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92-415: The 150-room Darul Aman Palace was originally built in the 1920s, during the reign of Amanullah Khan . He reigned as Emir of Afghanistan between February 1919 and June 1926, and as King of Afghanistan between June 1926 and January 1929. The palace was severely damaged during the 1990s civil war . However, between 2016 and 2020, the palace was renovated and completely restored to its former glory. Most work

184-590: A narrow gauge railway . Amanullah Khan invited 22 architects from Germany and France to build the palace. The palace is considered to be a testimony of the Afghan-German ties, as it was designed by German engineer Walter Harten and his team of engineers. The palace is an imposing neoclassical building on a hilltop overlooking a flat, dusty valley in the western part of the Afghan capital. Designed by French architects A. Godard and M. Godard, as well as German architects, it

276-650: A backlash and a reactionary uprising known as the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in 1925. Amanullah met with many followers of the Baháʼí Faith in India and Europe, from where he brought back books that are still to be found in the Kabul Library . This association later served as one of the accusations against him when he was overthrown. The failure of Amanullah Khan's reforms, like that of any other major political phenomena,

368-576: A day crossed the border during the month. Between March and April 2020, the number of cases surged in Herat Province to over 200. At the Chaman and Torkham borders, over 60,000 Afghans returned from Pakistan in three days. On 23 February, at least three citizens of Herat who had recently returned from Qom, Iran were suspected of COVID-19 infection . Blood samples were sent to Kabul for further testing. On 24 February, Afghanistan confirmed

460-493: A life of poverty in his exile, at least during and post World War II. One of the reasons Nazi officials hesitated from inviting him to Berlin was because they suspected he would ask for money. Moreover, a British Intelligence Officer, who visited Khan after the Allies had captured Rome, described his household, 'His Majesty from time to time rubbing his hand from cold. Her Majesty huddled in a ghastly gilt arm-chair, gracefully draped in

552-505: A mink coat. Pimp-like princelings and over-painted Royal Aunts from time to time taping the conversation towards kilowatts and the lack of scruples shown by black marketeers.' Neverthelesss, people in Rome's Prati neighbourhood, where Khan lived, claimed that he arrived with "crates of jewels" which he slowly sold. After fleeing to British India , King Amanullah Khan sought asylum in Italy because he

644-454: A more gradual program of reform. Nevertheless, Amanullah still had a group of staunch supporters in Afghanistan. These Amanullah loyalists unsuccessfully attempted several times in the 1930s and 1940s to bring him back to power. During World War II , Germany had extensive plans to reinstall Amanullah to his throne. Khan, while aware and keen to regain his throne, knew little more about

736-542: A result, Islamic conservatives and opponents led by Habibullāh Kalakāni rose up against his rule and new western inspired modernisation policies. On 14 December 1928 Kalakāni, a leader of the " Saqqawists " opposition movement accompanied by groups of Kohistanis, led an attack on Kabul, which was repelled after nine days of fighting and retreated to Paghman . He launched another attack on 7 January 1929 and successfully took Kabul. On 14 January 1929 Amanullah abdicated and went into temporary exile in then British India passing

828-625: A single case. Herat announced no new case in the province for the second time that week, due to a lack of testing kits. The number of cases in Herat Province reached 280, whilst in Kabul the number of cases had risen to 146. The number of cases in Kandahar had rapidly increased to 75. On 13 April, 49 new cases were recorded by the health ministry across six provinces. Kabul had 18 new cases, followed by Kandahar with 15, Balkh had six, Ghazni and Herat both had four, and Nangarhar reported two new positive cases. As

920-468: A single day at the time. On 23 March, two new cases were reported in the provinces of Logar and Samangan. On 24 March, 32 new cases were reported, making the total number of cases 74. All of the new cases were reported in Herat. On 25 March, five new positive cases were reported, as well as the second death in the country. The total climbed up to 79. The figure later rose to 84 positive cases. The first case

1012-485: A single new case each. Four new fatalities were reported, with two in Herat and one in Kabul. The number of recoveries reached 260. On 30 April, 164 new cases were tested positive. The number of cases increased to 2,335. 50 new recoveries and four new fatalities were announced by the health ministry. The number of recoveries reached 310. 228 health workers had been infected. On 1 May, the health ministry reported 179 new cases from 591 samples across 12 provinces, bringing

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1104-691: A single new case each. One new fatality was reported. The number of recoveries reached 228. On 28 April, 111 new cases were tested positive. The number of confirmed cases reached 1,939. The number of fatalities reached 60, as the number of recoveries reached 252. On 29 April, 232 cases were tested positive from 581 samples across 23 provinces. The number of confirmed cases reached 2,171. Kandahar had 45, Balkh had 41, Kabul had 20, Ghazni had 12, Logar and Paktia had 10, Panjshir and Samangan had nine, Takhar had eight, Kunduz had seven, Baghlan and Nangarhar had five, Badghis and Wardak had four, Laghman had three, Paktika and Parwan had two, whist Faryab and Sar e-Pol recorded

