Misplaced Pages

#438561

56-729: The Deer Creek/Bryson Paddock Sites are the remains of 18th century fortified villages of the Wichita tribe located along the Arkansas River in Kay County, Oklahoma . The Deer Creek Site is located east of Newkirk, Oklahoma . It is situated on a low bluff overlooking the Arkansas River. The Bryson Paddock site is almost 2 miles (3 km) north also on a low bluff near the river. Both sites were fortified with log and earth stockades surrounding villages of grass-thatched conical houses typical of

112-533: A reservation in southwest Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the area where most of them continue to reside today. On June 4, 1891, the affiliated tribes signed an agreement with the Cherokee Commission for individual allotments. Wichita relationships were mostly harmonious and cooperative. The Wichita were allies with the Comanche and traded with them. However, they were enemies with groups such as

168-560: A history of intermarriage and alliance with other groups. Notably, the women of the Wichita worked with the Pueblo to harvest crops and engage in trade. Pueblo women were recorded to have intermarried with Wichita people and lived together in Wichita villages. The social structure was organized by ranking of each tribe. Tribes were also led by two chiefs. The Wichita tribes call themselves Kitikiti'sh or Kirikirish (" raccoon -eyed people"), because of

224-538: A large role in the Wichita people's lifestyle. Increased access to horses in the mid 17th century caused Wichita hunting styles and seasons to become longer and more community-oriented. The Wichita economy also focused on horticulture, root-gathering, and fruits and nuts. Wichita people wore clothing from tanned hides, which the women prepared and sewed. They often decorated their dresses with elk canine teeth . Both men and women tattooed their faces and bodies with solid and dotted lines and circles. Wichita people had

280-582: A population of about 12,000. His description of the Etzanoa was similar to that of Coronado's description of Quivira. The homesteads were dispersed; the houses round, thatched with grass and surrounded by large granaries to store the corn, beans, and squash they grew in their fields. Oñate's Rayados were certainly Wichita, probably the sub-tribe later known as the Guichitas. What the Coronado and Oñate expeditions showed

336-498: Is 49 miles (79 km) east to the center of Oklahoma City . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town of Hinton has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km ), all land. Hinton Municipal Airport (FAA ID: 2O8) is about 2 miles northeast, and features a 4001 x 60 ft. (1220 x 18 m) paved runway. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,175 people, 575 households, and 412 families residing in

392-493: Is a town in Caddo County , Oklahoma , United States. The population was 3,196 as of the 2010 census , up from 2,175 in 2000 . It is approximately 50 miles (80 km) west of Oklahoma City . Hinton is located in northeastern Caddo County at an elevation of 1,676 feet (511 m). The town limits extend north from the settled part of town 4 miles (6 km) along U.S. Route 281 to Interstate 40 at Exit 101, from which it

448-662: Is in Caddo County, Oklahoma . The Wichitas are a self-governance tribe, who operate their own housing authority and issue tribal vehicle tags . The current tribal administration is as follows. The tribe owns the Sugar Creek Casino, several restaurants, the Sugar Creek Event Center, and Hinton Travel Inn in Hinton . It owns a smoke shop, travel plaza, and historical center in Anadarko. Their annual economic impact in 2010

504-556: Is on duty at all times. Hinton is also the site of the Great Plains Correctional Institution , opened in 1991 as the state's first private prison, and holding non-U.S. citizen federal inmates as of 2016. Sugar Creek Casino is located just off I-40 in Hinton. The casino is an enterprise of the Wichita and affiliated tribes. Casino Oklahoma is located just off I-40 on the east side of U.S. 281 and Hinton Boulevard, and

560-571: Is under private ownership. To prevent desecration of the sites, the exact location is not disclosed. Wichita (tribe) Today, Wichita tribes, which include the Kichai people , Waco , Taovaya , Tawakoni , and the Wichita proper (or Guichita), are federally recognized as the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakoni) . The Wichita and Affiliated Tribes are headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma . Their tribal jurisdictional area

616-733: The Battle of the Twin Villages . The Spanish army suffered 19 dead and 14 wounded, leaving two cannons on the battlefield, although they claimed to have killed more than 100 Indians. The alliance between the Wichita, especially the Taovayas, and the Comanche began to break up in the 1770s as the Wichita sought a better relationship with the Spanish. Taovaya power in Texas declined sharply after an epidemic, probably smallpox , in 1777 and 1778 killed about one-third of

