144-518: Rahul Sharad Dravid ( / ˌ r ɑː h ʊ l d r ə v ɪ d / ; born 11 January 1973) is a former cricket player, ex-captain and ex-coach of the Indian national cricket team . Known for his outstanding batting technique, Dravid scored 24,177 runs in international cricket and is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket . He is colloquially known as Mr. Dependable and often referred to as The Wall . He won
288-673: A cork core layered with tightly wound string. The earliest known definite reference to cricket is to it being played in South East England in the mid-16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , with the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the International Cricket Council (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are full members who play Test matches. The game's rules,
432-456: A public school education who had then gone to one of Cambridge or Oxford University . Society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership. In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure, and
576-516: A 157-run win. Dravid scored 145 runs from 129 balls with 17 fours and a six, becoming the second batsman in World Cup history to hit back-to-back hundreds. Dravid scored a fifty in the last group match as India defeated England to advance to the Super Six stage. Dravid scored 2, 61, and 29 in the three Super Six matches against Australia, Pakistan & New Zealand respectively. India failed to qualify for
720-538: A 94-run victory. India's designated keeper Nayan Mongia was injured and left the field at the end of the 9th over during Kenyan innings, forcing Dravid to keep the wickets for the rest of the innings. In the absence of Mongia, Dravid played his first ODI as a designated keeper against Sri Lanka at Taunton . Dravid once again set up a record breaking partnership that resulted in 318 runs, the first ever three hundred run partnership in ODI history, with Sourav Ganguly leading India to
864-481: A brisk knock of 41 runs from 49 balls, including five fours and a six, while chasing a target of 63 runs. The ensuing test series against Zimbabwe was John Wright 's first assignment as Indian coach. Dravid played a role in Wright's appointment as India's first foreign head coach. Dravid scored 200 not out in the first inning and 70 not out in the second, leading India to a 9-wicket victory against Zimbabwe. He scored 162 in
1008-510: A broad white stripe in the middle. The medal is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations. The medals are produced at Alipore Mint , Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Bharat Ratna , Padma Vibhushan , Padma Shri , and Param Vir Chakra . Some of the bestowals of the Padma Bhushan have been refused or returned by the recipients. Bengali theatre activist Sisir Bhaduri (1959)
1152-561: A collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); cricket cap (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The kit is traditionally all white, and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket, but in limited overs cricket, team colours are now worn instead. i) A used white ball. White balls are mainly used in limited overs cricket , especially in matches played at night, under floodlights (left). The essence of
1296-588: A company that produces jams and preserves, giving rise to the later nickname Jammy . His mother, Pushpa, was a professor of architecture at the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering in Bangalore. Dravid has a younger brother named Vijay. Rahul Dravid attended St. Joseph's Boys High School and earned a degree in commerce from St Joseph's College of Commerce . He was selected to India's national cricket team while working towards an MBA at
1440-454: A fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line, or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length. In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a wicket is sited at each end; the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m) apart. The pitch is a flat surface 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as
1584-502: A fifty each in the Test series and the bilateral ODI series. Cricket First-class cricket One Day International Limited overs (domestic) Twenty20 International Twenty20 (domestic) Other forms Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field , at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre; 66-foot) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails (small sticks) balanced on three stumps . Two players from
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#17331060737471728-598: A highly popular format, putting the longer formats at risk. The new shorter format also introduced franchise cricket, with new tournaments like the Indian Premier League and the Australian Big Bash League . The ICC has selected the T20 format as cricket's growth format, and has introduced a T20 World Cup which is played every two years; T20 cricket has also been increasingly accepted into major events such as
1872-560: A home series. He had moderate success in the bilateral ODI series against South Africa. He contributed to India's 3–2 series win with 208 runs at an average of 41.60, which included 2 fifties and three wickets at an average of 22.66, topping the bowling average chart for the series. His career best bowling figure of 2/43 from nine overs in the First ODI at Kochi was also the best bowling figure of any bowler in that particular match. In February 2000, Tendulkar's resignation from captaincy led to
2016-498: A hundred against Tasmania in the practice match, he underperformed with the bat in the Test series as India lost 0–3 . He did reasonably well in the 1999–2000 Carlton & United Series , scoring 3 fifties in the triangular event. However, India failed to qualify for the Final of the tournament. Dravid's poor form in Tests continued as India suffered a 0–2 whitewash against South Africa in
2160-452: A key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a " wicket gate " through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend. The cricket historian Harry Altham identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is driven to and from between two targets (the goals); the "golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and
2304-507: A place in the team for the First Test. He finally made his Test debut at Lord's on 20 June 1996 against England in the Second Test of the series at the expense of injured senior batsman Sanjay Manjrekar . Manjrekar, who was suffering from an ankle injury, was to undergo a fitness test on the morning of the Second Test. Dravid had already been informed that he would play if Manjrekar failed
2448-433: A set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasts three to four hours. Traditionally, cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket , they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing
2592-463: A square of 1 + 3 ⁄ 16 inches (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1 + 1 ⁄ 16 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and
2736-597: A strike rate of 59.81. Reinstated to his usual no. 3 position in the absence of the injured Laxman, Dravid top scored for India in the ensuing 3-Test series as well with 235 runs at an average of 47.00. Dravid scored 75 runs in the fourth innings chase of the Second Test – a crucial contribution to India's first Test win in Sri Lanka since 1993, despite the absence of key players like Tendulkar, Laxman, Srinath and Kumble. Dravid had decent success in Standard Bank tri-series in