1196-453: A single new case each. Seven new fatalities were confirmed by the health ministry. The number of recoveries reached 220. On 27 April, 125 new cases were tested positive from 361 samples across 18 provinces. Herat had 21, Kabul had 15, Balkh had 10, Logar had nine, Jowzjan had eight, Lagman, Paktia and Panjshir had seven, Ghazni and Takhar had six, Nangarhar had five, Helmand, Kunar and Wardak had two, whilst Badakhshan, Badghis and Kapisa recorded

1288-539: A single new case. Paktika and Panjshir provinces recorded their first two cases. On 23 April, 63 new cases were confirmed. Out of 95 cases (including some from the previous evening), Kandahar had 53 new cases, Balkh had 21, Kabul had 11, Takhar had 10, Nangarhar and Panjshir had five in Nangarhar, Herat had three, Farah had two, whilst Daykundi, Laghman, Nimruz and Parwan recorded a single case each. Five recoveries in Herat and four recoveries in Kandahar were announced by

1380-504: A single new case. By 19 April, 110 health workers (90 men and 20 women) had tested positive and four had died. The number of recoveries increased to 135. The number of COVID-19 cases in the Arg had doubled to 40. On 20 April, 66 new cases were confirmed from 311 tests. Kabul reported 52 new cases, Laghman had five, Baghlan and Nangarhar had four, and Paktia had one new case. 15 new recoveries were also recorded. The number of cases reached 1,092, as

1472-491: A single new fatality each. The death toll reached 90 as the number of recoveries reached 397. On 4 May, the health ministry announced 330 new cases, which is the highest number of cases reported in a single day in Afghanistan. Five new fatalities were recorded, which included two in Logar. Baghlan, Laghman and Nangarhar reported a single new fatality each. The death toll reached 95 as the number of recoveries reached 421. On 5 May,

1564-479: A surgeon in Jowzjan, as well as 15 new recoveries. The total number of recoveries reached 131, as the number of cases increased to 996. On 19 April, three more fatalities were recorded, with two in Kabul and one in Kandahar. 35 new cases were confirmed by the health ministry, meaning that the total number of cases reached 1,031. Kabul had 15 new cases, Laghman had nine, Herat has six, Kunar had four, and Nangarhar reported

1656-565: A total of 34 positive cases. New cases were reported in Ghazni , Kandahar and Zabul provinces. The two new cases in Kabul Province were both foreign diplomats. The first possible fatality of COVID-19 in Afghanistan was also announced on 22 March, a man who had visited a hospital in Herat because he had heart disease , but who had also shown signs of COVID-19. On 22 March, Khalilullah Hekmati, head of Balkh's public health directorate, announced

1748-428: Is connected by marble spiral staircases . 34°27′54.78″N 69°7′9.47″E  /  34.4652167°N 69.1192972°E  / 34.4652167; 69.1192972 Amanullah Khan Ghazi Amanullah Khan ( Pashto and Persian : غازی امان الله خان ; 1 June 1892 – 26 April 1960) was the sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919, first as Emir and after 1926 as King , until his abdication in 1929. After

1840-612: The Afghan Civil War began to escalate. From British India , he went to Europe , where after 30 years in exile, he died in Zürich , Switzerland on 26 April 1960. His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in Jalalabad near his father Habibullah Khan 's tomb. Amanullah Khan was born on 1 June 1892, in Paghman near Kabul , Afghanistan to a Pashtun family. He was the favoured and

1932-478: The COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan . The palace is a U-shaped brick building, built in a European neoclassical style . It has 3 floors with 150 rooms, including a semi-circular main hall. Its highest point is around 33 m (108 ft) above ground level. There are four domed towers on the roof. The galleries on the third floor of the southern facade are decorated with a number of Corinthian columns . Each floor

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2024-688: The Ministry of Public Health reported that approximately a third of the country's population, or roughly 10 million people had contracted COVID-19. On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan , Hubei , China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003 , but

2116-541: The Taliban announced that they had arrested the runaway patient from Balkh Province and had handed him back to health authorities. On 17 March, there were 22 total cases confirmed. Also on that day, seven patients that escaped from Herat Hospital returned. By 19 March, two new positive cases were confirmed for the first time in Badghis and Logar provinces. On 22 March, 10 new cases were reported out of 97 tests, resulting in