SECTION 10

#1732852143439

672-604: The Rio Grande Valley in search of a rich land called Quivira . In Texas, probably in the Blanco River Canyon near Lubbock , Coronado met people he called Teyas who might have been related to the Wichita and the earlier Plains villagers. The Teyas, if in fact they were Wichita, were probably the ancestors of the Iscani and Waco, although they might also have been the Kichai , who spoke a different language but later joined

728-519: The Rio Grande Valley, with whom they interacted. In the late 15th century, most of these Washita River villages were abandoned for reasons that are not known today. Numerous archaeological sites in central Kansas near the Great Bend of the Arkansas River share common traits and are collectively known as the "Great Bend aspect." Radiocarbon dates from these sites range from AD 1450 to 1700. Great Bend aspect sites are generally accepted as ancestral to

784-587: The Washita and South Canadian Rivers in present-day Oklahoma. The women of these 10th-century communities cultivated varieties of maize, beans, and squash (known as the Three Sisters ), marsh elder ( Iva annua ), and tobacco , which was important for religious purposes. The men hunted deer, rabbits, turkey, and, primarily, bison, and caught fish and harvested mussels from the rivers. These villagers lived in rectangular, thatched-roof houses. Archaeologists describe

840-677: The Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma although the Tawakoni and Wacos still lived in Texas and were moved onto a reservation on the upper Brazos River . They were forced out of Texas to a reservation in Oklahoma in 1859. During the Civil War, the Wichita allied with the Union side. They moved to Kansas, where they established a village at the site of present-day Wichita, Kansas . In 1867 they were relocated to

896-577: The Arkansas River east of Newkirk, Oklahoma . By 1757, however, it appears that all the Wichita had migrated south to the Red River . The most prominent of the Wichita sub-tribes were the Taovayas. In the 1720s they had moved south from Kansas to the Red River establishing a large village on the north side of the River at Petersburg, Oklahoma and on the south side at Spanish Fort, Texas . They adopted many traits of

952-477: The French in the 19th century. French traders were eager to exchange their goods with Wichita settlements as they traveled from Louisiana to Santa Fe. The Wichita had a large population in the time of Coronado and Oñate. One scholar estimates their numbers at 200,000. Villages often contained around 1,000 to 1,250 people per village. Certainly they numbered in the tens of thousands. They appeared to be much reduced by

1008-614: The Osage and Pawnee", two other neighboring Indigenous groups. Historically, for much of the year, the Wichita lived in huts made of forked cedar poles covered by dry grasses. In the winter, they followed American bison (buffalo) in a seasonal hunt and lived in hunting camps. Wichita people relied heavily on bison, using all parts—for clothing, food and cooking fat, winter shelter, leather supplies, sinew, medicine, and even armor. Each spring, Wichita families settled in their villages for another season of cultivating crops. Eventually, horses played

1064-542: The Panis Piqués or Panis Noirs are included into the listing of Wichita sub-tribes, but it seems that there were no known separate sub-tribe which can be identified by this name. One Pawnee splinter grouping known as Panismahas moved from what is now Nebraska to the Texas-Arkansas border regions where they lived with the Taovayas. The Wichita people had a unified language system with minor dialectical differences based on

1120-629: The Pawnee, the Missouri, and the Apache. The Apache were the Wichita's worst enemies, having driven them out of their homes before contact with Europeans. The Wichita people's relationship with the Osage is ambiguous. It is said to have been "cautiously hostile", but many Osage groups attacked them in the 18th century, eventually driving them out of the Arkansas River Basin. Due to geographical isolation, it

1176-558: The Quivirans moved south to these sites about 1720 is probably due to two factors. First, the Wichita were under pressure from the Apache and Comanche on the west and the Osage on the east, The Deer Creek/Bryson Paddock sites may have been more secure against attacks. Secondly, located on the Arkansas River, near the head of navigation for large canoes, French traders could transport trade goods to

