The Debatable Lands , also known as debatable ground , batable ground or threip lands , lay between Scotland and England. It was formerly in question as to which it belonged to when they were distinct kingdoms. For most of its existence, the area was a lawless zone controlled by clans of " border reivers " which terrorized the surrounding areas. It became the last part of Britain to be brought under state control in the middle of the 16th century by James V of Scotland , and was eventually divided between Scotland and England.
75-501: The Debatable Lands extended from the Solway Firth near Carlisle to Langholm in Dumfries and Galloway , the largest population centre being Canonbie . The lands included the baronies of Kirkandrews , Bryntallone and Morton. They were around ten miles (16 km) long from north to south and four miles (6.4 km) wide. The boundaries were marked by the rivers Liddel and Esk in
150-600: A 79-ton French lugger St. Pierre , was stranded - and finally declared lost - on Blackshaw Bank, an ill-defined feature which extends for a considerable distance on both sides of the channel of the River Nith. Between 1869 and 1921, the estuary was crossed by the Solway Junction Railway on a 1780 m (5850 ft) iron viaduct . The line was built to carry iron ore from the Whitehaven area to Lanarkshire and
225-634: A French ambassador, Louis de Salazar, Sieur d'Asnois, in January 1549. Gresham forwarded the copies to William Cecil . Edward VI of England was told the news on 24 November 1552 and wrote the story in his journal. The 1549 instructions advised Salazar to foment a civil war in England during the trial of Admiral Thomas Seymour to aid France's war in Scotland. Although there is no further record of Salazar coming to England, these instructions may have seemed genuine, as
300-628: A ceremony akin to a coronation. Cleutin continued as a close advisor of the Dowager Queen Regent. In August 1554, he attended a performance of David Lyndsay 's A Satire of the Three Estates with Mary of Guise in Edinburgh. The master of work William MacDowall built a special seat for them at the Greenside playfield , recorded as the "Quenis grace' hous". On 11 January 1554/5 Cleutin wrote
375-639: A good man, skilled in the arts both of peace and war." James Maitland of Lauderdale, a writer of a later generation, mentions some imperfections of his nature, imcluding his "sudden and vehement choler." Cleutin, Yves de Rubarye, and Bartholomew de Villemore , the Regent's financial controller were criticised for their lack of understanding of the Scots language , class distinctions, and regional jurisdictions. Cleutin later wrote of his own embassy to England in peacetime, meaning perhaps February 1552 when his mission concerned
450-599: A lengthy anecdote of his conduct there as a man of the sword rather than a man of letters, and Lebourier published two of Cleutin's letters to Bernardin Bochetel illustrating his temperament. In March 1565, Thomas Randolph heard he was in Rome trying to arrange for Mary to marry the Charles IX of France. Cleutin's correspondence during the discussions on a Papal dispensation for the marriage of Mary and Lord Darnley does not survive in
525-502: A long discussion with Mary of Guise's brother, Francis, Le Balafré , Duc de Aumale , on 23 January 1548 at Savigny-le-Temple . When Ferniehirst Castle was recovered from the English in February 1549, d'Oysel was one of the first at the walls and then he settled a heated debate over the army's next step. Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon , advocated making a fortification at Roxburgh before
600-536: A long letter to the Duke of Guise detailing the problems he perceived in Scotland that reduced revenue. The people needed to be ruled with a rod in the hand, desiring neither peace or justice. In frontier regions the heads of many families were no more than bandits, preying on Scots and English alike, of no value in peace or war. The many good islands were in poor estate, and French troops lightly armed in Scottish jacks would help
675-561: A marriage that would be detrimental to English policy. Elizabeth did not oblige with permission, wishing Mary to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh which Cleutin had helped draft, and kept him waiting. William Maitland approved of this, but learnt that Mary would sail anyway. On 6 October 1561 Throckmorton went to the Hôtel de Guise and d'Oysel brought him to speak to the Duke himself. Cleutin returned to France and continued to serve Mary. He fought at