2208-578: The transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll. Model-based simulations for Afghanistan indicate that the 95% confidence interval for the time-varying reproduction number R t was below 1.0 and falling from November 2020 to February 2021. In March 2020, at least 150,000 Afghans returned from Iran , due to the outbreak across the country, at the Islam Qala border in Herat Province . As many as over 1.000 people

2300-602: The 14th death and 20th recovery were announced. A doctor had died at a clinic in Kabul, which was later closed. The first cases were reported in Helmand and Wardak provinces. On 9 April, 40 new cases were reported, as well as the 15th fatality, and 32 recoveries. 14 new cases were recorded in Nimruz, ten in Kabul, seven in Kandahar, four in Paktia, two each in Balkh and Bamyan (the first cases in

2392-523: The Academy of Basic Medical Sciences, as well as more than 320 schools, were established across all provinces. These schools initially had Indian instructors who were then replaced by French teachers. Primary education became obligatory, and literacy courses were developed to foster and improve reading abilities. Later, courses for teaching religious subjects and modern sciences were developed, with Amanullah Khan himself teaching some of them. Despite Dari being

2484-710: The Amanullah underwent an emergency tonsillectomy . The royal train with the Emir back on board arrived in the Polish border town of Zbąszyń on 28 April. The next day it pulled into Warsaw to be met by Polish ministers, the speaker of the Sejm and the country's president Ignacy Mościcki . At his request Amanullah was granted an audience with the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski . The Afghan party departed from Warsaw travelling east across

2576-625: The Ministry of Public Health announced that the total had reached 337. The seventh fatality in the country was also reported, whilst two more patients recovered. The 38 new cases were located in 9 provinces. Herat and Kabul had ten new cases each. Kandahar had eight, Paktia had three, Balkh and Samangan had two, whilst Kapisa and Zabul provinces had one new case each. Takhar Province reported their first case. The cases in Herat Province rose to 216, while in Kabul Province it rose to 53 cases. On 5 April,

2668-421: The Ministry of Public Health confirmed 30 new cases, which brought the total number of cases to 367. Herat had 16 new cases, Kabul had six, Nimruz had three, Faryab and Kunduz both had two, and Daykundi only had one new case. 5 new recoveries were reported, meaning that the total number of recoveries in Afghanistan reached 17. On 6 April, the death toll increased to 11, as a doctor from a private hospital in Kabul

2760-463: The Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if he returned to Kabul and then he could do as he pleased. On 28 February 1919, Amanullah proclaimed himself Emir. On 3 March 1919, fearing that Nasrullah's supporters would rise against Amanullah, he subsequently went against his word. Nasrullah was arrested and imprisoned by Amanullah's forces. On 13 April 1919, Amanullah held a Durbar (a royal court under

2852-544: The abolishment of the veil, changing Friday which is a weekend and sacred day of worship in Islamic countries to a working day and making Thursday a non-working day instead. He also ordered people to replace their traditional Afghan attire with new western clothes (at a time when majority of the people could only afford with difficulty the basic necessities like food) and to tip their hats when greeting others like in Western countries. As

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2944-669: The cases were reported in Kandahar, while one new case each was recorded in Daykundi and Nimruz provinces. 22 other positive cases were later announced as positive with twelve in Herat, six in Kabul, and one new case each in Baghlan (the first in the province), Ghazni and Paktia provinces. By the end of March, the number of positive cases had reached 196. On 1 April, 43 new cases were announced. The total number of coronavirus cases rose to 239. Health officials reported that over 100 staff members at hospitals in Herat Province are suspected cases. On

3036-675: The constitution. Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his influence to modernise the country. Amanullah created new more cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the regions and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women. Various educational facilities, such as the Telegraph School, the Arabic Learning Academy or Daruloloom, Mastoorat School, Rashidya School in Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Mazar-e-sharif, Qataghan School, and

3128-633: The country and the United Kingdom. Amanullah Khan recognized the opportunity to use the situation to gain Afghanistan's independence over its foreign affairs. He led a surprise attack against the British in India on 3 May 1919, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan war . After initial successes, the war quickly became a stalemate as the United Kingdom was still dealing with the costs of World War I . An armistice

3220-478: The country to the border with the Soviet Union on 2 May 1928. Finally Amanullah Khan visited the first Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 20 May 1928 which at the time was the first state visit by a foreign Head of State to Turkey . During this visit, Turkey signed its first technical assistant agreement with Afghanistan. During and after Amanullah's visit to Europe, opposition to his rule increased to

3312-455: The country was also reported. By 29 March, there was a total of 120 positive cases. On 30 March, 25 new cases were announced, meaning that the total number of cases increased to 145. The first cases were recorded in Badakhshan , Nangarhar , Paktia and Sar-e Pol provinces. Two new recoveries were also reported. On 31 March, the Ministry of Health reported four new cases from 60 tests. Two of