2880-644: A surprise recall during the ODI series against England , Dravid declared his retirement from ODIs as well as Twenty20 International (T20I), and in March 2012, he announced his retirement from international and first-class cricket . He appeared at the 2012 Indian Premier League as captain of the Rajasthan Royals . Rahul Dravid, along with Glenn McGrath , were honoured during the seventh annual Bradman Awards function in Sydney on 1 November 2012. Dravid has also been awarded
3024-552: A target of 384 runs with 75 overs left in the match. India bowled to dismiss Australia for 212 runs in 68.3 overs. India won the match by 171 runs. This was only the third instance of a team winning a Test after following-on, and India became the second team to do so. Dravid scored 81 runs in the first innings of the Third Test and took 4 catches in the match as India defeated Australia at the series in Chennai 2–1. Dravid scored 80 runs in
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#17331060737473168-529: A unique record of never getting out for a golden duck in the 286 Test innings that he has played during his career. He has faced 31,258 balls, which is the largest number of balls faced by any player in test cricket. He has also spent 44,152 minutes at the crease, which is the highest time spent on the crease by any player in test cricket. Dravid and Tendulkar hold the highest scoring partnership in Test cricket history, having scored 6,920 runs combined while batting together for India. In August 2011, after receiving
3312-416: A vital first innings lead for his team. Dravid scored 95 runs missing out on a debut hundred as he walked off after getting caught behind to a Chris Lewis delivery. During this match, he also took his first catch in Test cricket to dismiss Nasser Hussain off the bowling of Srinath . In the next tour game against British Universities , Dravid scored a hundred. He scored another fifty in the first innings of
3456-402: A wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease line in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings (playing phase) ends and the teams swap roles. Forms of cricket range from traditional Test matches played over five days to the newer Twenty20 format (also known as T20 ), in which each team bats for a single innings of 20 overs (each "over" being
3600-460: A wicket-keeper, and then caught Neil Fairbrother off Ajay Jadeja 's bowling. He top scored for India in the tournament, though his last ODI innings was a golden duck against Pakistan. Dravid hit consecutive fifties in England against Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire in the warm-up games. He made his World Cup debut against South Africa at Hove , scoring a half century. He scored only 13 runs in
3744-416: A winner or tie.) The wicket-keeper (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes pads (designed to protect the knees and shins), batting gloves or wicket-keeper's gloves for
3888-519: Is the fourth-highest run scorer in Test cricket , after Sachin Tendulkar , Ricky Ponting and Jacques Kallis . In 2004, upon scoring a century against Bangladesh in Chittagong, he became the first player to score a century in all the ten Test-playing countries ( now 12 ). As of October 2012, he holds the record for the most catches taken by a player (non-wicket-keeper) in Test cricket, at 210. Dravid holds
4032-449: Is certain that cricket was being played c. 1550 by boys in Surrey . The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by Randle Cotgrave 's 1611 English- French dictionary in which he defined the noun " crosse " as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket", and the verb form " crosser " as "to play at cricket". One possible source for the sport's name
4176-688: Is constituted every year by the Prime Minister of India and the recommendations for the award are submitted between 1 May and 15 September. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments , as well as from Ministries of the Government of India , Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan awardees , the Institutes of Excellence, Ministers, Chief Ministers and Governors of States , Members of Parliament , and private individuals. The committee later submits their recommendations to
4320-423: Is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a 12 ft (3.7 m) line (six feet on either side of the wicket), it is, in fact, unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return crease is drawn as an 8 ft (2.4 m) line, so that it extends four feet behind
4464-635: Is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the Puritans before and during the Commonwealth . The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play, as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the Sabbath , especially if large crowds or gambling were involved. According to the social historian Derek Birley , there
Rahul Dravid - Misplaced Pages Continue
4608-578: Is nothing adverse on record against him. According to media reports, there were several cases filed or registered after April 2009 which includes three criminal complaints with Kerala Police and four cases in Delhi High Court and Kerala High Court . Chatwal also served a summons in January 2010. However, the then Union Home Secretary Gopal Krishna Pillai said that "no probe has been ordered nor any report sought from anyone." Earlier in 2008, Chatwal
4752-556: Is the Old English word " cryce " (or " cricc " ) meaning a crutch or staff. In Samuel Johnson 's Dictionary , he derived cricket from " cryce , Saxon, a stick". In Old French , the word " criquet " seems to have meant a kind of club or stick. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy ,
4896-460: Is the earliest mention of adult participation in cricket and it was around the same time that the earliest known organised inter-parish or village match was played, at Chevening, Kent . In 1624, a player called Jasper Vinall died after he was accidentally struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex. Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century. It
5040-787: The Laws of Cricket , are maintained by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London . The sport is followed primarily in South Asia , Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Southern Africa , and the West Indies . Women's cricket , which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. The most successful side playing international cricket is Australia , which has won eight One Day International trophies, including six World Cups , more than any other country, and has been
5184-542: The 1998 'Friendship' Cup ; a slew of such poor performances often forced him to the sidelines of the India ODI squad. By the end of 1998, Dravid had scored 1,709 runs in 65 ODIs at an average of only 31.64 with a low strike rate of 63.48. By now, Dravid had been branded as a Test specialist. While he continued a successful run in Test cricket, he struggled in the ODIs. He drew criticism for not being able to adjust his style of play to
