The Directorium Inquisitorum is Nicholas Eymerich 's most prominent and enduring work, written in Latin and consisting of approximately 800 pages, which he had composed as early as 1376. Eymerich had written an earlier treatise on sorcery , perhaps as early as 1359, which he extensively reworked into the Directorium Inqusitorum . In compiling the book, Eymerich used many of the magic texts he had previously confiscated from accused sorcerers. It can also be considered as an assessment of a century and a half of official Inquisition in the " albigensian " country.
52-455: The Dominican friar Nicholas Eymerich was appointed Inquisitor General of Aragon in 1357. As he directed much of his efforts to the apparent errors of members of the clergy, he often found his investigations blocked by the court, curia, or papacy. King Peter IV of Aragon had him removed from office at the general chapter held at Perpignan in 1360. In lieu of being elected the Vicar General of
104-702: A claim disputed by the de la Roche in the War of the Euboeote Succession . Like the rest of Latin Greece, however, the Duchy recognized the suzerainty of Charles I of Sicily after the Treaties of Viterbo in 1267. The Duchy occupied the Attic peninsula as well as Boeotia and extended partially into Thessaly , sharing an undefined border with Thessalonica and then Epirus. It did not hold
156-591: A clear answer as to the legitimacy of the donations. After the festivities in Zaragoza, Peter began on his way to Valencia to receive coronation there. En route he stopped at Lleida to affirm the Usatges and Constitutions of the Principality of Catalonia and receive the homage of his Catalan subjects. This offended Barcelona , at which the ceremony had usually been performed, and the citizens of that city complained to
208-412: A distinction between practices deemed heretical and non-heretical. He quotes Pope Innocent V in saying that in order to receive aid from a demon, a person must enter into some form of pact with the demon. Eymerich then extrapolates on this postulate to demonstrate that any agreement with a demon is a heresy. Eymerich was among the first to condemn all forms of demonic conjuration as heresy. Previously,
260-592: A greater political role than Athens because it was situated in the later capital of the duchy at Thebes. Under the Catalans, the Athenian diocese had expanded its jurisdiction to thirteen suffragans, but only the dioceses of Megara, Daulia, Salona, and Boudonitza lay within the duchy itself. The archiepiscopal offices of Athens and Thebes were held by Frenchmen and Italians until the late fourteenth century, when Catalan or Aragonese people began to fill them. Of Burgundian origin,
312-406: A manual for inquisitors, and gave practical advice on how to conduct inquiries. It also described various means an accused heretic might use to dissemble, such as equivocation or the pretense of insanity. Witchcraft, which was a marginal issue for early inquisitors, assumed more importance in the later edition. On the subject of magic, it discusses various types and techniques of divination and draws
364-535: A petty lord. In March Peter had declared his realm incorporated into the Crown of Aragon in perpetuity and ceremoniously had himself crowned its king. By the Pact of Madrid , Peter was constrained to aid Alfonso XI of Castile in his successful attack on Algeciras (1344) and his failed attempt on Gibraltar (1349) by defending against a Moroccan counterattack. As Peter had no male issue, his brother Count James of Urgell
416-524: A run at Barcelona in 1503 and one in Rome in 1578. The Directorium Inquisitorum was one of the primary forerunners of the better known Malleus Maleficarum . Peter IV of Aragon Peter IV (Catalan: Pere IV d'Aragó; Aragonese; Pero IV d'Aragón; 5 September 1319 – 6 January 1387), called the Ceremonious (Catalan: El Cerimoniós ; Aragonese: el Ceremonioso ), was from 1336 until his death
468-480: A thorn in Peter's side had been James III of Majorca , his brother-in-law, the husband of his sister Constance . James had twice postponed performing the ceremony of homage to Peter, his feudal overlord, and when he finally performed it in 1339 it was on his terms. The rising economic star of Majorca, whose merchants were establishing independent markets and gaining trading privileges in the western Mediterranean, threatened
520-565: Is deceptive and ineffectual." However, Eymerich was the first inquisitor to get around the Church 's prohibition against torturing a subject twice. He interpreted the directive very liberally, permitting a separate instance of torture for a separate charge of heresy. The Directorium Inquisitorum was to become the definitive handbook of procedure for the Spanish Inquisition until into the seventeenth century. It saw numerous printings, including