750-541: A message from Norfolk claiming that the English fleet had arrived in the Firth by accident, d'Oisel replied in defiance, "What got Mary Tudor by her last wars?" On 18 March 1560 he defeated a small Scots force at the battle of Glasgow bridge . On 29 March, an English army crossed the border and besieged Leith , which the French had heavily fortified. The army, commanded by Grey of Wilton , arrived at Restalrig on 6 April. Grey sent
825-502: A message to Cleutin that they should parley, but with the advice of Martigues and de la Brosse he refused. After Mary of Guise died in June 1560 the siege of Leith continued. According to Holinshed, d'Oisel vowed to defend the poor of the town who were gathering cockles on the shore from the English on 4 July, but the English attacked anyway. (A French journal of the siege places this event in May.) He
SECTION 10
#1732851147842900-516: A peace treaty with Charles V was concluded by Thomas, Master of Erskine in Antwerp on 1 May 1551. In October 1552, d'Oisel's papers and correspondence with Mary of Guise and Henry II of France was seized by three English agents working for Mary of Hungary, Queen Dowager Regent of the Low Countries while the packet was couriered between Calais and Boulogne. The papers included d'Oisel's accounts for
975-560: A rumour that other French troops had passed through Ireland from the garrisons in Scotland, and that some might pass through England. After visiting France he returned to England en route to Scotland in July, but did not visit the English court. The peace concluded with England, France and Scotland after the war of the Rough Wooing (1543–1551) did not necessarily please Spain and the Empire , although
1050-646: A stand-off in 1559 across the river Eden , at Cupar Muir in Fife , between the Protestant Lords and d'Oisel and Châtelherault in command of the French and Scottish army. D'Oysel was swayed by the words of Patrick, Master of Lindsay from joining battle but first rode to the top of Tarvit Hill to spy out the strength of the opposition. Cleutin and Châtelherault then signed an eight-day truce at Owlet Hill or Garliebank on 13 June 1559. The Congregation Lords subsequently occupied Edinburgh, and on 25 July 1559 d'Oysel signed
1125-577: A subject debated by the French parliament in that year. Mary of Guise feared Châtelherault's powers might be increased. She and d'Oisel would dissemble their concerns for the time being. This memorandum continued on the subject of the arrest in Scotland of an Irishman, George Paris, who carried letters from France and England. Paris's trunk of letters had been seized by the Provost of Edinburgh and taken to Falkland Palace . Mary of Hungary gave Thomas Gresham copies of this paper and secret instructions made for
1200-558: A summary of his career; HENRICO CLEUTINO GALLO VILLAE PARISIAE D. IN SCOTIA FRANCISCI I LEGATO, ET HENRICI II GALLOS REGG. IBIDEM CVM EXERCITU PRO SCOTIAE REGINA, OB BENE MERITU, HONORARII EQUITIS MUNERE, ET IN GALLIA OB REAS IN PRAELIO AD DRUIDAS CONTRA REG. ET S. R. E. HOSTES COMMISU BENEGESTAS, A CAROLO IX TORQUATOR MILITUM ORDINE, ET CATAPHRACTOR EQUITUM ALAE PRAEFECTUS DECORATO, ROMAE AD PIUS IIII ET V PONTT. MAX. REGIS SUI NOMEN, AC DIGNITATUM ACCERIME TUTATU HONORIFICA LEGATIONE AC VITA FUNCTO. Henry Cleutin, Sieur of Villeparisis, legate of
1275-584: Is a mainly rural area, with mostly small villages and settlements (such as Powfoot ). Fishing, hill farming , and some arable farming play a large part in the local economy, although tourism is increasing. The northern part of the English coast of the Solway Firth was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , known as the Solway Coast , in 1964. Construction of the Robin Rigg Wind Farm in
1350-737: Is the estuary of the River Eden and the River Esk . Below are links to lists of the other rivers that flow into the firth: The name 'Solway' (recorded as Sulewad in 1218) is of Scandinavian origin, and was originally the name of a ford across the mud flats at Eskmouth . The first element of the name is probably from the Old Norse word súl 'pillar', referring to the Lochmaben Stane , though it may instead be from súla , meaning ' solan goose '. Súl and súla both have long vowels, but