SECTION 20

#1732852143439

1232-617: The Spanish as the Norteños (Northerners). The Wichita people and the Comanche attacked a Spanish military expedition in 1759. Afterwards, in response to the destruction by the Norteños of the San Saba Mission the Spanish and their Apache allies undertook an expedition to punish the Indians. Their 500-man army attacked the twin villages on Red River, but was defeated by the Wichita and Comanche in

1288-501: The United States. These sites are terraced around the Red River in Oklahoma and Texas, and they contain artifacts such as pottery, arrows, knives, clay figurines, and European trade goods. Extensive excavation of these sites revealed large ritualistic and burial structures common in the territory and culture of the Wichita people. After the man and woman were made they dreamed that things were made for them, and when they woke they had

1344-682: The Washita River Phase from 1250 to 1450, when local populations grew and villages of up to 20 houses were spaced every two or so miles along the rivers. These farmers may have had contact with the Panhandle culture villages in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles , farming villages along the Canadian River. The Panhandle villagers showed signs of adopting cultural characteristics of the Pueblo peoples of

1400-514: The West and the powerful Osage on the East. European diseases would also probably be responsible for a large decline in the Wichita population in the 17th century. In 1719, French explorers visited two groups of Wichita. Bernard de la Harpe found a large village near present-day Tulsa, Oklahoma and Claude Charles Du Tisne found two villages near Neodesha, Kansas . Regarding religion, La Harpe noticed that

1456-621: The Wichita Indians. An archaeologist has estimated that the sites had a population of 3,000 people. Some of the houses were large. One, excavated by archaeologists, had a diameter of 42 feet. It appears that the inhabitants of the two sites were the Wichita descendants of the Quivira people visited by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1541 in central Kansas and the Rayados visited by Cristobal de Oñate in 1601 near Arkansas City, Kansas . The reason

1512-468: The Wichita people "had little of it". He did, however, gain knowledge on the presence of a Great Spirit that the Wichita worshipped. Coronado's Quivira was abandoned early in the 18th century, probably due to Apache attacks. The Rayados of Oñate were probably still living in about the same Walnut River location. Archaeologists have located a Wichita village at the Deer Creek Site dating from the 1750s on

1568-427: The Wichita peoples described by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and other early European explorers. The discovery of limited quantities of European artifacts, such as chain mail and iron axe heads at several Great Bend sites, suggests contact of these people with early Spanish explorers. Great Bend aspect peoples' subsistence economy included agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Villages were located on

1624-453: The Wichita tribe. Turning north, he found Quivira and the people later known as the Wichita near the town of Lyons, Kansas . He was disappointed in his search for gold as the Quivirans appear to have been prosperous farmers and good hunters but had no gold or silver. There were about 25 villages of up to 200 houses each in Quivira. Coronado said: "They were large people of very good build", and he

1680-661: The Yscani or Iscanis of earlier times), and Guichitas or Wichita Proper; smaller bands are listed as well: Akwits (also Akwesh, Asidahetsh, or Asidahesh, a former northern Pawnee splinter group, which joined the Wichita), Itaz, Kishkat, and Korishkitsu (the two latter names may be a Wichita name for the Kichai). The Taovaya were the most important in the 18th century. The French called the Wichita peoples Panis Piqués (Pawnee Picts) or Panis Noirs (Black Pawnees), because they practiced tattooing; sometimes

1736-503: The advantage over the others in their houses and in growing of maize ". The Quivirans apparently called their land Tancoa (which bears a resemblance to the later sub-tribe called Tawakoni) and a neighboring province on the Smoky Hill River was called Tabas (which bears a resemblance to the sub-tribe of Taovayas). Settlements existed here until the Wichita were driven away in the 18th century. Sixty years after Coronado's expedition

Deer Creek/Bryson Paddock Sites - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-421: The age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.9% under

1848-463: The age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 175.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 197.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 29,028, and the median income for a family was $ 33,239. Males had a median income of $ 25,455 versus $ 20,556 for females. The per capita income for

1904-512: The border between Texas and Oklahoma. There they became major allies and trade partners of the Comanche. Joseph Bradfield Thoburn of the University of Oklahoma knew about the site in 1914 and excavated it in 1917. In 1926 he found a map listing a settlement, "Fernandina," in the area of the Deer Creek Site, so he concluded it was the first non-Indian settlement in the area; however, the map