572-569: The Assizes of Romania , but under the Customs of Barcelona , and the official common language was now Catalan instead of French. Each city and district—on the example of Sicily—had its own local governor ( veguer , castlà , capità ), whose term of office was fixed at three years and who was nominated by the Duke, the vicar-general or the local representatives. The principal towns and villages were represented by
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#1732854570379624-523: The Chronicle of Sant Joan de la Penya to record the historical basis for the authority of the crown. According to historical record, Peter IV of Aragon and his Jewish physician had a friendly disputation regarding the question of why the Jews were not allowed to drink kosher wine touched by a Christian. Thereupon the physician had water brought to wash the king's feet, of which he then drank to demonstrate that
676-719: The Acciaioli family of Florence captured Athens. Neopatras was occupied in 1390. From 1395 to 1402 the Venetians briefly controlled the Duchy. In 1444 Athens became a tributary of Constantine Palaeologus , the Despot of Morea and heir to the Byzantine throne. In 1456, after the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Empire , Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey conquered the remnants of the Duchy. Despite
728-573: The Archbishop of Zaragoza and thus rejecting the surrender Peter II had made to the Papacy , in an otherwise traditional ceremony. According to his own later reports, this act caused him some "distress". He did, however, affirm the liberties and privileges of Aragon. Also while he was at Zaragoza an embassy from Castile had met him and asked that he promise to uphold the donations of land his father had made to his stepmother Eleanor , but he refused to give
780-565: The Balearics . His wars in Greece made him Duke of Athens and Neopatria in 1381. Peter was born at Balaguer , the eldest son and heir of Alfons IV , then Count of Urgell , and his first wife, Teresa d'Entença . Peter was designated to inherit all of his father's title save that of Urgell, which went to his younger brother James . Upon succeeding his father he called a corts in Zaragoza for his coronation. He crowned himself, disappointing
832-741: The Battle of Llucmajor , in which he died. After James' death, Peter allowed James IV , his successor, to retain his royal title on purely formal terms until his death in 1375. After that date, Peter assumed the title. Majorca remained one of the component crowns of the Crown of Aragon until the Nova Planta decrees . Peter died in Barcelona , aged 67. At the Catalan Courts celebrated at Barcelona , Vilafranca del Penedès and Cervera in 1358–1359, Peter instituted
884-630: The Ottoman Empire in the 15th century. The first duke of Athens (as well as of Thebes , at first) was Otto de la Roche , a minor Burgundian knight of the Fourth Crusade . Although he was known as the "Duke of Athens" from the foundation of the duchy in 1205, the title did not become official until 1260. Instead, Otto proclaimed himself "Lord of Athens" (in Latin Dominus Athenarum , in French Sire d'Athenes ). The local Greeks called
936-642: The church of Paris were imported to Athens, but few western European clergymen wished to be removed to such a distant see as Athens. Antonio Ballester , however, an educated Catalan, had a successful career in Greece as archbishop. The Parthenon , which had been the Orthodox church of the Theotokos Atheniotissa , became the Catholic Church of Saint Mary of Athens. The Greek Orthodox church survived as an underground institution without official sanction by
988-560: The king of Aragon , Sardinia-Corsica , and Valencia , and count of Barcelona . In 1344, he deposed James III of Majorca and made himself King of Majorca . His reign was occupied with attempts to strengthen the crown against the Union of Aragon and other such devices of the nobility, with their near constant revolts, and with foreign wars, in Sardinia , Sicily , the Mezzogiorno , Greece , and
1040-617: The síndic , which had their own councils and officers. Judges and notaries were elected for life or even inherited offices. In 1379 the Navarrese Company , in the service of the Latin emperor James of Baux , conquered Thebes and part of the Duchy of Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Aragonese kept another part of Neopatras and Attica. After 1381 the Duchy was ruled by the Kings of Sicily until 1388 when