3404-488: The early 2000s, when it became a battalion headquarters for the Afghan National Army . In 2005, a plan was unveiled to refurbish the palace for use as the seat of Afghanistan's future parliament. It was to be funded primarily by private donations from foreigners and wealthy Afghans. In April 2012, a number of government compounds around the palace were targeted for attacks by Taliban-led insurgent groups. Eventually it

3496-737: The end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War in August 1919, Afghanistan was able to relinquish its protected state status to proclaim independence and pursue an independent foreign policy free from the influence of the United Kingdom . His rule was marked by dramatic political and social change, including attempts to modernise Afghanistan along Western lines. He did not fully succeed in achieving this objective due to an uprising by Habibullah Kalakani and his followers. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated and fled to neighbouring British India as

3588-478: The evening of 20 February 1919, Habibullah was assassinated while in his tent by Shuja ul-Dawla (one of the pages who slept in his tent) on orders from his younger son from his second wife, Amanullah, leaving Nasrullah as successor to the Afghan throne. Nasrullah at first refused to take the throne and declared his allegiance to his nephew Inayatullah, Habibullah's first-born son from his first wife. Inayatullah refused and said that his father had made his uncle Nasrullah

3680-429: The evening. On 14 March, the tenth positive case was confirmed. The Ministry of Public Health announced that Balkh Province and Kapisa Province had their first cases. Samangan also had their third positive case of coronavirus infection. The eleventh case was also announced that day. The patient from Balkh Province had fled after testing positive. On 14 March, the first recovery from the coronavirus in Afghanistan

3772-461: The evening. Herat and Kabul both had eight new cases, Kandahar had five, Nimruz and Wardak had four, Balkh had two, whilst Badghis, Baghlan, and Ghor all had a single new case each. The total number of cases reached 555, after an increase of 71 new cases, which was the highest number of cases reported in a single day in Afghanistan. Three new fatalities were also reported, including two men in Kabul. On 11 April, 52 new cases were recorded, meaning that

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3864-472: The first COVID-19 case involving one of the three people from Herat, a 35-year-old man. On 7 March, three new cases were confirmed in Herat Province , raising the total number of positive cases in Afghanistan to four. On 10 March, the first case was reported outside of Herat province, in Samangan Province , meaning that there was a total of five cases in Afghanistan. This count later rose to seven in

3956-513: The first case in Parwan Province . 16 new cases were recorded in Kabul, Herat had eight, whilst Daykundi, Kandahar, Logar, Takhar all had two new cases. The Ministry of Public Health also announced that Bamiyan had a single new case. By 10 April, at least 20 employees at the Arg (Presidential Palace) had contracted COVID-19 in Kabul. Another 34 cases were announced by the Ministry of Public Health in

4048-504: The first case in Urozgan Province . In Herat, the number of cases had increased to 306. The number of cases in Kabul had reached 209, with 11 recoveries and six fatalities. The total number of cases in the country reached 784, with 43 recoveries and 25 deaths. On 15 April, 56 new cases were recorded, meaning that the number of cases increased to 840. 37 new cases were reported in Kabul. 11 new recoveries and 5 fatalities were announced by

4140-646: The first official death of an Afghan due to COVID-19, a man who died in Chimtal District , in Balkh Province. By the end of the day, the number of cases increased to 40, after six new cases were reported. These included the first two cases in Farah Province and the first case in Ghor Province . Three new cases were also reported in Herat. 18 new cases in one day marked the biggest increase of positive cases in

4232-596: The health ministry announced 31 new recoveries and nine fatalities. The first case was recorded in Nuristan Province , the last province to report a COVID-19 case. The number of recoveries reached 458 as the death toll reached 104. On 7 May, it was reported that the health minister, Dr. Ferozuddin Feroz, had tested positive and was isolating at home. The health ministry reported 215 new cases. Four new recoveries were recorded in Herat. Two fatalities were reported. On 8 May,

4324-417: The health ministry reported 253 new cases from 520 samples. 29 new recoveries and six new fatalities were reported. The death toll reached 115, as the total recoveries reached 502. On 9 May, the health ministry reported 361 new cases. Six prisoners had been infected in Nangarhar. Four new fatalities were reported, bringing the death toll to 120. 65 patients were discharged after fully recovering. On 10 May,

4416-523: The health ministry reported 285 new cases. 161 people tested positive from 365 tests in Kabul. Deputy Minister of Health, Wahid Majrooh , announced that only a certain number of patients had been admitted to the center at Darul Aman Palace for various reasons, which included security issues. Majrooh also announced that the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan was still high. Two new fatalities were recorded. 16 new recoveries were recorded. On 11 May,

