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Dudley Bradstreet

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Dudley Bradstreet (1711–1763) was an Irish adventurer and secret government agent. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Bradstreet was employed by government officials to act as a spy among the rebels. His description of a "third force" of 9,000 men in Northampton ready to fight the Scots (a force which did not in fact exist) is credited with persuading Bonnie Prince Charlie 's army to turn back at a council of war in Derby in 1745, effectively ending the Jacobite cause.

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48-736: He was born in 1711 in County Tipperary , where his father had obtained considerable property under the Cromwellian grants, which, however, was much reduced by debts. Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his early years in charge of a foster father in Tipperary. While a youth he became a trooper, but soon quit the army and traded unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and subsequently as a brewer. For several years, in Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an erratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary projects. During

96-515: A North Riding and South Riding , because the county town of Clonmel was inconveniently far south for jurors from the north. Nenagh became the North Riding's assize town. The ridings became separate administrative counties , with minor boundary adjustments, under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , and were redenominated as counties "North Tipperary" and "South Tipperary" under

144-405: A ward in city , borough , town and many shire councils. The term was used in 19th-century Canada to refer to subdivisions of counties. In Canadian politics , riding is a colloquial term for a constituency or electoral district . Officially, electoral district is generally used, although government documents sometimes use the colloquial term. In colloquial Canadian French, a riding

192-561: A county ( provincia ); to it causes were brought which could not be determined in the wapentake, and a matter which could not be determined in the riding was brought into the court of the shire. Riding courts were held after the Norman Conquest . A charter which Henry I granted to the Church of St Peters at York mentions wapentacmot , triding mot and shiresmot (-mot designates popular assemblies), and exemptions from suit to

240-560: A friend when they commenced their return march to Scotland, a decision which ended Jacobite hopes of seizing London and the Crown. Bradstreet's notices of Prince Charles and his associates are graphic. He describes circumstantially the executions, in August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino , at which he states he was present. Although Bradstreet's services as a secret agent were admitted by

288-461: A loanword from Old Norse þriðjungr , meaning a third part (especially of a county) – the original "ridings", in the English counties of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire , were in each case a set of three, though once the term was adopted elsewhere it was used for other numbers (compare to farthings ). The modern form riding was the result of the initial th being absorbed in the final th or t of

336-644: A strong association with the Gaelic Athletic Association , which was founded in Thurles in 1884. Tipperary GAA – a county board of the GAA – organizes local competitions for hurling , Gaelic football , camogie and handball . The board also enters county representative teams into the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and All-Ireland Senior Football Championship . Tipperary is

384-448: Is Ireland's largest inland county and shares a border with eight counties, more than any other. The population of the county was 167,895 at the 2022 census. The largest towns are Clonmel , Nenagh and Thurles . Tipperary County Council is the local authority for the county. In 1838, County Tipperary was divided into two ridings , North and South . From 1899 until 2014, they had their own county councils . They were unified under

432-518: Is an administrative jurisdiction or electoral district , particularly in several current or former Commonwealth countries. The word riding is descended from late Old English þriðing or * þriding (recorded only in Latin contexts or forms, e.g., trehing , treding , trithing , with Latin initial t here representing the Old English letter thorn ). It came into Old English as

480-570: Is known as comté , i.e., 'county', as the electoral districts in Quebec were historically identical to its counties ; the official French term is circonscription . The Canadian use of riding is derived from the English local government term, which was widely used in Canada in the 19th century. Most Canadian counties never had sufficient population to justify administrative subdivisions. Nonetheless, it

528-498: Is part of the South constituency for European elections. Tipperary is referred to as the "Premier County", a description attributed to Thomas Davis , Editor of The Nation newspaper in the 1840s as a tribute to the nationalistic feeling in Tipperary and said that "where Tipperary leads, Ireland follows". Tipperary was the subject of the famous song " It's a Long Way to Tipperary " written by Jack Judge , whose grandparents came from

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576-502: Is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development , libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing . Most of the county is in the Dáil constituency of Tipperary , which returns five deputies ( TDs ) to the Dáil. A small part of the county in the former rural district of Nenagh is in the constituency of Limerick City . The county