1960-417: The color of the leaves begin to turn. Camping and day picnicking are allowed, and there is a 1-acre (4,000 m ) lake for fishing. Hiking around the canyon is allowed within park limits. The park has a pool that offers two water slides into the 8-foot-deep (2.4 m) water as well as water 3 feet (0.91 m) deep for younger swimmers. The pool is overseen by certified lifeguards, and at least one lifeguard

2016-555: The founder of New Mexico Juan de Oñate visited Etzanoa , the Wichita city. Oñate journeyed east from New Mexico, crossing the Great Plains and encountering two large settlements of people he called Escanjaques (possibly Yscani) and Rayados, most certainly Wichita. The Rayado city was probably on the Walnut River near Arkansas City, Kansas . Oñate described the city as containing "more than twelve hundred houses" which would indicate

2072-772: The geography of unique tribes. Derived from the Caddoan language, much of the Wichita language was indistinguishable between tribes they shared close alliances with. In 2018, the Wichita Tribes opened the Wichita Tribal History Center in Anadarko, which shares Wichita history, archaeology, visual arts, and culture with the public. The Wichita Annual Dance, a powwow , is held at the Wichita Tribal Park on US-281 , north of Anadarko, every August. Several sites spanning across different time periods are spread around

2128-602: The historical practice of tattooing marks around their eyes. The kindred Pawnee called them Kírikuuruks or Kírikuruks (" bear -eyed people") and the Arikara referred to them as Čirikuúnux (a reference to the Wichita practice of tattoos ). The Kiowa called them Thoe-Khoot (" tattoo faces"). Wichita people have been a loose confederation of related peoples on the Southern Plains, including such bands or sub-tribes as Taovayas (Tawehash) , Tawakonis , Wacos (who appear to have been

2184-546: The nomadic Plains Indians and were noted for raiding, trading. They had a close alliance with the French, and in 1746 a French brokered alliance with the Comanche revived the fortunes of the Wichita. The village at Petersburg was "a lively emporium where Comanches brought Apache slaves, horses and mules to trade for French packs of powder, balls, knives, and textiles and for Taovaya-grown maize, melons, pumpkins, squash, and tobacco." The Wichita and their Comanche allies were known to

2240-411: The population was recorded as being 572 total Wichita. By the time of the census of 1937, there were only 100 Wichita officially left. In 2018, 2,953 people were enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. In 2011, there were 2,501 enrolled Wichitas, 1,884 of whom lived in the state of Oklahoma. Enrollment in the tribe required a minimum blood quantum of 1/32. Hinton, Oklahoma Hinton

2296-573: The pre-Contact Plains. Several village sites contain the remains of unusual structures called "council circles," located at the center of settlements. Archaeological excavations suggest they consist of a central patio surrounded by four semi-subterranean structures. The function of the council circles is unclear. Archaeologist Waldo Wedel suggested in 1967 that they may be ceremonial structures, possibly associated with solstice observations. Recent analysis suggests that many non-local artifacts occur exclusively or primarily within council circles, implying

Deer Creek/Bryson Paddock Sites - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-593: The sites by boat. Archaeologists have found metal tools and glass beads of French and English origin at the site. The Wichita probably traded buffalo skins and meat ( jerky ) to the French in exchange. Some French traders may have lived at the sites. The Wichita were known to be excellent farmers and their villages were surrounded by fields of corn, beans, squash, watermelon (introduced by the Spanish), tobacco, native plums, and possibly other fruits and nuts. A metate (grinding stone) weighing hundreds of pounds has been found at

2408-399: The sites which indicates large scale processing of corn meal. They traded their agricultural products to the buffalo hunting Plains Indians . Archaeologists believe the Wichita moved away from the site in 1758, probably to escape Osage attacks. The French negotiated a peace between the Wichita and the Comanche in 1746, and the Wichita journeyed south to new homes in the Red River valley on

2464-430: The south to Great Bend, Kansas , in the north. A semi-sedentary people, they occupied northern Texas in the early 18th century. They traded with other Southern Plains Indians on both sides of the Red River and south to Waco . The Wichita made much of their own art, including ceramic pottery that greatly fascinated French and Spanish traders. To the untrained eye Wichita pottery was "virtually indistinguishable from