5328-688: The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy as a member of the Indian team and guided the Indian team to victory in the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup as the head coach. Prior to his appointment to the senior men's national team, Dravid was the Head of Cricket at the National Cricket Academy (NCA) , and the head coach of the India Under-19 and India A teams. Under his tutelage, the Under-19 team finished as runners-up at
5472-463: The 2016 U-19 Cricket World Cup and won the 2018 U-19 Cricket World Cup . Under his coaching, Indian cricket team finished as runners-up at the 2023 Cricket World Cup and 2023 ICC World Test Championship final and were semifinalist at the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup . Born in a Marathi family and raised in Bangalore , he started playing cricket at the age of 12 and later represented Karnataka at
5616-834: The Aiwa Cup in August 1999. He soon top-scored for India in two consecutive limited-overs series – the Singapore Challenge , the highlight being a hundred in the Final (despite their loss), and the DMC Cup , the highlight being a match winning effort (77 runs, 4 catches) in the series decider for which he received a man-of-the-match award. Dravid topped the international runs chart for the 1999 cricket season across all formats, scoring 782 runs during 19 matches. By now, Dravid had started to keep wickets on an infrequent basis, with India fielding him as designated wicket-keeper in five out of 10 ODIs played in
5760-567: The Asian Games . The resultant growth has seen cricket's fanbase cross one billion people, with 90% of them in South Asia. T20's success has also spawned even shorter formats , such as 10-over cricket (T10) and 100-ball cricket , though not without controversy. Outside factors have also taken their toll on cricket. For example, the 2008 Mumbai attacks led India and Pakistan to suspend their bilateral series indefinitely. The 2009 attack on
5904-629: The British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas, and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia , the Caribbean , British India (which includes present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh ), New Zealand , North America and South Africa . In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia. The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of Aboriginal stockmen who toured England in 1868 . In 1876–77, an England team took part in what
Rahul Dravid - Misplaced Pages Continue
6048-455: The Dadri mob lynching and out of concern at the "prevailing socio-politico situation" in the country. The 2010 conferment on an Indian-American businessman Sant Singh Chatwal , who was awarded the Padma Bhushan in the field of Public Affairs, created much controversy. Known for his association with former US President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton , Chatwal pled guilty to violating
6192-461: The Dukes of Richmond , exerted their honour code of noblesse oblige to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets. In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with
6336-494: The Federal Election Campaign Act and witness tampering during the 2008 United States presidential election . He was also accused of lobbying for the award by leveraging "his contacts in the Prime Minister's Office and United States Congress ." The Government provided clarification regarding the conferment and issued a press release which mentioned Chatwal as a "tireless advocate" of the country's interest in
6480-551: The Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which actions require the authority of the President, are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register. The original specification of the award was a circle made of standard silver 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches (35 mm) in diameter, with rims on both sides. A centrally located lotus flower
6624-737: The Padma Shri (2004) and the Padma Bhushan (2013), India's fourth and third highest civilian awards respectively. In 2014, Rahul Dravid joined the GoSports Foundation as a member of their board of advisors. In collaboration with GoSports Foundation, he is mentoring India's future Olympians and Paralympians as part of the Rahul Dravid Athlete Mentorship Program. Indian badmintonist Prannoy Kumar , para-swimmer Sharath Gayakwad and golfer S. Chikkarangappa were part of
6768-541: The Padma Shri . Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order ... without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex." The award criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" including doctors and scientists, but exclude those working with the public sector undertakings . As of 2020 , the award has been bestowed on 1270 individuals, including twenty-four posthumous and ninety-seven non-citizen recipients. The Padma Awards Committee
6912-923: The St Joseph's College of Business Administration . He is fluent in Marathi, Kannada, English and Hindi. Dravid started playing cricket at the age of 12 and represented Karnataka at the under-15, the under-17, and the under-19 levels. Former cricketer Keki Tarapore first noticed Dravid's talent while coaching at a summer camp in the Chinnaswamy Stadium . Dravid scored a century for his school team. He also played as wicket-keeper . Dravid made his Ranji Trophy debut in February 1991, while still attending college. Playing alongside future India teammates Anil Kumble and Javagal Srinath against Maharashtra in Pune , he scored 82 runs in
7056-430: The batting team, the striker and nonstriker, stand in front of either wicket holding bats , while one player from the fielding team, the bowler, bowls the ball toward the striker's wicket from the opposite end of the pitch. The striker's goal is to hit the bowled ball with the bat and then switch places with the nonstriker, with the batting team scoring one run for each of these exchanges. Runs are also scored when
7200-551: The four-match bilateral ODI series in the West Indies in the 1996–97 season with 121 runs at an average of 40.33 and a strike rate of 57.61. Dravid scored his first ODI hundred in the 1997 Pepsi Independence Cup against Pakistan in Chennai that came in a losing cause. Dravid top scored for India in the quadrangular event with 189 runs from three games at an average of 94.50 and a strike rate of 75.60. However, India failed to qualify for
7344-406: The public sector undertakings , with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute; D. C. Kizhakemuri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1999. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments , as well as from Ministries of
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#17331060737477488-402: The top-rated Test side more than any other country. Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement. Others include baseball (which shares many similarities with cricket, both belonging in the more specific bat-and-ball games category ), golf , hockey , tennis , squash , badminton and table tennis . In cricket's case,
7632-519: The "cricket group", in which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it". It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's game in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the medieval period . Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in Guildford in January 1597 ( Old Style , equating to January 1598 in
7776-628: The Bharat Ratna. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards: the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . The award, along with other personal civilian honours , was briefly suspended twice in its history. The first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India , for being "worthless and politicized." The suspension