624-478: Is the economic hub of the county, due to manufacturing facilities owned by Bulmers (brewers) and Merck & Co. (pharmaceuticals) east of the town. There is much fertile land, especially in the region known as the Golden Vale , one of the richest agricultural areas in Ireland. Tipperary is famous for its horse breeding industry and is the home of Coolmore Stud , the largest thoroughbred breeding operation in

672-586: Is written with vivacity and descriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multifarnham , Westmeath, in 1763. County Tipperary County Tipperary ( Irish : Contae Thiobraid Árann ) is a county in Ireland . It is in the province of Munster and the Southern Region . The county is named after the town of Tipperary , and was established in the early 13th century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland . It

720-474: The thriding or riding are described in the charters of the Norman kings. As yet, however, the jurisdiction and functions of these courts have not been ascertained. It seems probable from the silence of the records that they had already fallen into disuse early in the 13th century. Although no longer having any administrative role, the ridings of Yorkshire still play a part as cultural entities – they are used for

768-666: The Local Government Act 2001 . They were merged back into a single County Tipperary by the Local Government Reform Act 2014 . County Cork had been divided in 1823 into East and West Ridings for quarter sessions and petty sessions , but not for assizes, and so had a single county council after the 1898 changes. County Galway from 1837 had East and West Ridings for Royal Irish Constabulary and county surveyor purposes. The Cork and Galway ridings became largely obsolete after independence in 1922, although

816-533: The County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715 , when the 2nd Duke of Ormond was attainted for supporting the Jacobite rising of 1715 . The county was divided once again in 1838. The county town of Clonmel , where the grand jury held its twice-yearly assizes , is at the southern limit of the county, and roads leading north were poor, making the journey inconvenient for jurors resident there. A petition to move

864-514: The Dublin–Cork line such as Templemore , Thurles and Limerick Junction . The Dublin-to-Limerick line connect at Ballybrophy for services through north Tipperary. The Limerick–Waterford line connect to the Dublin–Cork line at Limerick Junction . The railway lines connect places in Tipperary with Cork , Dublin Heuston , Waterford , Limerick , Mallow , and Galway . County Tipperary has

912-735: The Inglewood Borough Council and the Waitara Riding becoming part of the Clifton County Council. In 1989 these were again merged, reorganised into district and/or city councils. For example, the above three all merged with the New Plymouth Council and Waitara Borough Councils to form the New Plymouth District Council. Examples: Ridings are originally Scandinavian institutions. In Iceland

960-556: The Local Government Act 2001 , which redesignated all "administrative counties" as simply "counties". The Local Government Reform Act 2014 has amalgamated the two counties and restored a single county of Tipperary. Following the 2014 local election , Tipperary County Council is the local authority for the county. The authority is the successor council to North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council which operated up until June 2014. The local authority

1008-558: The Local Government Reform Act 2014 , which came into effect following the 2014 local elections on 3 June 2014. Tipperary is the sixth-largest of the 32 counties by area and the 12th largest by population. It is the third-largest of Munster's six counties by both size and population. It is also the largest landlocked county in Ireland. Tipperary is bounded (clockwise) by counties Offaly, Laois, Kilkenny, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Clare and Galway. Its eight neighbours are

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1056-507: The M8 motorway bisects the county from north of Two-Mile Borris to the County Limerick border. Both routes are among some of the busiest roads on the island. The Limerick to Waterford N24 crosses the southern half of Tipperary, travelling through Tipperary Town , Bansha , north of Cahir and around Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir . Tipperary also has a number of railway stations situated on

1104-598: The Munster Blackwater . No part of the county touches the coast. The centre is known as 'the Golden Vale ', a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork . At 917 m, Galtymore is the highest point. The Devil's Bit is a part of the Slieve Bloom range. The River Shannon flows along the northwest border with counties Limerick , Galway and Clare . The River Suir rises at

1152-449: The 'superstition' of the English people, and 'their credulity and faith in wondrous things.' The last of his devices at London appears to have been that styled the 'bottle conjurer,' which, with the assistance of several confederates, he carried out with great gains in January 1747–48. On his adventures in connection with the affair Bradstreet wrote a play, in five acts, styled 'The Magician, or