1425-682: The Admiral , the Earl of Derby and Earl of Westmorland were on war footing to resist the potential invasion. Renard said that the Princess Elizabeth was implicated by Cleutin's letters. At the end of March, the English ambassador in France, Nicholas Wotton , questioned the Constable of France , Anne de Montmorency about the allegations against d'Oisel. Montmorency thought the plot sounded most implausible, and
1500-538: The Anglo-Scottish border has remained essentially unchanged. The 1552 division of the Debatable Lands, the Scots' Dike and the several changes to the status of Berwick-upon-Tweed between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries until it finally became English in 1482, remains the only significant alterations to the border agreed in the 1237 Treaty of York . The French diplomat Henri Cleutin described visits by
1575-717: The Articles of Leith on behalf of Mary of Guise. These were terms made for the withdrawal of the Congregation forces from Edinburgh to Stirling. In November 1559, d'Oisel worked with Jacques de la Brosse drawing up charges of treason against the Congregation Lords, Châtelherault, and his son the Earl of Arran . Two years later, the English ambassador in Paris, Nicholas Throckmorton was told that d'Oysel's colleagues in Scotland, Nicolas de Pellevé , Bishop of Amiens , de la Brosse, and
SECTION 20
#17328511478421650-605: The Battle of Pinkie in September 1547, d'Oisel and Mary of Guise rode to Stirling Castle . According to John Knox , Cleutin was as scared as a fox being smoked in his hole. On 7 July 1548, when André de Montalembert Sieur d'Esse spoke at the parliament at Haddington , proposing the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the Dauphin , d'Oysel as French ambassador accepted the unanimous approval. D'Oysel then went to France, returning after
1725-533: The Debatable Lands , when John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland had criticised his role as ambassador of Scotland to his Scottish colleagues; Don't you know to manage your own affairs without the help of French ambassadors? You're making a big mistake to by putting yourself under their care, and you won't be welcome with us. Jean Scheyfve recorded Cleutin's visit to England in February 1552, writing that he had 30 or 40 captains and soldiers with him, and had heard
1800-816: The Duke of Guise's preparations in Brittany , which Cornysshe judged were for Scotland. When Mary of Guise complained about the loss of these letters, sending Francisco de Busso as an envoy, the Dowager Regent replied that she found her letters to d'Oysel were inappropriate by not showing true and sincere friendship to the Emperor , and in fact expressed joy over the destruction and servitude of her own house (the House of Stewart ). The English ambassador in Brussels, Thomas Chamberlayne, conveyed
1875-400: The Earl of Huntly , for a day. In this year William Kirkcaldy of Grange fought a duel with Ralph Eure, brother of the governor of Berwick, over the maltreatment of Grange's brother as a prisoner. Pitscottie wrote that Grange went to Berwick with d'Oysel and the garrison of Eyemouth, and it was agreed that none of the French or English soldiers would interfere with the combat. D'Oysel and
1950-553: The Imperial ambassador to France in 1549, Jean de Saint Mauris, had reported that the French court were pleased to hear of Thomas Seymour's arrest, and hoped a "pernicious struggle" in England would help conclude their Scottish undertaking. Saint Mauris wrote that the House of Guise helped military preparations to this end. Protector Somerset was informed that a messenger sent to France in January 1549 by Henry Cornysshe, Captain of Jersey , saw
2025-593: The Treaty of Ardres . However the peace treaty between Scotland and the Holy Roman Empire was not completely concluded. The Imperial ambassador in London François van der Delft became aware of Henri Cleutin, who he called "Oysif", in December 1546. The English Privy Council joked about his concerns and said that Cleutin carried letters of Bellerophon , the figure of classical myth set the impossible task of killing