7920-535: The Final of the series. Dravid's achievements in the ODIs were dwarfed by his failures in the shorter format of the game. 14 runs from two games in the 1996 Pepsi Sharjah Cup ; 20 runs from two innings in the Singer World Series ; 65 runs from four innings in the 1997 'Friendship' Cup ; 88 runs from four games in the 1998 Coca-Cola Triangular Series including a 22-ball five runs and a 21-ball one run innings, both against Bangladesh ; 32 runs from four games in
8064-489: The Finals. India lost to New Zealand in the Finals. Dravid scored 157 runs in 4 matches of the tournament, at an average of 52.33, including 2 fifties. He also scored 85 runs in a match against Zimbabwe in the 2000–01 Coca-Cola Champions Trophy while opening the innings but was forced to miss the rest of the tournament because of an injury. India kick started the new Test season with a 9-wicket win against Bangladesh. Dravid played
8208-481: The Government and expressed happiness for the recognition but requested the Government to "show some more consideration to the artists from the southern parts of the country ." In 2014, family members of J. S. Verma who served as 27th Chief Justice of India refused the posthumous conferral stating that "Verma himself would not have accepted" the honour as he "never hankered or lobbied for any acclaim, reward or favour." Kannada novelist K. Shivaram Karanth , who
8352-493: The Government of India , Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan awardees , the Institutes of Excellence, Ministers, Chief Ministers and Governors of States , Members of Parliament , and private individuals. The recommendations received between 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, convened by the Prime Minister of India . The Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to
8496-477: The Match award along with Shivnarine Chanderpaul . With this series, Dravid concluded the 1996-97 Test season, topping the international runs chart with 852 runs from 12 matches at an average of 50.11, with six fifties and a hundred. Dravid continued his successful run, scoring seven fifties in the next eight Tests that included fifties in six consecutive innings (three each against Sri Lanka and Australia), becoming only
8640-541: The Match award in ODIs. His team lost the match. However, his effort of 51 runs from 71 balls in the Fourth ODI resulted in India's victory and earned him his second Man of the Match award of the series. He became the top scorer of the series with 309 runs from five games at an average of 77.25 and a strike rate of 84.65. Dravid scored a hundred against Sri Lanka in the 1998/99 Pepsi Cup at Nagpur , scoring 116 of 118 deliveries. In
8784-458: The Match award in Test cricket. He top scored for India in the series with 277 runs at an average of 55.40. Dravid continued in the same vein in the West Indies , where he once again top scored for India in the five–match Test series , aggregating 360 runs at an average of 72.00, including four fifties. 92 runs scored in the first innings of the fifth match in Georgetown earned him a joint Man of
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#17331060737478928-571: The Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, " met de (krik ket)sen " ("with the stick chase"). Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin. Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most runs , the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the North American variant of cricket known as wicket retained many of these aspects. The ball
9072-568: The Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval. The award recipients are announced on 26 January, the Republic Day of India . When instituted in 1954, twenty-three recipients were honoured with the Padma Bhushan. The Padma Bhushan, along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980 and from August 1992 to December 1995. Some of
9216-538: The Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval. The Padma Bhushan award recipients are announced every year on 26 January, the Republic Day of India , and registered in The Gazette of India —a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in
9360-406: The Second Test and ended with hundreds in both innings of the Third Test in Hamilton . He scored 190 and 103 not out in the first and the second innings respectively, becoming only the third Indian batsman, after Vijay Hazare and Sunil Gavaskar , to score a century in both innings of a Test match. Dravid topped the runs table for the series with 321 runs at an average of 107.00, although India lost
9504-427: The Second Test to win the match. They started by not performing successfully, losing their first wicket in the first over with no runs scored. However, Dravid forged a partnership of 171 runs with Dasgupta that lasted for 83.2 overs, taking India to the brink of safety. Poor weather helped India salvage a draw as only 96.2 overs could be bowled in the innings. Dravid captained the team in the 'unofficial' Third test in
9648-426: The South Africa tour, scoring 214 runs (including 3 fifties) at an average of 53.50 and a strike rate of 71.81. He also kept wickets in the final two ODIs of the series, effecting 3 stumpings. The highlight for Dravid in the ensuing Test series came in the second innings of the Second Test. India, having failed to last a hundred overs in any of the previous three innings in the series, needed to bat out four sessions in
9792-434: The Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution of India." The award is conferred for "distinguished service of a high order...without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex." The criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but exclude those working with
9936-411: The Sri Lankan team during their tour of Pakistan led to Pakistan being unable to host matches until 2019. In 2017, Afghanistan and Ireland became the 11th and 12th Test nations. In cricket, the rules of the game are codified in The Laws of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws"), which has a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). The earliest known version of
10080-427: The Third Test. Dravid concluded a successful debut series with an average of 62.33 from two Test matches. I had played five years of first-class cricket to break into the Indian team ... scored a lot of runs in domestic cricket ... was lucky to get the opportunity ... knew that probably it would be the only one. Otherwise I would have to go back to domestic cricket and start the cycle all over again ... I remember when I
10224-407: The United States. The statement also mentioned that "due diligence" exercise is carried out for each of the awardees and out of five Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) registered cases against Chatwal between 1992 and 1994, three were closed by CBI itself and in remaining two cases, Chatwal was discharged by the Court and as per the reports that were made available to the selection committee, there
10368-544: The absence of injured Ganguly, which India lost by an innings margin. By the end of the South African tour, Dravid had started experiencing problems with his right shoulder. Although he played the ensuing home test series against England, he pulled out of the six-match bilateral ODI series to undergo a shoulder rehabilitation program in South Africa. He returned for Zimbabwe's tour of India but performed below par, scoring