1200-450: The 20th century and generally encompassed one or more counties each, and the word riding was then used to refer to any electoral division. The local association for a political party, which legally is known as an electoral district association, is often referred to as a riding association . The ancient county of Yorkshire had three ridings, North , West and East , originally each subdivided into wapentakes which were created by

1248-535: The Bottle Conjurer,' which he states was revised for him by some of the best judges and actors in England, including Mrs. Woffington, who gave him 'the best advice she could about it.' This play was four times performed with great success at London, but on the fifth night, when Bradstreet was to have taken the part of 'Spy,' the principal character, it was suppressed by the magistrates of Westminster. 'The Bottle Conjurer'

1296-722: The Devil's Bit and flows into the sea east of Waterford . There are 12 historic baronies in County Tipperary: Clanwilliam , Eliogarty , Iffa and Offa East , Iffa and Offa West , Ikerrin , Kilnamanagh Lower , Kilnamanagh Upper , Middle Third , Ormond Lower , Ormond Upper , Owney and Arra and Slievardagh . Parishes were delineated after the Down Survey as an intermediate subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish and multiple parishes per barony. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on

1344-653: The Vikings. Note that the bounds of the City of York lay outside all the ridings to emphasise its political impartiality. The Yorkshire ridings were in many ways treated as separate administrative counties, having had separate quarter sessions and also separate lieutenancies since the Restoration . This practice was followed by the Local Government Act 1888 , which made each of the three ridings an administrative county with an elected county council. These county councils, along with

1392-471: The ancient lieutenancies, were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . A local government area, East Riding of Yorkshire , was created in 1996, but this does not cover the entire area of the former East Riding and includes areas from the historical West Riding. According to the 12th century compilation known as the Leges Edwardi Confessoris , the riding was the third part of

1440-588: The automobile became more popular with the improvement of roads, combined with the concurrent trend of urban drift ( c.  1950s ), the ridings were either merged back into their parent councils or separated off into county councils in their own right. The Taranaki County Council's three ridings eventually split, with the Omata Riding remaining part of the Taranaki County Council, the Moa riding merging with

1488-862: The county town to a more central location was opposed by the MP for Clonmel , so instead the county was split into two " ridings "; the grand jury of the South Riding continued to meet in Clonmel, while that of the North Riding met in Nenagh . When the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 established county councils to replace the grand jury for civil functions, the ridings became separate " administrative counties " with separate county councils. Their names were changed from "Tipperary North/South Riding" to "North/South Tipperary" by

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1536-640: The county. It was popular with regiments of the British Army during World War I . The song "Slievenamon", which is traditionally associated with the county, was written by Charles Kickham from Mullinahone , and is commonly sung at sporting fixtures involving the county. There is no Gaeltacht in County Tipperary and consequently few Irish speakers. Nevertheless, there are five Gaelscoileanna (Irish language primary schools) and two Gaelcholáistí (Irish language secondary schools). The area around Clonmel

1584-405: The first elections to the new federal House of Commons and the new provincial Legislative Assembly of Ontario , immediately following Confederation . Soon after Confederation, the urban population grew (and more importantly, most city dwellers gained the franchise after property ownership was no longer required to gain the vote). Rural constituencies therefore became geographically larger through

1632-406: The government officials, he was unable to obtain from them either money or a commission in the army, which he considered had been promised to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing his case under the notice of the king, from whom he consequently received the sum of one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet subsequently subsisted for a time on the results of schemes, his success in which he ascribed to

1680-563: The historic borders of Yorkshire. The Parts of Lindsey , one of the Parts of Lincolnshire , also possessed ridings, in this case the North , West , and South ridings. The Grand Jury (Ireland) Act 1836 empowered the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to divide Irish counties into ridings with separate assizes held in different towns. This was to allow County Tipperary to be divided in 1838 into

1728-788: The most of any county on the island. The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diverse terrain contains several mountain ranges: the Knockmealdown , the Galtee , the Arra Hills and the Silvermine Mountains . Most of the county is drained by the River Suir ; the north-western part by tributaries of the River Shannon ; the eastern part by the River Nore ; the south-western corner by