2100-579: The Vatican Archives . Cleutin wrote to Charles IX on 15 April 1566, to say that news of the murder of David Riccio and Mary's plight had reached Rome by several letters, although he had not yet been informed himself or discussed the events with the Pope. He had heard a muddled report that Mary, who was pregnant, had fled from Edinburgh to a castle, but was brought back to Edinburgh by Darnley, and now wished to escape to France. The Bishop of Dumblane arrived with
2175-599: The battle of Dreux in December 1562 and was knighted by Charles IX. In September 1562 he was in Heidelberg where his purpose was to declare against the opinion of François de Coligny d'Andelot that the troubles in France were not caused by religion. At the end of 1563 he was to speak to the Pope on behalf of Charles IX of France asking him not to take action against the Protestant Kingdom of Navarre . He became France's diplomat in Rome in January 1564. Brantôme gave
2250-524: The chimaera after murdering his brother. It was said that during the Siege of St Andrews Castle , Cleutin counselled Regent Arran that those in the castle should be promised what they asked for, and beheaded when they came out. Arran refused such treachery, and Cleutin was said to have joked with Mary of Guise, that this was good natured of the Regent but unlike the actions of any prince he knew. The war with England soon recommenced, and after Scotland's defeat at
2325-506: The Congregation was beaten off. Later in January d'Oysel was marching troops towards the Protestant stronghold of St Andrews when the English fleet commanded by William Winter was sighted in the Firth of Forth . Winter captured two ships laden with supplies intended for his assault on St Andrews. According to John Knox , Raphael Holinshed , and Pitcottie, William Kirkcaldy of Grange destroyed
Debatable Lands - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-519: The Cumbrian side, much of the coastline has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The Solway Coast ’s AONB has two separate sections: the first runs westward from just north of Carlisle to Skinburness ; the second runs south from the hamlet of Beckfoot , past Mawbray and Allonby , to Crosscanonby . In 2013, the honeycomb worm and blue mussel were designated as targets of conservation efforts, and Allonby Bay (an inlet of
2475-413: The Debatable Lands became the last part of Great Britain to be brought under the control of a state beginning in 1530, when King James V of Scotland took action against the lawless clans of the Debatable Lands and imprisoned the lords Bothwell , Maxwell and Home , Walter Scott of Buccleuch , and other border lairds for their lack of action. James took various other steps, but significantly he broke
2550-649: The Debatable Lands to be too poor and lawless to fight over or to attempt to govern. The prevailing anarchy in the area, however, spilled over into both countries as the reivers launched frequent raids on farms and settlements outside the Debatable Lands, and used the profits to become major landowners. This led to the parliaments of both kingdoms outlawing everyone in the Debatable Lands in 1537 and 1551 respectively, providing that "all Englishmen and Scottishmen are and shall be free to rob, burn, spoil, slay, murder and destroy, all and every such person and persons, their bodies, property, goods and livestock". Eventually, however,
2625-495: The Duke's Craignethan Castle in November 1550. He wrote to Mary of Guise asking her to ensure that no impediment was made for food to be shipped to Scotland from France in February 1551 on account of the needs of the town of Edinburgh and the French soldiers because of the pillages and burnings during the war. Cleutin and Regent Arran travelled to Jedburgh with Camillo Marini, an Italian military engineer to plan new fortifications on
2700-840: The French Kings Francis I and Henry II in Scotland, where he served with merit with the army for the Scottish queen, was honoured with knighthood, and with fine deeds battled against the King and Pope's enemies in France, Charles IX made him a Knight of the Order of the Collar and First Master of the Great Horse, he was nominated by the King to go to Rome to Popes Pius IV and Pius V and carried out his duties with great honour. Henri married Jeanne (or Marie) de Thoüars before 1546, who had been twice married; they had three children in Scotland; In 1552 there
