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29-661: The Desert Patrol was formed as a semi-independent part of the Arab Legion in February 1931 by Glubb Pasha to secure Transjordan's desert region of the country, effectively everything east of the cultivated area that formed Trans-Jordan's western border with Mandatory Palestine . The patrol replaced the Trans-Jordan Frontier Force in the desert. Initially it had 20 men in four trucks with Lewis and Vickers machine guns . Additional men were located in small forts throughout

58-466: A county , duchy , grand duchy or principality in Europe, depending on the size and importance of the beylik ). However the exact scope of power handed to the beks (alternative spelling to beys) varied with each country, thus there was no clear-cut system, rigidly applied to all countries defining all the possible power and prestige that came along with the title. Today, the word is still used formally as

87-555: A 100-mile front, which then expanded to a 400-mile front following the withdrawal of Iraqi forces. On September 11, 1956, an Israeli force in what the IDF termed one of its retribution operations , Operation Jehonathan , raided Jordanian territory at Al-Rahwa, Hebron Sector, attacking the police station and clashing with a unit from the Legion's Desert Force . Over twenty soldiers and policemen were killed. The Legion generally stayed out of

116-678: A similar office within Arab states that broke away from the High Porte , such as Egypt and Sudan under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty , where it was a rank below pasha (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son. Even much earlier, the virtual sovereign's title in Barbaresque North African 'regency' states was "Bey" (compare Dey ). Notably in Tunis ,

145-581: A social title for men, similar to the way the titles " sir " and " mister " are used in the English language. Additionally, it is widely used in the naming customs of Central Asia , namely in countries such as Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . Notably, the ethnic designation of Uzbeks comes from the name of Öz Beg Khan of the Golden Horde , being an example of the usage of this word in personal names and even names of whole ethnic groups. The general rule

174-462: Is that the honorific is used with first names and not with surnames or last names. The word entered English from Turkish bey , itself derived from Old Turkic beg , which – in the form bäg – has been mentioned as early as in the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) and is usually translated as "tribal leader". The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it

203-719: The Arab Revolt in Palestine and civil disturbances in Syria. The Patrol now consisted of 350 Bedouins organised into two truck mounted companies. The Patrol formed the basis of the Mechanized regiment of the Arab Legion. Photos Arab Legion The Arab Legion ( Arabic : الفيلق العربي ) was the police force, then regular army, of the Emirate of Transjordan , a British protectorate , in

232-717: The Husainid Dynasty used a whole series of title and styles including Bey: Bey was also the title that was awarded by the Sultan of Turkey in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire to Oloye Mohammed Shitta , an African merchant prince of the Yoruba people who served as a senior leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of Lagos . Subsequently, he and his children became known in Nigeria by

261-652: The Moorish Science Temple of America and the Moorish Orthodox Church . 'Bey' is also used colloquially in Urdu -speaking parts of India , and its usage is similar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressively, it is an offensive term. The Hungarian word 'bő' originates from an Old Turkic loanword, cognate with Ottoman 'bey', that used to mean 'clan leader' in Old Hungarian. Later, as an adjective, it acquired

290-526: The Tatar Khanate of Kazan , in charge of a Beylik called Bäklek . The Uzbek Khanate of Khiva , Emirate of Bukhara and The Khanate of Kokand used the "beks" as local administrations of "bekliks" or provinces. The Balkar princes in the North Caucasus highlands were known as taubiy (taubey), meaning the "mountainous chief". Sometimes a Bey was a territorial vassal within a khanate, as in each of

319-667: The Uyghurs . It permitted the Turkic Begs in the Altishahr region to maintain their previous status, and they administered the area for the Qing as officials. High-ranking Begs were allowed to call themselves Begs. Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that "distinguished persons and their sons" as well as "high government officials" could become bey , which

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348-522: The double-barrelled surname Shitta-Bey , a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants. In the Ottoman period, the lords of the semi-autonomous Mani Peninsula used the title of beis (μπέης); for example, Petros Mavromichalis was known as Petrobey . Other Beys saw their own Beylik promoted to statehood, e.g.: Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as Bäk in

377-596: The 1956 Suez Crisis . On 1 March 1956, the Arab Legion was renamed as the Arab Army (now Jordanian Armed Forces ) as part of the Arabization of its command , under which King Hussein of Jordan dismissed the Legion's British commander "Glubb Pasha" and other senior British officers. In Israel, the Hebrew term "Ligioner" (ליגיונר), i.e. "Legionary" was still informally used for Jordanian soldiers for many years afterwards, also at

406-443: The Arab Legion. It consisted of only 150 men and most of them were stationed along Transjordan's roads. During this time the Arab Legion was reduced to 900 men and was also stripped of its machine guns, artillery, and communications troops. In 1939, John Bagot Glubb , better known as "Glubb Pasha ", became the Legion's commander, with Major General Abdul Qadir Pasha Al Jundi as his deputy commander. Together they transformed it into

435-661: The British officers returned to their units. John Platts-Mills , a Labour Member of Parliament, formally queried in Parliament why Glubb had not been prosecuted for serving in a foreign army in contravention of the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 . Units of the Arab Legion were engaged in several battles with the Jewish forces, including the following: By the end of the war in 1949, the Arab Legion consisted of over 10,000 men manning