2520-448: The structures were occupied by political and/or ritual leaders of the Great Bend aspect peoples. Other archaeologists leave open the possibility that the council circle earthworks served a defensive role. One of these sites was the city Etzanoa , located in present-day Arkansas City, Kansas , near the Arkansas River , that flourished between 1450 and 1700. In 1541 Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado journeyed east from

2576-640: The things of which they had dreamed... The woman was given an ear of corn... It was to be the food of the people that should exist in the future, to be used generation after generation. —Tawakoni Jim in The Mythology of the Wichita , 1904 The Ancestral Wichita people lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River in Arkansas north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years. Early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. Farming villages were developed about 900 CE on terraces above

2632-405: The time of the first French contacts with them in 1719, probably due in large part to epidemics of infectious disease to which they had no immunity . In 1790, it was estimated there were about 3,200 total Wichita. Conflict with Texans in the early 19th century and Americans in the mid 19th century led to a major decline in population, leading to the eventual merging of Wichita settlements. By 1868,

2688-407: The town was $ 12,105. About 12.2% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over. Red Rock Canyon Adventure Park is located 1 mile (1.6 km) south of downtown Hinton. The park is a favorite of rappellers due to the canyon's cliff formations. It also boasts beautiful trees, especially in the fall when

2744-480: The town. The population density was 691.5 inhabitants per square mile (267.0/km ). There were 667 housing units at an average density of 211.7 per square mile (81.7/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 73.66% White , 13.15% African American , 4.83% Native American , 0.14% Asian , 4.37% from other races , and 3.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.46% of the population. There were 575 households, out of which 36.2% had children under

2800-462: The tribe. After the United States took over their territory as a result of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the independence of Texas in 1836, all the related tribes were increasingly lumped together and dubbed "Wichita". That designation also included the Kichai of northern Texas, who spoke a different although a related language. The principal village of the Wichita in the 1830s was near

2856-482: The upper terraces of rivers, and crops appear to have been grown on the fertile floodplains below. Primary crops were maize , beans, squash, and sunflowers, cultivated for their seeds. Gathered foods included walnut and hickory nuts, and the fruits of plum, hackberry , and grape. Remains of animal bones in Great Aspect sites include bison , elk , deer , pronghorn , and dog, one of the few domesticated animals in

SECTION 50

#1732852143439

2912-529: Was $ 4.5 million. The Wichita language is one of the Caddoan languages . They are related by language and culture to the Pawnee , with whom they have close relations. The Wichita lived in settled villages with domed-shaped, grass lodges, sometimes up to 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter. The Wichita were successful hunters, farmers, traders, and negotiators. Their historical homelands stretched from San Antonio, Texas , in

2968-545: Was created in 1860. Ethnohistorian Mildren Mott Wedel asserted in 1981 that Fernandina or Ferdinandina had no connection to the 18th century Wichita village. Excavations in 2004 found a large number of trade items. The Deer Creek Site and the Bryson Paddock site were declared National Historic Landmarks in 1964 and 1979 respectively. The US Army Corps of Engineers currently owns the Deer Creek site. The Bryson Paddock site

3024-437: Was difficult for the French and Spanish to trade with the Wichita. The French traded with the Wichita primarily for their horses during the 16th century. The Wichita sensed that trading with the French would be ideal. Their migration in 1714 was partly motivated by their desire to move closer to European traders. The Wichita first gained their European commodities in the mid 18th century, inspiring them to maintain close ties with

3080-482: Was impressed with the land, which was "fat and black." Though Coronado was impressed with Wichita society, he often treated the Wichita poorly in his expedition. Even after Wichita migration, some settlements were thought to have remained in northern Quivira in 1680. It was also noted: "They eat meat raw/ jerky like the Querechos [the Apache ] and Teyas . They are enemies of one another...These people of Quivira have

3136-404: Was that the Wichita people of the 16th century were numerous and widespread. They were not, however, a single tribe at this time but rather a group of several related tribes speaking a common language. The dispersed nature of their villages probably indicated that they were not seriously threatened by attack by enemies, although that would change as they would soon be squeezed between the Apache on

#438561