2775-457: The French garrisons in Scotland. Mary of Austria noted that d'Oisel used the title "Lieutenant-General of the King's Army in France and Superintendent of the King's three fortresses," which were Eyemouth , Dunbar Castle , and Inchkeith . He was paymaster of 400 Gascon , Norman , and Breton troops. There was also a lengthy memoir to Henry II of France concerning how Scotland would be governed after Mary, Queen of Scotland, reached her majority,
2850-404: The French interests in Scotland were now facing a greater threat from increasing support for religious reformation by the Scottish nobility. The Protestant Lords of the Congregation rose against the rule of Mary of Guise, opposed by the French troops commanded by d'Oysel alongside a Scottish army commanded by the former Regent Arran, the Duke of Châtelherault. Pitscottie gives a good account of
2925-643: The French were perfectly content with Mary's rule in England. He doubted that d'Oisel would have put himself in such danger by speaking of such a plot as he travelled through England with his wife. Wotton told the Constable he would not have opened the matter with the Constable if the Queen of England did not believe it. Montmorency said it was a case of his word against your word. On 17 April 1554, Henry II congratulated Noailles for his defence of Cleutin against these allegations. Mary remained convinced of d'Oisel's involvement in
3000-569: The Imperial ambassador in England Simon Renard heard that Thomas Wyatt , who had conspired against Mary I of England , made an allegation against Henri Cleutin. Wyatt said that d'Oisel had spoken to his associate the soldier James Croft , asking him to hinder the marriage of Philip II and Mary Tudor , help place Princess Elizabeth on the throne, and marry her to Edward Courtenay , and have Mary Tudor executed. D'Oisel, Wyatt said, had made
3075-549: The Marquis, he visited Dunbar Castle , Fast Castle , and Tantallon Castle . Cleutin wrote to Mary of Guise from Dunglass remarking that there was nothing there in the abandoned English fort except the things they had brought themselves. The countryside could hardly provide for their horses. Cleutin, not the Duke of Châtelherault, was left in charge of Scotland when Mary of Guise, the Queen Dowager, visited France in 1550. He visited
Debatable Lands - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-556: The Privy Council's thanks to Mary of Hungary's officers in December 1552. In May 1553, the ambassador Jean Scheyfve heard that Mary of Guise challenged Arran's regency, and hoped to replace him with James Stewart , the eldest son of James V. On 29 July 1553, the French ambassador in London, Antoine de Noailles , wrote of a rumour that 6,000 French troops would have aided Lady Jane Grey , "who didn't last ten days." Henri Cleutin attended
3225-512: The Regent Mary of Guise to the area in the 1550s. Cleutin wrote to Antoine de Noailles , the French ambassador in London, about the Graham Family who were at the centre of troubles. Richard Graham and his son William Graham, two English members of the family occupied Priory lands at Canonbie , and had expelled John Graham, the Scottish owner or tenant. Cleutin commanded a unit of cavalry during
3300-401: The Regent's progresses. In 1590 James VI of Scotland declared that the Debatable Lands and the lands of Canonbie were annexed to the crown, and he set new leases to various landowners. Solway Firth The Solway Firth is an inlet on the west coast of Great Britain , forming part of the border between England and Scotland . The " firth " (a Scottish term for inlets of
3375-469: The Scottish nobles were reluctant to go further as the weather conditions were now poor. They came to his campaign tent at Maxwellheugh, near Kelso , and, according to John Knox , told him flatly they would not invade England. The Earl of Shrewsbury wrote that d'Oysel, was "in great hevyness, and with high words ... wisshed himself in Fraunce." English spies said the nobles had to restrain the Scottish commander,
3450-688: The Solway Firth from its testing range at Dundrennan Range . Slipknot 2019 song. "Solway Firth" from the Album "We Are Not Your Kind" Henri Cleutin Henri Cleutin , seigneur d'Oisel et de Villeparisis (1515 – 20 June 1566), was the representative of France in Scotland from 1546 to 1560, a Gentleman of the Chamber of the King of France, and a diplomat in Rome 1564–1566 during the French Wars of Religion . Henri