1092-558: The Byzantine successor state of Epirus, but when he tried to dismiss and cheat them of their pay in 1311, they slew him and the bulk of the Frankish nobility at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy. Walter's son Walter VI of Brienne retained only the lordship of Argos and Nauplia , where his claims to the Duchy were still recognized. In 1312, the Catalans recognized the suzerainty of King Frederick III of Sicily , who appointed his son Manfred as Duke. The ducal title remained in
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#17328545703791144-505: The Catalans. His wife briefly had control of the city, too. The heirs of Brienne continued to claim the duchy, but were recognised only in Argos and Nauplia . The annexation of the duchy to first the Catalan Company and subsequently Aragon came after a disputed succession following the death of the last Burgundian duke. The Catalans recognised the king of Sicily as suzerain and this left
1196-565: The Deputation of the General or Generalitat . Castile had recently invaded Aragon and Valencia and the cortes decided to streamline the government by designating a dozen deputies to oversee the fiscal and material policies of the Crown. The first "President of the Generalitat" was Berenguer de Cruïlles , Bishop of Girona (1359). Toward the end of his reign (c. 1370) Peter ordered the compilation of
1248-715: The Dominicans in Aragon in 1362 however, Eymerich was again Inquisitor General. For a time King Peter IV of Aragon prevented Eymerich from serving as inquisitor. Finally in 1376 he drove him from the kingdom and Eymerich fled to the papal court of Pope Gregory XI in Avignon . There he wrote the Directorium Inquisitorum . It was further amplified by Spanish canonist Francis Peña in 1578. According to Karen Sullivan, they viewed
1300-701: The Ottoman conquest, the title of "Duke of Athens and Neopatras" continued in use by the Kings of Aragon, and through them by the Kings of Spain , up to the present day. Athens was the seat of a metropolitan archdiocese within the Patriarchate of Constantinople when it was conquered by the Franks. The seat, however, was not of importance, being the twenty-eighth in precedence in the Byzantine Empire. Nonetheless, it had produced
1352-636: The Turkish conquest. Italian poet Dante Alighieri (c. 1265-1321), in the Inferno segment of his Divine Comedy , meets, along with the Roman poet Virgil , the mythological Minotaur and, speaking with him, he mentions "the Duke of Athens" ( Theseus ). So does Shakespeare in his comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream . In Dante's Divine Comedy (especially in Inferno ), there are many references to Pelasgian mythology , and
1404-408: The accused "as a soul deciding for itself whether it is to be united with God or forever alienated from him". Eymerich appears to have been familiar with Bernard Gui 's earlier Liber sententiarum and other inquisitorial treatises. The Directorium Inquisitorum includes definitions of various types of heresies, discussion of questions of jurisdiction, and proper trial procedure. The book was used as
1456-481: The common belief had been that even a saint might make a demonic pact as exemplified by the story of Saint Theophilus , who made a pact with the devil to gain an ecclesiastical position. In addition to describing common magical practices, Eymerich also described means of extracting a confession which included primitive psychological manipulation as well as outright torture . Regarding torture, Eymerich said, "Quaestiones sunt fallaces et inefficaces" meaning, "Torture
1508-559: The corts on the premise that he had to address a crisis developing in Sardinia . Not long thereafter, while Peter was in Catalonia , James suddenly died. Many suspected Peter of having arranged to have James poisoned. Deprived of their leader, the Union of Aragon was greatly weakened. Venturing next to Valencia , Peter encountered the nascent Valencian Union which had taken its cue from its counterpart in Aragon. At Murviedro ( Sagunt ), Peter
1560-514: The duchy often as an appanage in the hands of younger sons and under vicars general . These were the vicars-general of the Crown of Sicily, and after 1379 of the Crown of Aragon. The Florentine Acciaioli (or Acciajuoli) governed the duchy from their removal of the Catalans, with the assistance of the Navarrese . While Nerio willed the city and duchy to Venice, it returned to the Florentines until
1612-449: The dukes "Megas Kyris" ( Greek : Μέγας Κύρης , "Great Lord"), from which the shortened form "Megaskyr", often used even by the Franks to refer to the Duke of Athens, is derived. Athens was originally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica , but after Thessalonica was captured in 1224 by Theodore , the Despot of Epirus , the Principality of Achaea claimed suzerainty over Athens,