10512-471: The award in 1990 stating that "journalists should not be identified with the establishment." Historian Romila Thapar refused to accept the award twice, for the first time in 1992, and later again in 2005, stating that she would accept awards only "from academic institutions or those associated with my professional work." For her 2005 bestowal, Thapar sent a clarification letter to the then President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam mentioning that she had declined to accept
10656-459: The award until K. B. Hedgewar (RSS founder) and M. S. Golwalkar (RSS ideologue) are offered the Bharat Ratna . Civil servant S. R. Sankaran turned down the award in 2005 without citing any reason. In 2013, playback singer S. Janaki refused to accept her award and stated that "the award has come late in her five-and-half-decade long career." The singer also mentioned that she is not against
10800-535: The award when the Ministry of Human Resource Development had contacted her three-month prior to the award announcement and had explained her reasons for not accepting the award. Journalist and civil servant K. Subrahmanyam refused his 1999 bestowal citing that "bureaucrats and journalists should not accept any award from the government because they are more liable to be favoured." In 2003, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ' s (RSS) volunteer Dattopant Thengadi rejected
10944-418: The ball reaches the boundary of the field or when the ball is bowled illegally . The fielding team tries to prevent runs from being scored by dismissing batters (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the striker's wicket and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat but before it hits the ground, or hitting
11088-449: The batting team are on the field at any given time. The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied. The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents, but in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all but one of the opposition batters (making their team 'all out') in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn (not ending with
11232-421: The bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in length. Before a match begins, the team captains (who are also players) toss a coin to decide which team will bat first and so take the first innings . "Innings" is the term used for each phase of play in the match. In each innings, one team bats, attempting to score runs , while the other team bowls and fields the ball , attempting to restrict
11376-603: The civilian awards being "titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India . On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges: A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh , B. P. Jeevan Reddy , N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995,
11520-479: The code was drafted in 1744, and since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London . Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image of cricket pitch and creases) between two teams of eleven players each. The field is usually circular or oval in shape, and the edge of the playing area is marked by a boundary , which may be
11664-548: The derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice. The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's national sport . Its success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage and betting. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and, in the middle years of the century, large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury . The single wicket form of
11808-418: The drawn Test series . In the ensuing triangular ODI series , he aggregated 121 runs from 5 matches at an average of 40.33 and a strike rate of 101.68, the highlight being an unbeaten 72 off 64 balls, while chasing a target of 235 against Zimbabwe in the 3rd match of the series, leading India to a 4-wicket win with four balls to spare. He was adjudged man of the match. On the next tour to Sri Lanka, India lost
11952-502: The drawn Second test to end the series with an average of 432.00, the highest batting average by an Indian in a series across all formats. Dravid captained the Indian team for the first time in the fifth match of the bilateral ODI series against Zimbabwe in the absence of Ganguly, who was serving suspension. With Agarkar 's successful performance, Dravid led India to a 39-run victory in his maiden ODI as captain. The Australian team toured India in February 2001. Dravid performed poorly in
12096-405: The earliest known contest that is generally considered a First Class match. The patrons and other players from the gentry began to classify themselves as " amateurs " to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the working class , even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities. The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as
12240-413: The end of 1998, Dravid regularly found himself in and out of the ODI team. Dravid's first success in his ODI career took place in the 1996 'Friendship' Cup against Pakistan in the tough conditions of Toronto . He emerged as the highest scorer of the series with 220 runs in five matches at an average of 44.00 and a strike rate of 68.53. He won his first ODI Man of the Match award for the 46 runs scored in
12384-456: The existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but, in terms of their financial gain, de facto professional. Grace himself was said to have been paid more money for playing cricket than any professional. The last two decades before the First World War have been called the " Golden Age of cricket ". It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from
12528-402: The first innings and enforced a follow-on after securing a lead of 274 runs. In the second innings, Laxman , who had scored a fifty in the first innings, was promoted to the no. 3 position which had been Dravid's usual spot, while Dravid, who had gotten bowled out to Warne for a second time in a row in the first innings in just 25 runs, was relegated to no. 6 position. When Dravid joined Laxman in
12672-457: The first innings of the First Test but displayed strong resilience in Tendulkar's company in the second innings. Dravid's 196-ball-long resistance finally ended when he got out bowled to Warne for 39 runs. Australians extended their winning streak to 16 Tests as they defeated India by 10 wickets in three days. During the Second Test at Eden Gardens, the Australians bowled India out for 171 runs in
12816-631: The first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975 . Sri Lanka joined the ranks in 1982. Meanwhile, South Africa was banned by the ICC due to apartheid from 1970 until 1992. 1992 also brought about the introduction of the Zimbabwe team . The 21st century brought with it the Bangladesh Team , who made their Test debut in 2000. The game itself also grew, with a new format made up of 20-over innings being created. This format, called T20 cricket , quickly became
