanks to support from the VSB Cultural Fund, which took care of the transport of more than 40,000 school children between 8 and 12 years old from all over the Netherlands, this was

3550-564: The night. During the Middle Ages, the Jewish population of Europe also produced a number of outstanding writers. Maimonides , born in Cordoba, Spain , and Rashi , born in Troyes , France , are two of the best-known and most influential of these Jewish authors . Secular literature in this period was not produced in equal quantity as religious literature. The earliest tales are based on oral traditions:

3621-498: The order of the mass . Religious scholars such as Anselm of Canterbury , Thomas Aquinas , and Pierre Abélard wrote lengthy theological and philosophical treatises, often attempting to reconcile the teachings of the Greek and Roman pagan authors with the doctrines of the Church. Hagiographies , or "lives of the saints", were also frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and

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3692-661: The predicate 'Royal'. Napoleon Bonaparte transferred the Royal Library to The Hague as property, while also allowing the Imperial Library in Paris to expropriate publications from the Royal Library. In 1815 King William I of the Netherlands confirmed the name of 'Royal Library' (Dutch: Koninklijke Bibliotheek) by royal decree . It has been known as the National Library of the Netherlands since 1982, when it opened new quarters. The institution became 'Independent Administrative Body' of

3763-626: The printer, came from Plantin Press. After Plantin's death, his firm was taken over by his son-in-law, Jan Moretus who ran his shop in Antwerp, and Francis van Ravelinghen who took over his shop in Leiden . Towards the end of the 17th century, the business began to decline. Plantin's works however, were meticulously preserved. Today, the building that housed the firm is called the Plantin-Moretus Museum . Moretus and his descendants continued to print many works of note in officina Plantiniana , but

3834-558: The publications is included in the Dutch National Bibliography. In 1976, the editorship of Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus van Boeken (Brinkman's Cumulative Catalog of Books)(1858-2001) was taken over from the private publisher Samsom-Sijthoff, giving it the status of national bibliography. The KB has been carrying out the Depositary Task since 1974 and thus manages part of the Dutch cultural heritage. In order to protect

3905-642: The religious perspectives of women were held to be unorthodox by those in power, and the mystical visions of such authors as Julian of Norwich , Mechthild of Magdeburg , and Hildegard of Bingen provide insight into a part of the medieval experience less comfortable for the institutions that ruled Europe at the time. Women wrote influential texts in the secular realm as well—reflections on courtly love and society by Marie de France and Christine de Pizan continue to be studied for their glimpses of medieval society. Some women were patrons of books and owners of significant book collections. Female book collectors in

3976-512: The same time a new poetry of " courtly love " became fashionable in Europe. Traveling singers— troubadours and trouvères —made a living from their love songs in French , Spanish , Galician-Portuguese , Catalan , Provençal , and Greek . Germanic culture had its Minnesänger tradition. The songs of courtly love often express unrequited longing for an ideal woman, but there are also aubades (dawn farewells by lovers) and humorous ditties. Following

4047-524: The state in 1996, although it is financed by the Department of Education, Culture and Science . On 18 November 2014 the Wsob (Public Library Facilities System Act or 'Library Act') came into being. The act became valid on 1 January 2015 and from this moment onwards four organizations from the library world continued under the name Koninklijke Bibliotheek. These organizations are Sector Institute Public Libraries (SIOB),

4118-449: The states of Holland sought a typographer for the newly erected university at Leiden . Plantin moved there after he had left his much-reduced business in Antwerp to his sons-in-law Jan Moretus and Frans van Ravelingen (Raphelengius). Plantin left his Leiden office to Raphelengius and returned to Antwerp after it became more settled after its conquest by the prince of Parma in 1585. Plantin laboured in Antwerp until his death. Plantin

4189-466: The states ruled by Philip, the title "Architypographus Regii," which he dutifully added to the title pages of Plantin Press books, and the unwanted duty of prototypo-graphus regius, obligating him to inspect and verify the skill and dogmatic adherence of other printers. Besides the Plantin Polyglot , Plantin published many other works of note, such as the "Dictionarium Tetraglotton" of 1562, which

4260-498: The task. Characters in each of the printed languages were required, with French type designer Claude Garamond providing the steel punches. With Montano's zealous help, the work was finished in four years (1568 - 1572). There were eight volumes in folio format, meaning only two pages could be printed at one time. This work earned Plantin little profit, but resulted in Philip's granting him the privilege of printing all Roman Catholic liturgical books ( missals , breviaries , etc.) for