4508-473: The health ministry reported that three patients had died in the past 24 hours. 63 new cases were recorded in eight provinces, including the first case in Jowzjan Province . Kabul had 31 new cases, Balkh had 16, Kunar had six, Herat had four, and Baghlan had three. Faryab and Laghman reported one new case each. Two other fatalities were recorded that day, including the owner of a private hospital in Kabul and

4600-511: The health ministry. On 16 April, the Ministry of Public Health announced 66 new cases from 465 tests, as well as 45 new recoveries. The total number of cases reached 906, whilst the number of recoveries increased to 99. Kabul had 26 new cases, Kandahar had 15, Balkh had six, Herat and Kunduz both had five, Helmand had four, and Kunar and Nangarhar both had one case each. The first three cases were recorded in Laghman Province . Herat had 43 of

4692-416: The health ministry. The total number of recovered cases reached 188. A new fatality was recorded in Kandahar, as the total number of deaths in Afghanistan increased to 43. In the evening, Balkh announced 21 new cases and a single new case in Nimruz. A suspected patient in Kabul died before he was tested positive. On 24 April, 112 new cases were reported by the health ministry. Out of 133 cases (with some from

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4784-502: The king's representative. Upon receiving the news of his father's death, Amanullah immediately seized control of the treasury at Kabul and staged a coup against his uncle. He took control of Kabul and the central government, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any bloodshed in order for him to be king. He told Amanullah that he could have the kingdom, and he would go into exile in Saudi Arabia. Amanullah Khan swore upon

4876-490: The medical school for Kabul University , as well a warehouse, and the seat of several smaller ministries. The building was gutted by fire on 14 December 1968, and was afterwards restored to house the Ministry of Defence during the 1970s and 1980s. In the Communist coup of 1978 , the building was once more set on fire. Much of the building was damaged by tank fire during Shahnawaz Tanai 's failed coup attempt on 6 March 1990. It

4968-478: The modern provinces of Nangarhar , Laghman , Kunar , Paktiya , and Paktika . The Shinwari, Mohmand, Kakar, Mangal, Jaji, Ahmadzai, Safi, Ghilzai, along with other Pashtun tribes populate most of this area. Hazarajat's Shi'a Hazarahs were strong supporters of Amanullah's reforms and hence resisted the Kalakāni's rule. Large portions of the country were not involved in either of the violent conflicts. While Amanullah

5060-509: The monarchy to his half brother Inayatullah Khan who became the next king of Afghanistan until surrendering the Arg four days later on 18 January 1929 to Kalakani who proclaimed himself as Amir of Afghanistan . Much of the resistance in support of Amanullah was confined to just one of the five "culture zones." The impacted area was a small "tribal zone" that encompassed the Eastern and Southern provinces (Mashreqi and Jonub) in 1929, as well as

5152-583: The morning of 2 April, six new cases were reported: 5 in Kabul Province and one in Daykundi Province. The total number of cases reached 245. In the evening, the figure reached 273, after 15 new cases were confirmed in Herat Province, as well as another death. The 13 other new cases were located in Baghlan, Kabul, Kandahar and Paktia provinces. On 3 April, the number of confirmed cases reached 281. 20 new cases were from Herat, 14 in Kabul, and one new case each in

5244-400: The new recoveries, whilst Ghor and Kandahar had one new recovery each. On 17 April, the health ministry recorded 27 new cases and 13 new recoveries. Kabul had 12 new cases, Paktia had seven, Logar had four, Herat had two, whilst Bamyan and Daykundi had one new case each. On 18 April, a 65-year-old man became the sixth fatality in Balkh, as well as the 31st fatality overall in Afghanistan, as

5336-661: The number of cases increased to 714, the 40th recovery was also announced, as well as two further deaths, meaning that the death toll had reached 23. It was reported on 14 April that Surobi District , in Kabul Province, had 31 of Kabul's cases, which included doctors and police officers. On 14 April, 70 new cases were tested positive across 11 provinces. Kabul had 31 new cases, Herat had 22, Ghazni and Kandahar both had three new cases, Nangarhar, Nimruz and Wardak had two cases, whilst Baghlan and Faryab had one new case each. The first two cases were recorded in Kunar Province , as well as