12960-531: The first of the 5-match ODI series at his home ground as India won the match by 60 runs. He underperformed in the remaining 4 ODIs as Australia won the series 3–2. Dravid topped the averages for the 2000-01 Test season with 839 runs in six matches at an average of 104.87. Dravid had a decent outing in Zimbabwe, scoring 137 runs from 134 balls in the First Tour game and aggregating 138 runs at an average of 69.00 from
13104-412: The first of the four hundreds during the Zimbabwe tour. Dravid top scored in both innings against Zimbabwe , scoring 118 and 44 runs respectively; however, India lost the one-off Test . The Zimbabwe tour was followed by a tour to New Zealand . The First Test having been abandoned without a ball being bowled, the series started for Dravid with the first duck of his Test career in the first innings of
13248-441: The first three matches of the triangular event . In the absence of the suspended Ganguly, Dravid captained the side in the 4th match leading them to their first victory of the series. India won the next two matches to qualify for the Final. Dravid played crucial innings in all three victories. Eventually, India lost the Final to Sri Lanka. He top scored for India in the series with 259 runs from seven matches at an average of 51.80 and
13392-492: The fourth morning, Dravid was injured while fielding at the same position when the ball from Jayawardene 's pull shot struck his face through the helmet grill. He didn't come out to bat in the second innings due to the injury. The match ended in a draw as India failed to qualify for the Finals of the championship. In a stark contrast to his Test career, Dravid struggled to make a mark in the ODIs. Between his ODI debut in April 1996 and
13536-450: The game at county level led to the creation of the county clubs , starting with Sussex in 1839. In December 1889, the eight leading county clubs formed the official County Championship , which began in 1890. The most famous player of the 19th century was W. G. Grace , who started his long and influential career in 1865. It was especially during the career of Grace that the distinction between amateurs and professionals became blurred by
13680-424: The game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden stumps topped by two bails . As illustrated, the pitch is marked at each end with four white painted lines: a bowling crease , a popping crease and two return creases . The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease, which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease
13824-432: The game quickly grew from 500 tests in 84 years to 1000 within the next 23. Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative, and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971, and the governing International Cricket Council (ICC), seeing its potential, staged
13968-421: The greatest Test batter of all time. To curb his dominance, England employed bodyline tactics during the 1932–33 Ashes series . These involved bowling at the body of the batter and setting a field, resulting in batters having to choose between being hit or risk getting out. This series moved cricket from a game to a matter of national importance , with diplomatic cables being passed between the two countries over
14112-529: The hands, a safety helmet for the head, and a box for male players inside the trousers (to protect the crotch area). Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards. Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes
14256-543: The headline – "Rahul Dravid gets a raw deal". He eventually made his international debut on 3 April 1996 in an ODI against Sri Lanka in the Singer Cup held in Singapore immediately after the 1996 World Cup, replacing Vinod Kambli . He wasn't particularly successful with the bat, scoring only three runs before being dismissed by Muttiah Muralitharan , but took two catches in the match. He followed it up with another failure in
14400-566: The home series against England A in 1994–95. Dravid received his first call to the Indian national cricket team in October 1994 for the last two matches of the Wills World Series . However, he could not break into the playing eleven and had to return to the domestic circuit. Despite a stellar show in domestic cricket, Dravid was not selected for the Indian team for the 1996 World Cup , prompting an Indian daily newspaper to run an article with
14544-515: The incident. During this time, the number of Test nations continued to grow, with the West Indies , New Zealand and India being admitted as full Test members within a four-year period from 1928 to 1932. An enforced break during the Second World War stopped Test Cricket for a time, although the Partition of India caused Pakistan to gain Test status in 1952. As teams began to travel more,
14688-500: The initial group of athletes that were mentored by Rahul Dravid. In July 2018, Dravid became the fifth Indian cricketer to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame . Dravid was born to a Marathi -Speaking Brahmin family in Indore , Madhya Pradesh . His family later moved to Bangalore , Karnataka , where he was raised. His mother tongue is Marathi . Dravid's father, Sharad Dravid, worked for
14832-632: The long and the shorter format of the game. While he was successful in Test cricket, he struggled with ODIs. After his Test debut in England, Dravid played in the one-off Test against Australia in Delhi – his first Test in India. Batting at no. 6, he scored 40 runs in the first innings. Dravid batted at no. 3 position for the first time in the First Test of the three-match home series against South Africa in Ahmedabad in November 1996. He failed to perform well in
14976-505: The low scoring third game of the series. He top scored for India in the Standard Bank International One-Day Series 1996/97 in South Africa with 280 runs from eight games at an average of 35.00 and a strike rate of 60.73, the highlight being a Man of the Match award-winning performance (84 runs, one catch) in the Final of the series, although his team lost the match. He was the second highest run scorer for India in
15120-546: The match, which ended in a draw. He followed it up with a century against Bengal and three successive centuries after. Dravid's first full season took place in 1991–92, when he scored two centuries and finished up with 380 runs at an average of 63.30, resulting in his selection to the South Zone cricket team in the Duleep Trophy . Dravid caught the national team selectors' attention with his positive performances for India A in
15264-422: The middle on the third day of the Test the scoreboard read 232/4, with India still needing 42 runs to avoid an innings defeat. Dravid and Laxman played out the remaining time on the third day and the whole of the fourth day, denying Australia any wicket on the fourth. Eventually, Laxman got out on the fifth morning, bringing the 376-runs partnership to an end. Ganguly declared the innings at 657/7, setting Australia
15408-413: The modern calendar). The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land, and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old coroner , John Derrick , who gave witness that: Being a scholler in the ffree schoole of Guldeford hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies. Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school, and so it
15552-541: The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch (in use in Flanders at the time) " krick " ( -e ), meaning a stick (crook). Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word " krickstoel " , meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church that resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University , "cricket" derives from