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1664-451: The dukes of the petty lordly family from La Roche renewed the ancient city of Plato and Aristotle as a courtly European capital of chivalry. The state they built around it was, throughout their tenure, the strongest and most peaceful of the Latin creations in Greece. The Athenian parliament elected the count of Brienne to succeed Guy, but his tenure was brief and he was killed in battle by
1716-537: The fear of impurity was not the reason of the prohibition. In 1350, in response to the black plague , Peter IV ordered the mayor of Lleida to construct a new Jewish cemetery, as the existing one became overwhelmed by the number of new corpses. His first marriage, on 23 July 1338 in Alagón , was to Maria (1329 – 29 April 1347), daughter of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre . They had four children: His second marriage, on 15 November 1347 in Barcelona ,
1768-423: The governing Latin authorities. The Greek clergy had not typically been literate in the twelfth century and their education certainly worsened under Latin domination, when their church was illegal. The archdiocese of Thebes also lay within the Athenian duchy. Unlike Athens, it had no suffragans. However, the Latin archbishopric produced several significant figures as archbishops, such as Simon Atumano . It had
1820-525: The hands of the Crown of Aragon until 1388, but actual authority was exercised by a series of vicars-general. In 1318/19 the Catalans conquered Siderokastron and the south of Thessaly as well, and created the Duchy of Neopatras , united to Athens. Part of Thessaly was conquered from the Catalans by the Serbian Empire in the 1340s. Under Aragonese rule, the feudal system continued to exist, not anymore under
1872-438: The island to prepare its defence. In February 1343 Peter declared James a contumacious vassal and his kingdom and lands forfeit. The legal process being terminated, Peter went to war, on the advice that the islanders were burdened by taxes and would readily rise in his support. In May a fleet which had been blockading Algeciras landed at Majorca and quickly defeated James' army at the Battle of Santa Ponça . Peter received
1924-624: The islands of the Aegean Sea , which were Venetian territories, but exercised influence over the Latin Triarchy of Negroponte . The buildings of the Acropolis in Athens served as the palace for the dukes. The Duchy was held by the family of la Roche until 1308, when it passed to Walter V of Brienne . Walter hired the Catalan Company , a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor , to fight against
1976-452: The king and Eleanor received her land and jurisdictional rights. Peter was largely forced to capitulate by a new invasion from Morocco aimed at Castile and Valencia. In 1338 he married Maria , second daughter of Philip III and Joan II of Navarre . In May 1339 he allied with Alfonso XI of Castile against Morocco, but his contribution of a fleet had no effect at the pivotal Battle of Río Salado (October 1340). Early on in his reign,
2028-493: The king of Majorca to a cort at Barcelona, to which he knew he would not come, and when James or a representative of his failed to appear, Peter declared himself free from the obligations of an overlord to James. Peter then opened a legal process against James, with the intent of dispossessing him of his kingdom. He alleged that the circulation of James' coinage in the Counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne to be an infringement on
2080-454: The king, who claimed that Lleida was on his way to Valencia. While in Valencia he decided on the case of his stepmother's inheritance, depriving her of income and outlawing her Castilian protector, Peter Ponce of León and Jérica. However, Jérica had enough supporters within Peter's domains that Peter was unable to maintain his position and in 1338, through papal mediation, Jérica was reconciled to
2132-656: The prominent clergyman Michael Choniates . It was a metropolitan see (province or eparchy) with eleven suffragans at the time of conquest: Euripus, Daulia, Coronea, Andros, Oreos, Scyrus, Karystos, Porthmus, Aulon, Syra and Seriphus, and Ceos and Thermiae (or Cythnus). The structure of the Greek church was not significantly changed by the Latins, and Pope Innocent III confirmed the first Latin Archbishop of Athens , Berard , in all his Greek predecessors' rights and jurisdictions. The customs of
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2184-515: The royal right of monopoly of coinage. This was open to question, considering the ancient customs of Roussillon and Cerdagne, but Peter was prepared to move forward anyway. The interference of Pope Clement VI , however, granted James a hearing in Barcelona in front of papal delegates. Peter, for his part, spread rumours that James was seeking to capture him. James, fearing that Peter would stoop to invading Majorca and seizing it by force, returned to