3525-639: The Solway Firth) was put forward as a candidate for a Marine Conservation Zone . A 53-mile (85 km) long-distance walking route, the Annandale Way , runs through Annandale, from the source of the River Annan , in the Moffat Hills , to the Solway Firth; it was opened in September 2009. Unlike other parts of the west coast of Scotland, the Solway Firth has only a few islands. They are: The Solway Firth
3600-412: The army moved on, and after the commanders held an inconclusive vote, d'Oysel appealed to the authority of Arran who finally agreed with Villegaignon. Cleutin remained in Scotland after the war with England was concluded in 1550. In May, he travelled to the border to meet the brother of Mary of Guise, the Marquis de Mayenne , who had been a hostage for the peace negotiations in England. While waiting for
3675-409: The arrival of Queen Mary in London, they both kissed her hand at New Hall and had an audience on 3 August. Already, Noailles noted, the ladies of the court had discarded the sombre garments worn at Edward's court and were dressed in gowns of rich cloth and colour in French fashions. Cleutin was involved in the supply of luxury fabrics to the household of Mary of Guise in Scotland. In February 1554,
3750-607: The border and burnt the hay stored at Berwick upon Tweed An English admiral, John Clere , was ordered to blockade Eyemouth to prevent guns landing there. Instead, he took his nine warships, which were notionally protecting the Iceland fishing fleet, to Kirkwall in Orkney . He landed and attacked the Bishop's Palace and Kirkwall Cathedral , but was repulsed and drowned with 97 of his men. The English border warden heard that at least six pieces of artillery were shipped to Eyemouth to demolish Cornwall Tower, Twizell bridge and Ford bridge . The army would try to take Wark Castle at
3825-719: The border. At this height of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland, the Emperor 's envoy to Edinburgh , Mathieu Strick, reported that d'Oisel wielded almost sovereign authority in matters of state and justice. Unlike other French administrators employed by the Scottish court, such as Yves de Rubarye, contemporary sources point to his popularity amongst the Scottish nobility. Even an English observer, Sir Thomas Wharton observed of Guise and d'Oisel, "all in Scotland obey and lyketh them". Later Scottish Protestant chronicle writers George Buchanan and Robert Lyndsay of Pitscottie agree on his ability and singular good judgment. Buchanan describes him as, "hasty and passionate, otherwise
SECTION 50
#17328511478423900-412: The bridge at Tullibody to cut off Cleutin's retreat to Stirling. To bridge the Devon , a French engineer in his company dismantled the roof of Tullibody Kirk . The French were delayed by a day without provisions at Forth-Rig Muir or Clackmannan. In February 1560 Cleutin came from Stirling to Edinburgh and burnt Arran's Kinneil House on the way. When the Chester Herald , William Flower , delivered
3975-399: The centre of troubles in the Debatable Lands . Richard Graham and his son William Graham, two English members of the family occupied lands at Canonbie , and had expelled John Graham, the Scottish owner or tenant. Cleutin commanded a unit of cavalry during the Regent's progresses. Noailles sent Cleutin extracts from English acts of parliament relevant to border fortifications, and advocated
4050-482: The church but was involved in a murder in Paris in 1535 and fled the country. He had a pardon in 1538. On the basis of this incident the historian Marie-Noëlle Baudouin-Matuszek revised his birth date to 1515. Henri Cleutin, who was usually known as Monsieur d'Oysel, or d'Oisel, became ambassador resident in Scotland from 1546 during the war of the Rough Wooing . After Paul de Thermes left Scotland, he became Henry II of France 's Lieutenant-General in Scotland. Cleutin
4125-428: The early spellings of Solway indicate a short vowel in the first element. This may be due to the shortening of an originally long vowel in the Middle English period but may also represent an original short vowel. If this is the case, the first element may be * sulr , an unrecorded word cognate with Old English sol 'muddy, pool', or a derivative of sulla , meaning 'to swill'. The second element of