15696-434: The needs of ODI cricket and his lack of attacking capability. Dravid subsequently increased his range of strokes and adapted his batting style to suit the requirements of ODI cricket. He learned to pace his innings cleverly without going for the slogs . Dravid's ODI success began during the 1998-99 New Zealand tour. He scored a run-a-ball hundred in the first match of the bilateral ODI series that earned him his third Man of
15840-478: The next game against Zimbabwe. India lost both the games. Having lost the first two games, India needed to win the remaining three games of the first round to have any chance of advancing into the Super Six stage . Dravid set up a partnership with Sachin Tendulkar , during which they scored 237 runs against Kenya at Bristol – a World Cup record – and in the process hit his maiden World Cup hundred, leading India to
15984-403: The next game, scoring only four runs before being run out against Pakistan . In contrast to his ODI debut, his Test debut was rather successful. He was selected for the Indian squad touring England on the backdrop of a consistent performance in domestic cricket for five years. Fine performances in the tour games including fifties against Gloucestershire and Leicestershire failed to earn him
16128-561: The next match against Pakistan, he bowled four overs and took the wicket of Saeed Anwar . This was his first wicket in international cricket. Dravid scored two fifties in the 1998–99 Coca-Cola Cup in Sharjah , one each against England and Pakistan. Standing-in as the substitute wicket-keeper in the third match of the series for Nayan Mongia , who was injured during keeping, Dravid effected two dismissals. He first stumped Graeme Hick off Sunil Joshi 's bowling, who became Dravid's first victim as
16272-434: The others who had done much more" but also would create "the impression that India did not regard lack of transparency in financial dealings as a disqualification for its highest honours." In 2022, former West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharya refused to accept his award on the eve of the 73rd Republic Day of India. He reportedly refused to have been intimated about his nomination and straightaway exclaimed in
16416-471: The promotion of Ganguly, the then-vice-captain, as the new captain of the Indian team. In May 2000, while Dravid was busy playing county cricket in England, he was appointed as the vice-captain of the Asia cup Indian team. India did well in the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy . The Indian team, which had been involved in a match fixing scandal, defeated Kenya, Australia, and South Africa in consecutive matches to reach
16560-474: The recipients have refused or returned their conferments. In 2022, the Padma Bhushan was awarded to seventeen people. On 2 January 1954, a press release was published from the office of the secretary to the President of India announcing the creation of two civilian awards— Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan , classified into "Pahela Varg" (Class I), "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III), which rank below
16704-412: The scoring and dismiss the batters. When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day. During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of
16848-399: The second Indian to do so after Gundappa Vishwanath . By the end of 1997-98 Test season, he had scored 15 fifties in 22 Tests including four scores of nineties but just one hundred. During the 1998-99 Test season, Dravid scored 752 runs in seven Tests at an average of 62.66, that included four hundreds and one fifty. In the process, he topped the runs chart for India for the season. He scored
16992-504: The semi-finals, having lost to Australia and New Zealand. They achieved a consolation victory against Pakistan in a tense game that took place during the Kargil War in Kashmir . Dravid emerged as the top scorer of the tournament with 461 runs from 8 games at an average of 65.85 and a strike rate of 85.52. Dravid's post-World Cup campaign started poorly with only 40 runs scored in 4 games during
17136-454: The series 0–1. Later that month, India played a two Test home series against Pakistan. Dravid didn't contribute much with the bat. India lost the First Test but won the Second Test in Delhi with Kumble 's historic 10-wicket haul . Dravid played his part in the 10-wicket haul by taking a catch to dismiss Mushtaq Ahmed , who was Kumble's eighth victim in the innings. The India-Pakistan Test series
17280-472: The series, scoring only 175 runs at an average of 29.16. Two weeks later, India toured South Africa for a three–match Test series . Chasing a target of 395 runs in the First Test, the Indian team got bowled out for 66 runs on the Durban pitch that provided excessive bounce and seam movement. Dravid, batting at no. 6, was the only Indian batsman who reached double figures in the innings, scoring 27 not out . He
17424-443: The sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match, its popularity peaking in the 1748 season . Bowling underwent an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch (bounce) the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batter. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape. The Hambledon Club
17568-413: The sport is that a bowler delivers (i.e., bowls) the ball from their end of the pitch towards the batter who, armed with a bat , is "on strike" at the other end (see next sub-section: Basic gameplay ). The bat is made of wood, usually Salix alba (white willow), and has the shape of a blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade must not be more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide and
17712-440: The test. Manjrekar subsequently failed the test. Ten minutes before the toss, Sandeep Patil , the Indian coach, informed Dravid that he was indeed going to make his debut that day. Patil recalled years later: I told him he will be playing. His face lit up. I cannot forget that moment. Coming in to bat at no. 7, he forged important partnerships, first with another debutante Sourav Ganguly and then with Indian lower order, securing
17856-515: The text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus. The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto of India, " Satyameva Jayate " (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (32 mm) in width with
18000-467: The three events. Dravid began his post-World Cup Test season with a decent outing against New Zealand in the 3-match home series . His best effort during the series came in the second innings of the First test at Mohali , where he scored 144 runs, helping India salvage a draw after being bowled out for 83 runs in the First innings. This was Dravid's sixth test hundred and his first test hundred in India. Dravid
18144-528: The total length of the bat not more than 38 inches (97 cm). There is no standard for the weight, which is usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and 1.4 kg). Padma Bhushan The Padma Bhushan ( IAST : Padma Bhūṣaṇa , lit. 'Lotus Decoration') is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India , preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by