2236-400: The submission of all the Balearics and confirmed the privileges of the islands as they had been under James I . Though James sued for peace and Pope Clement attempted to mediate it, Peter returned to Barcelona prepared to invade Roussillon and Cerdagne. After these were finally conquered in 1344 James surrendered on a safe conduct, only to find himself ignominiously reduced to the status of
2288-607: The supremacy of Barcelona. The gold coinage of Majorca and the diplomatic equality granted it by the powers of France and Italy irked Peter further, while James also allied with Abu Al-Hassan , the king of Morocco and Peter's enemy. Peter's outrage, however, was given no outlet until 1341, when James, threatened with invasion by the French over disputed rights to the Lordship of Montpellier , called on his suzerain Aragon for aid. In order not to offend France nor to support James, Peter summoned
2340-523: Was a great display of magnanimity. Not the same can be said for the fate of Valencia. After being persuaded not to burn the entire city and sow it with salt, many were executed. Of particular note, he had the bell that the Valencian Union rang to summon its meetings melted down. The molten metal from the bell was then poured down the throats of the Union leaders so that they "should taste its liquor." In 1356, he engaged with Peter I of Castile in what
2392-587: Was called the " War of the Two Peters ". It ended in 1375 with the Treaty of Almazan, without a winner due to the Black Death and several natural disasters. He conquered Sicily in 1377 but the possession was given to his son Martin. Throughout his reign, Peter IV had frequent conflicts with the inquisitor general of Aragon, Nicolas Eymerich . In 1349, James invaded Majorca, but was soundly defeated by Peter's troops at
2444-481: Was forced to name his stepbrother Ferran as the new procurator general. Additional concessions of royal authority were made to appease the Unionists. This time when he attempted to leave a bad situation, Peter was held under guard in Valencia as a prisoner of the Union. Suffering perhaps his greatest humility, he and his queen were forced to dance with the common folk to show his subservience. Ironically, his salvation
2496-594: Was previously his mistress. They had three children: Duke of Athens The Duchy of Athens ( Greek : Δουκᾶτον Ἀθηνῶν, Doukaton Athinon ; Catalan : Ducat d'Atenes ) was one of the Crusader states set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade as part of the process known as Frankokratia , encompassing the regions of Attica and Boeotia , and surviving until its conquest by
2548-535: Was reserved for the second in line to the Aragonese throne. James fled to Zaragoza where he gained the favor of certain nobles who wished to reassert their powers via the monarch. Peter eventually succumbed to the pressure to hold a cortes in Zaragoza where he made numerous concessions of royal authority to quell a rebellion he was not yet in a position to crush. One of such concessions was to revoke his attempt to name Constance as heir, and to restore James as procurator general. To avert additional damage, Peter dissolved
2600-399: Was the Black Death . Valencia was felled by this plague in May 1348, enabling Peter to escape amid the confusion. Assembling an army of increasingly powerful royalists in Aragon, Peter attacked the unionist forces at the Battle of Epila on 21 July 1348. Peter won a complete victory. Proceeding to Saragossa, Peter executed only thirteen Union leaders. By fourteenth century standards, this
2652-414: Was the presumptive heir to the Aragonese throne. Peter grew to mistrust the intentions of James over time. Peter decided that he would instead name his daughter Constance as his heir presumptive notwithstanding the precedents established by James I and Alfonso IV to exclude females from the throne. To this end, he demanded that James cede his post as procurator general, a position which, by tradition,
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#17328545703792704-443: Was to Eleanor (1328 – 29 October 1348), daughter of Afonso IV of Portugal . She died one year later of the Black Death . His third marriage, on 27 August 1349 in Valencia , was to Eleanor (1325 – 20 April 1375), daughter of Peter II of Sicily . They had four children: His last marriage, on 11 October 1377 in Barcelona , was to Sibila (? – 4 or 24 November 1406), daughter of Bernat of Fortià and widow of Artal of Foces, who
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