4200-408: The east and the River Sark in the west. The name either signifies litigious or disputable ground, or it comes from the Old English word "battable" (land suitable for fattening livestock). The origins of the peculiar status of this territory have been the subject of various interpretations. One of the more convincing proposals is that it arose from a landholding created on both sides of the Esk in
4275-459: The end of August. The operation was delayed, while 12 more guns were brought overland from Edinburgh, and the French garrison at Dunbar did not release more cannon until 6 October. The Earl of Shrewsbury thought delays were caused by worsening weather, flooding, and internal dissent. On 17 October, d'Oysel gave orders for the artillery to move forward to assault Wark. Four cannon crossed the swollen Tweed and two men and eight horses drowned. However
4350-425: The field. Other clans in the area were the Elwands, Ellwoods, or Eliotts who extended into Teviotdale ; the Nixons who were more numerous in Cumberland ; the Crossars in Upper Liddesdale ; and the Grahams , who owned five towers in the Debatable Land. The Irvings , Carruthers , Olivers, Bells, Dicksons, and Littles were also present in varying numbers. In the 15th century, both England and Scotland considered
4425-415: The firth began in 2007. Within the firth, there are some salt flats and mud flats that can be dangerous, due to their frequently shifting patches of quicksand . There are over 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the area of the firth (one of which is Salta Moss ), as well as national nature reserves — at Caerlaverock and in Cumbria . On
4500-441: The name is from the Old Norse vað , meaning 'ford' (which is cognate with the modern English word wade ). The area had three fords: the Annan or Bowness Wath, the Dornock Wath (once called the Sandywathe), and the main one —the Solewath (also called the Solewath or the Sulewad). A wooden lighthouse was built in 1841 at Barnkirk Point ( grid reference NY 1903 6425 ). It was destroyed by fire in 1960. On 9 March 1876,
4575-521: The newly arrived military commander Sebastien de Luxemburg, Seigneur de Martigues, came up with the idea of holding a Parliament. The dissenting lords who attended would be arrested and executed. D'Oysel and Mary of Guise were said to have disagreed and vetoed this plan. D'Oysel and Captain Sarlabous took the town of Stirling without opposition on Christmas Day 1559. They marched into Fife and met up with reinforcements who had sailed from Leith on 7 January 1560 at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn . An attack by
SECTION 60
#17328511478424650-412: The official news on 26 April. On 10 June 1566 Henri Cleutin wrote to Catherine de' Medici asking for permission to travel to Lucca to seek a remedy for his grave illness. He died in Rome later in June 1566 and was buried in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi . Captain Ninian Cockburn , a Scottish agent in Paris sent the news to Cecil. His tomb inscription was composed by Marc Anthoine Muret gives
4725-407: The rebellion, and a month later wrote to Wotton mentioning; "the practice attempted by D'Oysel which, however much denied, is clearly manifest." When Guise became Regent of Scotland on 12 April 1554, d'Oisel rode with her from Holyroodhouse to the Tolbooth to collect the sword, scepter and crown from Arran. Cleutin is said to have placed the crown on her head and gave her the sword and sceptre, in
4800-481: The refortification of Dunbar Castle . Some of Noailles's letters to Cleutin were carried or forwarded by the exiled Scottish physician Michael Durham . In May 1556, an initiative which Buchanan attributed to Cleutin and Yves de Rubay, keeper of the seals, was defeated by the Parliament of Scotland . Mary of Guise had hoped to raise new taxation for a standing army and fortifications on the border , and their proposal to compile an inventory of all property and incomes
4875-405: The revenue of the Queen and Dowager. None of the Scottish fortresses would hold out for an hour against invasion, and he lacked men, a military engineer, wood, and lime for repairs. In August 1555, in a letter to Antoine de Noailles , the French ambassador in London, he described the state of the border with England on the west, and a visit by Mary of Guise to the area. The Graham Family were at