464-506: The Legion re-entered Palestine with 1st Brigade heading to Nablus and 2nd Brigade heading to Ramallah . The Arab Legion entered Palestine with other Arab forces on May 15, 1948, using the Allenby , now King Hussein , bridge as they were advancing to cover the approaches from Jenin , in the north to Alaffoula and from Al-Majame'a bridge on the Jordan River to Bissan Alaffoula . There

493-792: The Legion who participated in the Victory March were Major General Abdul Qadir Pasha el Jundi, O.B.E. , Colonel Bahjat Bey Tabbara, and Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Sudqui Bey, M.B.E. The Arab Legion actively participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli war . With a total strength of just over 6,000, the Arab Legion's military contingent consisted of 4,500 men in four single battalion -sized regiments , each with their own armored car squadrons, and seven independent companies plus support troops. The regiments were organized into two brigades. 1st Brigade contained 1st and 3rd Regiments while 3rd brigade contained 2nd and 4th Regiments. There were also two artillery batteries with four 25-pounders each. On 9 February 1948

522-596: The Transjordan Frontier Force was disbanded with members being absorbed back into the Arab Legion. Although headed by Glubb, now a Lieutenant General , command in the field was by Brigadier Norman Lash . The Legion was initially withdrawn from Palestine to Transjordanian territory, under instruction from the United Nations , prior to the end of the British Mandate . With the commencement of hostilities

551-695: The best-trained Arab army. During World War II , the Arab Legion took part in the British war effort against pro- Axis forces in the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre . By then, the force had grown to 1,600 men. The Legion, part of Iraqforce , contributed significantly in the Anglo-Iraqi War and in the Syria-Lebanon campaign , two decisive early victories for the Allies . The top three officers representing

580-731: The early part of the 20th century, and then of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , an independent state, with a final Arabization of its command taking place in 1956, when British senior officers were replaced by Jordanian ones. In October 1920, after taking over the Transjordan region from the Ottomans , the United Kingdom formed a unit of 150 men called the "Mobile Force", under the command of Captain Frederick Gerard Peake , to defend

609-672: The leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia , South Asia , Southeast Europe , and the Middle East , such as the Ottomans , Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe . The feminine equivalent title was begum . The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called beylik , roughly meaning "governorate" or "region" (the equivalent of

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638-557: The region and relied on camels for mobility. Glubb recruited mainly Bedouins for the Patrol and helped establish strong links between the Bedouin and the monarchy that survive today. The remaining four-fifths of the Arab Legion at this time were police and gendarmerie serving in the cultivated area. Over the next five to ten years, Glubb successfully pacified the tribes. Between 1936 and 1939, forces were expanded in response to threats posed by

667-583: The territory against both internal and external threats. The Mobile Force was based in Zarqa . 80% of its men were drawn from the local Chechen community . It was quickly expanded to 1,000 men, recruiting Arabs who had served in the Ottoman Army . On 22 October 1923, the police were merged with the Reserve Mobile Force, still under Peake, who was now an employee of the Emirate of Transjordan . The new force

696-721: The three zuzes under the Khan of the Kazakhs. The variation Beg , Baig or Bai , is still used as a family name or a part of a name in South and Central Asia as well as the Balkans . In Slavic -influenced names, it can be seen in conjunction with the Slavic -ov/-ović/ev suffixes meaning "son of", such as in Bakir and Alija Izetbegović , and Abai Kunanbaev . The title is also used as an honorific by members of

725-437: The time of the 1967 war and its aftermath. Note: " Pasha " is a Turkish honorary title, one of various ranks, and is equivalent to the British title of "Lord". Bey is equivalent to a knighthood or "Sir". Bey Bey , also spelled as Baig , Bayg , Beigh , Beig , Bek , Baeg, Begh, or Beg , is a Turkic title for a chieftain , and an honorific title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to

754-452: Was a loan-word, in Old Turkic. This Turkic word is usually considered a borrowing from an Iranian language. However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from Iranian as superficially attractive but quite uncertain, and pointed out the possibility that the word may be genuinely Turkic . Two principal etymologies have been proposed by scholars: It was also used by

783-447: Was considerable embarrassment from the UK government that British officers were employed in the Legion during the conflict and all of them, including a brigade commander, were ordered to return to Transjordan. This led to the bizarre spectacle of British officers leaving their units to return to Transjordan, only to sneak back across the border and rejoin the Arab Legion. Without exception all of

812-478: Was named Al Jeish al Arabi ("the Arab Army") but was always known officially in English as the Arab Legion. The Arab Legion was financed by Britain and commanded by British officers. The Legion was formed as a police force to keep order among the tribes of Transjordan and to guard the important Jerusalem – Amman road. On 1 April 1926, the Transjordan Frontier Force was formed from cadre drawn from

841-538: Was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our ' Esquire ' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]". The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. The title bey ( Arabic : بيه Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [beː] ) was also called beyk or bek ( بيك ) – from Turkish beyg ( بيـگ ) – in North Africa, including Egypt. A bey could maintain

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