4331-436: Was a French Renaissance humanist and book printer and publisher who resided and worked in Antwerp . He established in Antwerp one of the most prominent publishing houses of his time, the Plantin Press . It played a significant role in making Antwerp a leading centre of book publishing in Europe. The publishing house was continued by his successors until 1867. Plantin was born in France , probably in Saint-Avertin , near

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4402-632: Was a dictionary in Greek, Latin, French and Flemish, editions of St. Augustine and St. Jerome , the botanical works of Dodonaeus , Clusius and Lobelius , and the description of the Habsburg Netherlands by Guicciardini . His editions of the Bible in Hebrew , Latin and Dutch , his Corpus juris, Latin and Greek classics, and many other works are renowned for their beautiful execution and accuracy. A skillful businessman, by 1575 his printing firm reckoned more than 20 presses and 73 workmen, plus various specialists who did job-work out of their homes. The vast collection of handwritten ledgers and letters of

4473-442: Was a prolific printer and prosperous entrepreneur, publishing more than 40 editions of emblem books. His most important work is considered to be the Biblia Regia (King's Bible), also known as the Plantin Polyglot . Facing increasing pressure and turmoil in the Habsburg Netherlands, Plantin needed to find a patron that would not fall victim to claims of heresy or being a Protestant sympathizer. In spite of clerical opposition, Plantin

4544-424: Was absent in Paris, his workmen printed a heretical pamphlet, which resulted in his presses and goods being seized and sold. It seems, however, that he eventually recovered much of the value that was taken from him. With the help of four Antwerp merchants, he was able to re-establish and expand his printing business significantly. Among these friends were two grand- nephews of Daniel Bomberg , who furnished him with

4615-480: Was an art form used by some clerics to express dissent. The only widespread religious writing that was not produced by clerics were the mystery plays : growing out of simple tableaux re-enactments of a single Biblical scene, each mystery play became its village's expression of the key events in the Bible . The text of these plays was often controlled by local guilds , and mystery plays would be performed regularly on set feast-days, often lasting all day long and into

4686-502: Was created in his memory, given to a Belgian civilian who resides abroad , who has made significant contributions to cultural , artistic or scientific activities. The Plantin-Moretus family tree, including the heads of Officiana Plantiniana , later known as Plantin Press . Christophe Plantin (1520–1589) married Joanna Riviere; they had five daughters and a son. Christophe's daughters were described as learned in reading and writing, especially Greek and Latin. One teenage daughter

4757-457: Was encouraged by King Philip II of Spain , who sent him the learned Benito Arias Montano to lead the editorship. The Polyglot Bible has parallel texts in Latin, Greek, Syriac , Aramaic , and Hebrew. This venture for Plantin was very expensive, requiring him to mortgage his own business to pay for the production of this bible, in the hope that there would be a worthwhile payoff in the end. It took thirteen presses and fifty-three men to complete

4828-479: Was mistakenly attacked and received an arm wound that prevented him from labouring as a bookbinder and led him to concentrate on typography and printing. By 1555, he had his own print shop and was an accomplished printer. The first book he is known to have printed was La Institutione di una fanciulla nata nobilmente, by Giovanni Michele Bruto, with a French translation. This was soon followed by many other works in French and Latin, which in point of execution rivalled

4899-427: Was murdered in the Holocaust . In 2020 it was discovered that 'La buveuse d'absinthe', a watercolour by Félicien Rop s from1876 had belonged to the French collector, Armand Dorville . In 1973 the 'Rijksgebouwendienst' (Government Buildings Agency) awarded the contract to the architects A. Hagoort, P.B.M. van der Meer and A.J. Trotz from Bureau OD205 for a new building, construction of which began in 1977. Since 1982,

4970-430: Was renamed to Literature museum. The museum has a reading room with an extensive collection of newspaper clipping, and under certain conditions, some archival material can be consulted. On the occasion of the bicentenary of the library in 1998, the exhibition Het worderbaarlijke alfabet (The Miraculous Alphabet) was organized in the Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam and three books and a special 80 cent stamp were issued. In 2002,

5041-457: Was written in Ethiopic , Syriac , Coptic , Japanese , Chinese , and Arabic , among many other languages. In Western Europe, Latin was the common language for medieval writing, since Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic Church , which dominated Western and Central Europe , and since the Church was virtually the only source of education. This was the case even in some parts of Europe that were never Romanized. In Eastern Europe ,

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