4950-409: The same offer to Mr Rogers, Peter Carew , one named South, and William Pickering, the first dapifer , with promises of money, assistance and soldiers from France. The French King would attack England from Scotland and mount an assault on the English strongholds at Calais and Guînes during Wyatt's enterprise. While the plot failed and the English conspirators were arrested or fled, Renard said that
5025-416: The sea) divides Cumbria (including the Solway Plain ) from Dumfries and Galloway . It stretches from St Bees Head, just south of Whitehaven in Cumbria, to the Mull of Galloway , on the western end of Dumfries and Galloway . The Isle of Man is also very near to the firth. The firth comprises part of the Irish Sea . The firth's coastline is characterised by lowland hills and small mountains. It
5100-425: The strength of the Armstrongs by hanging Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie and thirty-one others at Caerlanrig Chapel, under questionable circumstances. In 1552, commissioners from Scotland and England met and divided the Debatable Lands between England and Scotland, with a line, known as the Scots' Dike , drawn from Esk to Sark, abolishing the Debatable Lands' de facto independence from either crown. Since then,
5175-430: The twelfth century. For over three hundred years the area was effectively controlled by local "riding surnames" or clans of border reivers , Scots for plunderers or raiders. They successfully resisted any attempt by the Scottish or English governments to impose their authority. In his history of these clans ( The Steel Bonnets , 1971), George MacDonald Fraser writes that the Armstrongs alone could put 3,000 men in
5250-508: Was financed and operated by the Caledonian Railway of Scotland. After the railway, which was not a financial success, ceased operating in 1921, the railway bridge became a popular footpath, enabling residents of Scotland to easily cross into England, where alcoholic drink was legally available seven days a week. (Scotland was dry on Sundays at the time.) The viaduct was demolished between 1931 and 1933. The Ministry of Defence had by 1999 fired more than 6,350 depleted uranium rounds into
5325-444: Was one of five children of Pierre Cleutin, or Clutin, mayor of Paris , and grandson of Henri, both were Councillors to the French Parliament. Jean Le Laboureur , the editor of Castelnau's memoirs , surmises the family had its origins in a cloth merchant who supplied Charles VI of France . Pierre Cleutin acquired the lands of Villeparisis and built a castle, and Henri Cleutin was made its lord in 1552. Henri may have been destined for
5400-493: Was opposed. Mary of Guise and Cleutin corresponded with French diplomats, including Noailles, using letters written in cipher code. An English diplomat, John Somers , obtained or recreated cipher keys to read intercepted letters. Scotland and England were at war again in August 1557, and d'Oysel's troops re-occupied the fort at Eyemouth , and according to the Imperial ambassador in London, Simon Renard , made two successful raids on
5475-486: Was out of favour in France due to his opposition to the plan to execute the Protestant lords, but was given leave to go home to Villeparis. In September 1561 Cleutin visited Throckmorton in Paris, saying he had been a friend to Mary, Queen of Scots and the House of Guise. Cleutin then travelled to London to obtain a passport and safe-conduct for Mary, Queen of Scots' voyage to Scotland. Cecil thought delay would serve England best. He thought uncertainty would keep her from making
5550-579: Was still within the town at the end of the siege. When peace was concluded, Sir Francis Leake and Sir Gervase Clifton came to his lodging for a banquet where no meat or fish was served, except one dish of horse. Cleutin left Scotland on 18 July 1560 in the English ship, the Minion with 40 companions. Early commentators lay the blame for the failure of Mary of Guise's policies on the other French advisors, de la Brosse, Martigues, and de Rubay, rather than on d'Oysel. In October 1560 Nicholas Throckmorton heard Cleutin
5625-441: Was very much a follower of the House of Guise , who were gaining political powers in France. Scotland was ruled by Regent Arran , on behalf of Mary, Queen of Scots . He became the Duke of Châtelherault in 1548, but considerable power and a portion of the crown income was in the hands of Queen Mary of Guise , the widow of James V of Scotland . Cleutin arrived in Scotland during an interlude of peace with England resulting from
#841158