5428-779: The number of fatalities increased to 50. Out of three new fatalities, two were in Ghazni and one was in Herat. 68 of 242 tests were positive. Ghazni had 13, Paktia had 11, Paktika had nine, Balkh had eight, Badghis and Kabul had six, Herat and Nangarhar had four, Khost and Laghman had three, and one case was recorded in Baghlan. The number of recoveries had reached 207. On 26 April, 172 new cases were tested positive from 600 samples across 18 provinces. Balkh had 34, Herat had 33, Kabul had 27, Kandahar had 21, Baghlan and Paktia had eight, Kunduz had seven, Ghor and Sar e-Pol had five, Faryab, Nimruz and Samangan had four, Khost, Laghman and Nangarhar had three, Helmand had two, whilst Paktika and Panjshir recorded

5520-770: The number of recoveries reached 150. On 21 April, 84 new cases were confirmed by the health ministry. Kabul had 28 new cases, Kandahar had 22, Nangarhar had six, Nimruz had five, Helmand and Kapisa had four, Herat and Kunar had three, Ghazni and Zabul had two, whilst Bamyan, Farah, Laghman, Paktia and Parwan all recorded a single new case. The number of fatalities reached 40, as the number of recoveries reached 166. On 22 April, two new fatalities were announced, as well as 14 new recoveries. The health ministry confirmed 106 new cases. Kandahar had 53 new cases, Herat had 21, Kunduz had 15, Jowzjan had 10, Kabul and Nangarhar had six, Nimruz had five, Kapisa and Logar had four, Kunar and Paktia had three, Ghazni had two, whilst Parwan and Takhar recorded

5612-499: The official language, the Pashto language was promoted as an important aspect of Afghan identity by Amanullah Khan. By the 1930s, a campaign had begun with the intention of making Pashto the Afghan government's official language. Pashto was declared an official language in 1936, and this was reaffirmed in 1964. Amanullah's wife, Queen Soraya Tarzi played a significant role regarding his policy towards women. This rapid modernisation created

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5704-483: The plan; Nazi officials never invited him to participate in discussions. It was Khan's name and face that was needed to provide legitimacy to an uprising and, eventually, a puppet Nazi government in Afghanistan. The plan, however, did not come to fruition; for it to work, Germany needed the support of the Soviet Union , which it never fully received. While Hitler cancelled the plan in the last days of December 1939, there

5796-468: The point where an uprising in Jalalabad culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted instead of resisting. This was caused by Amanullah's new policies of rapid modernisation after returning from his tour of Europe in a still very conservative society. Some of his new policies (inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's revolution who however had advised him to be moderate and careful in his reforms during his visit to Turkey in 1928 ) included

5888-487: The political development of the country, he drafted the country's first constitution, the "Statute of the Supreme Government of Afghanistan," which was officially approved and ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered in a Loya Jirga in Jalalabad on 11 April 1922. Under Sharia law and government-enacted legislation, all citizens were entitled to equal rights and freedoms, according to Article 16 of

5980-739: The port of Karachi and en-route they met with King Fuad of Egypt in Cairo. They undertook a whirlwind European visit: Italy (arrived 8 January 1928), where they met with King Victor-Emanuel III of Italy along with his Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini and then Pope Pius XI in the Vatican City; France, (arrived in Nice on 22 January 1928 and then Paris on 25 January), meeting with President Doumergue ; Belgium, (arrived in Brussels on 8 February), meeting with King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium . The next stop

6072-537: The previous evening), Herat had 25, Balkh had 21, Kandahar had 20, Kabul and Paktia had 16, Nimruz and Samangan had seven, Kapisa, Logar and Zabul had three, Bamyan, Ghor and Urozgan had two, whilst Baghlan, Helmand, Parwan and Wardak all recorded a single new case. Four new fatalities were also reported over 24 hours. One of them was Assadullah Fazli, who had previously served as the head of the Kunar public health directorate. The number of recoveries had reached 206. On 25 April,

6164-543: The province), and a single new case in Logar Province. With 257 cases, four of the 15 Afghan fatalities had been reported in Herat Province. Despite this, no new cases in Herat Province were recorded on 9 April, due to a lack of testing kits. The Ministry revealed that the deaths recorded up until 9 April entailed four in Balkh and Herat, three in Kabul, two in Nangarhar, and one each in Daykundi and Takhar provinces. On 10 April, 37 new cases were tested positive, including

6256-529: The provinces of Ghor, Nangarhar, and Nimroz. In the evening, the Ministry of Public Health announced 299 total cases. Herat Province had 206 cases, whilst Kabul Province had the second-highest number of cases (43). The cases in Herat Province entail 144 men and 60 women, as well as four fatalities and five recoveries. New cases were also reported in Balkh, Ghazni, Logar, and Samangan provinces. The first cases were recorded in Faryab and Kunduz provinces. On 4 April,