18288-668: The under-15, under-17 and under-19 levels. Dravid was named one of the best five cricketers of the year by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 2000 and received the Player of the Year and the Test Player of the Year awards at the inaugural ICC awards ceremony in 2004. In December 2011, he became the first non-Australian cricketer to deliver the Bradman Oration in Canberra . As of January 2022, Dravid
18432-523: The war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and Test level developed. In 1844, the first-ever international match took place between what were essentially club teams, from the United States and Canada , in Toronto ; Canada won. In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on the first overseas tour . Meanwhile,
18576-651: Was bowled underarm by the bowler and along the ground towards a batter armed with a bat that in shape resembled a hockey stick ; the batter defended a low, two-stump wicket ; and runs were called notches because the scorers recorded them by notching tally sticks. In 1611, the year Cotgrave 's dictionary was published, ecclesiastical court records at Sidlesham in Sussex state that two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter, failed to attend church on Easter Sunday because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12 d each and ordered to do penance . This
18720-442: Was 50 not out at the end of the day ... walking back to the hotel with Srinath and I knew somehow that this was probably a very significant innings. I knew I had some more breathing space ... a few more Test matches at least ... gave me a lot of confidence scoring 95 here and 80 at Trent Bridge ... as a player and as a person. Dravid's early years in international cricket mirrored his international debut. He had contrasting fortunes in
18864-538: Was a "great upsurge of sport after the Restoration " in 1660. Several members of the court of King Charles II took a strong interest in cricket during that era. Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for Parliament to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to £ 100, which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population. Along with horse racing , as well as prizefighting and other types of blood sport , cricket
19008-621: Was awarded in 1968, returned his award to protest against the Emergency declared in the country in 1975 . Novelist Khushwant Singh , who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the Operation Blue Star . Singh was later awarded Padma Vibhushan in 2007. Pushpa Mittra Bhargava , 1986 recipient and scientist and founder-director of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), returned his award in 2015 in protest of
19152-689: Was considered for the Padma Shri but the Indian Embassy in Washington, D.C. declined to nominate Chatwal when asked by the Prime Minister's Office. The then Indian Ambassador to the United States Ronen Sen had told PMO that the conferral would not be appropriate because of the controversy associated with his financial dealings in India and America. Sen also mentioned that though positive, Chatwal's contributions are much less compared to other Indian-Americans. The bestowal would not only "demoralise
19296-480: Was embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma Bhushan" written in Devanagari Script was inscribed above the lotus along the upper edge of the medal. A floral wreath was embossed along the lower edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the text "Desh Seva" in Devanagari Script on the lower edge. The medal
19440-494: Was followed by the 1998–99 Asian Test Championship . India went on to lose the riot-affected First Test of the championship against Pakistan at the Eden Gardens . India went to Sri Lanka to play the Second Test of the championship. Dravid scored his fourth hundred of the season at Colombo in the first innings of the match. He also effected a successful run out of Russel Arnold during Sri Lankan innings fielding at short leg. On
19584-592: Was founded in the 1760s and, for the next twenty years until the formation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket . New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century include the three-stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw). The 19th century saw underarm bowling superseded by first roundarm and then overarm bowling . Both developments were controversial. Organisation of
19728-490: Was perceived to be a gambling sport. Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players. By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers—the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676. A 1697 newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" played in Sussex "for fifty guineas apiece",
19872-401: Was promoted to the no. 3 slot again in the second innings of the Second Test. He almost won the Third Test for India with his maiden test hundred in the first innings, scoring 148 runs and another 81 runs in the second innings at Wanderers before the thunderstorms, dim light and Cullinan 's hundred helped South Africa draw the match. Dravid's performance in this Test earned him his first Man of
20016-596: Was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts of India , one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned
20160-471: Was retrospectively recognised as the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia . The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882, which remains Test cricket's most famous contest. Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England. The inter-war years were dominated by Australia 's Don Bradman , statistically
20304-436: Was successful in the 3–2 series win against New Zealand during the bilateral ODI series, scoring 240 runs in 5 games at an average of 60 and a strike rate of 83.62, ending as the second highest scorer in the series. His career best effort in ODIs came in this series in the second game at Hyderabad where he scored run-a-ball 153 runs, which included fifteen fours and two sixes. He set up a 331-run partnership with Tendulkar, which
20448-408: Was suspended by a pink riband 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (32 mm) in width divided into three equal segments by two white vertical lines. A year later, the design was modified. The current decoration is a circular-shaped bronze toned medallion 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (44 mm) in diameter and 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of
20592-539: Was the first awardee who refused their conferment as "he felt state awards merely help create a sycophantic brigade" and "did not want to encourage the impression that the government was serious about the importance of theatre in national life." Sitar player Vilayat Khan declined to accept the award in 1968, stating that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music." Khan had earlier refused Padma Shri in 1964 and later also turned down Padma Vibhushan in 2000. Journalist Nikhil Chakravarty rejected
20736-485: Was the largest partnership in terms of runs in ODI cricket history, a record they held for 15 years until it was broken in 2015. In 1999, Dravid scored 1,761 runs in 43 ODIs at an average of 46.34 and a strike rate of 75.16, including 6 hundreds and 8 fifties. He also featured in two 300+-run partnerships. India toured Australia in December 1999 for a 3-match test series and a triangular ODI tournament. Although Dravid scored
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