1776-399: The names "Cork East[/West] Riding" were used for the relevant Garda Síochána (police) divisions into the 1990s. Ridings existed in rural New Zealand in the late 19th and early to mid 20th century as part of larger county councils in the area. For example, The Taranaki County Council was divided into three separate ridings: Moa (south), Omata (west) and Waitara (east). As use of

1824-504: The names of a number of groups and organisations and some people in Yorkshire associate themselves with one riding or another (see current usage of West Riding of Yorkshire ). Winifred Holtby 's 1936 novel South Riding and its adaptations were set in a fictional fourth riding. The title of the novel trilogy Red Riding by David Peace , set in Yorkshire, is a play on the word. The Yorkshire Ridings Society calls for wider recognition of

1872-524: The nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland . For poor law purposes, district electoral divisions replaced the civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There are 199 civil parishes in the county. Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland; there are 3,159 townlands in the county. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland , the Kingdom of Munster

1920-627: The only county across any Gaelic game to have won an all-Ireland title in every decade since the 1880s. Hurling has traditionally been the county's dominant sport, however, with its hurling team having won 28 All-Ireland titles in comparison to the football team 's four. Tipperary has the third-highest All-Ireland tally of any county hurling team, behind only Kilkenny and Cork . Horse racing takes place at Tipperary Racecourse , Thurles Racecourse and Clonmel Racecourse . 52°40′N 7°50′W  /  52.667°N 7.833°W  / 52.667; -7.833 Riding (division) A riding

1968-611: The prince and his council at Derby. There he acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of Cumberland , and, without being suspected by the Jacobites, persuaded Charles Stuart's army to turn back, by warning of a "third force" of 9,000 men in Northampton ready to fight the Scots (a force which did not in fact exist). After the council, Bradstreet continued on good terms with the rebels, and took his leave as

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2016-571: The rising of 1745, Bradstreet was employed by government officials to act as a spy among suspected persons. He was also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them with information on the movements of Prince Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet assumed the character of a devoted adherent to the Stuart cause, and, under the name of 'Captain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to

2064-657: The third part of a thing which corresponded roughly to an English county was called þrithjungr . The island of Gotland and the Swedish provinces Närke and Hälsingland were also divided into þrithjungar instead of hundreds . In Norway , the þrithjungr seems to have been an ecclesiastical division. The term is analogous to fourths of a county, in a fashion similar to the old British farthing . They have also been found in Iceland and Gloucestershire . J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional world of Middle-earth , The Shire ,

2112-512: The words north , south , east and west , by which it was normally preceded. A common misconception holds that the term arose from some association between the size of the district and the distance that can be covered or encircled on horseback in a certain amount of time (compare the Walking Purchase ). The term was used in Australia as a division of some shire councils, similar to

2160-410: The world. Tourism plays a significant role in County Tipperary – Lough Derg , Thurles , Rock of Cashel , Ormonde Castle , Ahenny High Crosses , Cahir Castle , Bru Boru Heritage Centre and Tipperary Crystal are some of the primary tourist destinations in the county. Road transport dominates in County Tipperary. The M7 motorway crosses the north of the county through Roscrea and Nenagh and

2208-574: Was claimed as a lordship. By 1210, the sheriffdom of Munster shired into the shires of Tipperary and Limerick . In 1328, Tipperary was granted to the Earls of Ormond as a county palatine or liberty . The grant excluded church lands such as the archiepiscopal see of Cashel , which formed the separate county of Cross Tipperary . Though the Earls gained jurisdiction over the church lands in 1662, "Tipperary and Cross Tipperary" were not definitively united until

2256-573: Was common, especially in Ontario , to divide counties with sufficient population into multiple electoral districts, which thus became known as ridings in official documents. The term was used in the legal descriptions of the electoral districts of Canada West in the Province of Canada . It was later used in the description of the new electoral districts which were created by the Constitution Act, 1867 , for

2304-554: Was printed by Bradstreet with his 'Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet returned to Ireland, where he owned a small property in land. He attempted unsuccessfully to carry on trade as a brewer in Westmeath , and became involved in contests with officials of the excise. To raise funds, he printed an account of his life and adventures ( The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Captain Dudley Bradstreet , S. Powell, Dublin, 1755). The work

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