6348-446: The rightful heir and wanted him to become Emir. All the local tribespeople gave their allegiance to Nasrullah, who was a pious and religious man. The remainder of Habibullah's party journeyed southeast to Jalalabad , and on 21 February 1919 reached the city, where Nasrullah was declared Emir, supported by Habibullah's first son Inayatullah . Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's second wife, had remained in Kabul as

6440-412: The spring of 2017, workers were taking down plaster and concrete from the inner walls. Over 80 engineers and architects were involved in the project, of which 25 percent were female. By July 2019, most of the major reconstruction work on the palace was completed. On 18 April 2020, an opening ceremony was held as the palace was used as a temporary COVID-19 isolation and treatment center with 200 beds during

6532-498: The supervision of Amanullah) in Kabul which inquired into the death of Habibullah. It found a colonel in the Afghanistan military guilty of the crime, and had him executed. On manufactured evidence, it found Nasrullah complicit in the assassination. Nasrullah was sentenced to life imprisonment but Amanullah had him assassinated approximately one year later while being held in the royal jail. Russia had recently undergone its Communist revolution leading to strained relations between

6624-562: The third son of the Emir Habibullah Khan from his second wife. Amanullah was installed as the governor of Kabul , and was in control of the army and the treasury. He gained the allegiance of most of the tribal leaders. In February 1919, Emir Habibullah Khan went on a hunting trip to Afghanistan's Laghman Province . Among those in his retinue were his brother Nasrullah Khan , Habibullah's first son from his first wife Inayatullah , and Habibullah's commander-in-chief Nadir Khan . On

6716-478: The total number of cases reached 607. Kabul had 28 new cases, Kandahar had eight, Herat had seven, Balkh had four, Bamyan had two, whilst Helmand, Nangarhar, and Paktia all had a single new case each. On 12 April, three new fatalities were announced by the health ministry, as the number of recoveries reached 38. 58 new cases were recorded across six provinces. Kandahar had 28 new cases, Kabul had 13, Helmand had seven, Nimruz had six, Takhar had three, and Kunduz reported

6808-468: The total to 2,469. The number of recoveries reached 331 as the death toll reached 72. 249 health workers had been infected. On 2 May, the health ministry announced 235 new cases. The number of recoveries reached 345. 13 new fatalities were recorded across Afghanistan, meaning that the death toll reached 85. On 3 May, the health ministry announced 190 new cases. Five new fatalities were recorded, which included two in Paktia. Herat, Kabul and Wardak reported

6900-507: Was Germany . The germanophile king arrived in Berlin on 22 February and met with President Paul von Hindenburg the same day. He travelled to Great Britain as guests of King George V and Queen Mary . The steam ship SS Maid of Orleans arrived in Dover on 13 March 1928. The royal couple left England on 5 April and made their way to Poland . On their way, they had a longer stopover in Berlin where

6992-725: Was also announced in Nimruz Province . The second recovery was also reported. On 26 March, two deaths were announced. The total death toll increased to four. Ten new positive cases were also reported; eight were in Herat Province and two were in Nimruz Province. On 27 March, 16 new cases were announced by the Ministry of Health. This included 11 new cases in Herat Province, three in Farah Province and one in Ghor Province. The total number of cases reached 110. The third recovery in

7084-405: Was an active Nazi agent, other sources suggest he never even succeeded in obtaining a visa to visit Berlin . It was his brother-in-law, Ghulam Siddiq, to whom Khan had given full powers to negotiate on his behalf, that travelled between Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Switzerland to participate in talks surrounding the operation. Khan survived the war unharmed but appears to have lived

7176-510: Was completed for the 100th anniversary of Afghan independence , which was on 19 August 2019. The site is open to the public and all tourists . Construction of the Darul Aman Palace began in the early 1920s as part of the endeavours of Emir Amanullah Khan to modernise Afghanistan. In June 1926, Amanullah proclaimed himself as King of Afghanistan . The palace was to be part of the new capital city called Darulaman , connected to Kabul by

7268-523: Was confirmed to have spread to Afghanistan when its index case , in Herat , was confirmed on 24 February 2020. As of 24 November 2024, there have been 235,214 confirmed positive cases and 7,998 deaths. As of 13 September 2021, there have been 118,180 recoveries. Kabul Province has had the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Afghanistan, at 18,896, followed by Herat with 9,343 cases, and Balkh with 3,431. However, on 5 August 2020, an official survey from

7360-474: Was decided to develop a new building opposite the palace to house the parliament under a grant, provided by India. Construction was completed in 2015. In the Spring of 2016, work began on a 16 to 20 million dollar restoration project, intended to renovate the palace in time for the centenary of Afghanistan's full independence in 1919. Nearly 600 tons of debris was initially removed from the 150-room building and by

7452-840: Was given the Order of the Annunciation by King Victor Emmanuel III on his world tour. He died on 26 April 1960 in Zürich , Switzerland . His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in the eastern city of Jalalabad near the tomb of his father Haibullah Khan. He left behind his widowed wife and four sons and five daughters, including Princess India of Afghanistan . He married Soraya Tarzi (1899–1968), daughter of H.E. Sardar-i-Ala Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometime Minister for Foreign Affairs, by his second wife, Asma Rasmiya Khanum , daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Saleh al-Fattal Effendi, of Aleppo. Amanullah and Soraya had 6 daughters and 4 sons: Amanullah later married his fourth wife, 'Aliya Begum (b. 1910), who

7544-507: Was in India, Kalakāni battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Around 22 March 1929, Amanullah returned to Afghanistan assembling forces in Kandahar to reach Kabul and to dispose of Kalakāni. In April 1929 he attempted to advance to Kabul but his forces were defeated in Muqur , Ghazni and on 23 May 1929 he fled to India again. He never returned to his country. Kalakāni 's rule lasted only nine months and he

7636-455: Was once again severely damaged during the 1990s Afghan Civil War , as rival Mujahideen factions fought for control of Kabul. Heavy shelling by the Mujahideen left the palace a gutted ruin, including the garage containing the vehicles of the former King which were removed and used as target practice, all ultimately being destroyed. It was mostly used as a refugee settlement and a nomad camp until

7728-705: Was one of the first buildings in the country to get central heating and running water. The Swedish memoir writer Rora Asim Khan , who lived in Afghanistan with her Afghan husband in 1926–27, describe in her memoirs how she was invited to the palace by Queen Soraya to describe Western lifestyle and customs to the Queen and the King's mother Intended as the seat of a future parliament, the building remained unused and partially complete for many years after religious conservatives under Habibullah Kalakani forced King Amanullah from power in 1929, and halted his reforms. In later years it served as

7820-484: Was primarily concerned with the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, the so-called Great Game . Each attempted to gain influence in Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power to gain influence in the region. This effect was inconsistent, but generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited Afghan Air Force consisting of donated Soviet planes. Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927. The Afghan King and Queen set out from

7912-401: Was reached towards the end of 1919, which led to Afghanistan being freed of British diplomatic influence. Amanullah conceptualized a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms, with the guidance of his father-in-law and Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi . To ensure national unity based on equal rights for all people before the law, and their participation in

8004-476: Was recorded as a patient in Herat, who was also the first positive case. Five new cases were reported on 15 March, including the first case in Daykundi Province . On 16 March, five new positive cases were identified, meaning that the total number of cases rose to 21. 38 patients, including one positive patient, escaped from quarantine in Herat Province, but were quarantined upon return. Also on that day,

8096-528: Was replaced by Mohammad Nadir Shah on 13 October 1929. Amanullah Khan attempted to return to Afghanistan, but he had little support from the people. From British India , the ex-king travelled to Europe and settled in Italy , buying a villa in Rome 's Prati neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Nadir Shah made sure Amanullah's return to Afghanistan was made impossible by engaging in propaganda. Most of Amanullah's reforms were reversed, although later king Mohammad Zahir Shah made

8188-619: Was reported as the eleventh fatality in the country. The Health Ministry also reported the eighteenth recovery. Out of 2737 suspected cases, only 367 had tested positive. However, in the evening it was reported that 27 new cases in Herat Province were recorded from 140 tests. 21 were men, while 6 were women. Overall, 56 new cases were confirmed positive. Kabul had 12 new cases, Kandahar had 10, Balkh had 5, and Nangarhar had 2 new cases confirmed. The total increased to 423. On 7 April, two new cases were reported in Kandahar Province. On 8 April,

8280-680: Was still hope in the German Foreign Office and the Abwehr that the Soviets would come forward with a proposal; it never happened. Discussions were revived in late 1942 but following the Axis loss in Stalingrad in 1943, the plans were abandoned. Amidst all the negotiations, Khan remained in exile in Rome and never directly spoke to German or Soviet officials. While some war-time news articles suggest he

8372-548: Was the daughter of his uncle, Field Marshal H.R.H. Shahzada Nasru'llah Khan, Naib us-Sultana, Itwad ud-Daula, GCMG, by his sixth wife, Gulshan Begum. Amanullah was later married in Rome, before 1 July 1937, to an Italian lady, by whom he had one son. COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan The COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan was part of the worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). The virus

8464-401: Was the result of a complex set of internal and external variables, some of which were objective in origin and others of which were linked to secret service organisations operating outside the country's borders. On the one hand, objective reasons arose from existing tensions between the changes being implemented and the interests of society's ruling class. At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy

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