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65-553: The renegade janissary leaders were called dahije , from Ottoman Turkish dayı , meaning "uncle". The lesser janissary commanders were called kabadahije (s. kabadahija ), referring to the Turkish phrase "kabadayı", a colloquial phrase for bullies. In 1788, during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) , Koča's frontier rebellion saw eastern Šumadija occupied by Austrian Serbian Free Corps and hajduks , and subsequently, most of

130-462: A national ski center, and by 1936 there were ski pistes and a 20 m (66 ft) ski jumping hill . A special bus line was organized from Slavija to the ski structures on the mountain. The first local, Serbian competition after World War II was also held here, in 1946. The usual route was the one starting at the logger's cabin and ending all the way to the foothills above Ripanj. The tracks were quite crude. Despite low altitude, construction of

195-455: A quarantine. The patients were first placed in the mountaineering camp "Čarapićev Brest", which was adapted into the ad-hoc hospital. The patients were later relocated closer to the main road, in the "1000 Ruža" motel. The 1st Air Defense Missile Battalion, one of the " Neva " battalions of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade , is located in Zuce, on the eastern slopes of Avala. Settlements near

260-598: A quick succession. The Sultan, who feared that the Serb movement might get out of hand, sent the former pasha of Belgrade, and now Vizier of Bosnia, Bekir Pasha , to officially assist the Serbs, but in reality to keep them under control. Alija Gušanac , the janissary commander of Belgrade, faced by both Serbs and Imperial authority, decided to let Bekir Pasha into the city in July 1804. The dahije had previously fled east to Ada Kale , an island on

325-789: A rare type of greenish granite . For decades, kersantite was used for Belgrade buildings. Features built with this stone include the fountain between the Novi Dvor and Stari Dvor , the bordure of the Hotel Bristol , Small Staircase in Kalemegdan Park , pedestal of the Play of Black Horses statues in front of the House of the National Assembly of Serbia and buildings of Belgrade Cooperative , Elementary School King Petar I , Cathedral Church of St. Michael

390-399: Is actually the northernmost mountain in Šumadija . Until 600,000 years ago, when the surrounding low areas were flooded by the inner Pannonian Sea , Avala was an island, just as the neighboring mountains (Kosmaj, Fruška Gora , etc.), thus earning its geographical classification. However, Avala remains an "island mountain" as the area around it, Pinosava plateau of the northern Low Šumadija,

455-532: Is low and mostly flat. In the north it extends into the woods of Stepin Lug . The mountain is built of serpentinite , limestone and magmatic rocks , which are injected in the shape of cone ( laccolith ). Other peaks include Ladne vode (340 m (1,120 ft)), Zvečara (347 m (1,138 ft)), Sakinac (315 m (1,033 ft)). The Avala had deposits of ores , most notably lead and mercury 's ore of cinnabarite and mining activities which can be traced to

520-509: Is protected. Other species include common buzzard , stock dove , common kestrel , and Eurasian scops owl . A section of the mountain is organized as a game hunting ground. In the Middle Ages , the town of Žrnov or "Avalski Grad" (Avala town) was located on top of Avala. In 1442. it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire , which built a new town in Žrnov's place as a counter-fortress to

585-438: Is situated in the south-eastern corner of the city and provides a great panoramic view of Belgrade, Vojvodina and Šumadija , as the surrounding area on all sides is mostly lowlands. It stands at 511 metres (1,677 ft) above sea level , which means that it enters the locally defined mountain category just by 11 m (36 ft). Avala is located 16 km (9.9 mi) south-east of downtown Belgrade. The entire area of

650-530: The obor-knez (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and there was peace. Selim III also decreed that some unpopular janissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha . Many of those janissaries were employed by or found refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu , a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the Sanjak of Vidin . Fearing

715-470: The NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999. Its total reconstruction began in 2006 and was officially opened at a ceremony on 21 April 2010. The new tower is almost the exact replica of the destroyed one, including the unique three-feet base. Belgrade's General Urbanistic Plan (GUP) for the 2001–2021 period defines the mountain as a sports and recreation area. During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak , Avala functioned as

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780-635: The Sanjak of Smederevo was occupied by the Habsburg Monarchy (1788–91). The Siege of Belgrade from 15 September to 8 October 1789, a Habsburg Austrian force besieged the fortress of Belgrade. The Austrians held the city until 1791 when it handed Belgrade back to the Ottomans according to the terms of the Treaty of Sistova . With the return of the sanjak to the Ottoman Empire the Serbs expected reprisals from

845-511: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Dayı " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

910-431: The ski resort , with sports and recreational venues and a cable car have been proposed in 1994 and 2005. In October 2018, city government announced plans to set a 550 m (1,800 ft) long piste . The construction of the complex, which is planned to be operational over the entire year thanks to the artificial snowing system (skiing specifically from November to February), should start in 2019. The piste will start in

975-697: The April 2022 campaign for the local elections in Belgrade, favored formation of the municipality, but also of several others. Avala is well connected with Belgrade and other parts of Serbia via roads, highway and railroads. Avalski drum ("Avala road") is an extension of the Boulevard of the Liberation, which directly connects the mountain to downtown Belgrade (via neighborhoods of Selo Rakovica , Jajinci , Banjica , Voždovac, Autokomanda , Karađorđev Park and Slavija ). On

1040-523: The Archangel and Main Post Office Building . As the buildings began to deteriorate over time, city authorities showed interest in the quarry, not only for the repairs but also for future construction. For now, when some deteriorated kersantite feature has to be replaced, the artificial stone is used (as in the case of the pedestal of the Play of Black Horses). Geologists suggested to the city to obtain

1105-497: The Avala to get fenced and protected that way. He also banned construction of houses on the mountain itself. In the early 20th century, plans were made for further forestation of the mountain. In his last visit to Serbia in 1903, Austro-Hungarian naturalist Felix Philipp Kanitz noted that the mountain would become "another exceptional excursion area", after the Topčider park. Remains of

1170-500: The Belgrade city fort, and renamed it "havale", which originally comes from Arabic and means "obstacle" or "shelter". Archeologist Miloje Vasić believed that the vast mines of cinnabarite (mercury-sulfide) on Avala were crucial for the development of the Vinča culture , on the banks of the Danube circa 5700 BC. Settlers of Vinča apparently melted cinnabarite and used it in metallurgy. Mining

1235-619: The Dahije, on a given day. Ammunition was smuggled from the Habsburg Monarchy, some given out to the Serbs, and some hid on the Avala . This first attempt to remove the Dahije, erupting a day early in 1802 in Požarevac , was stopped, and the Dahije continued ruling the pashalik. The tyranny endured by the Serbs caused them to send a petition to the Sultan, which the dahije learnt of. The dahije started to fear that

1300-462: The Danube. Bekir ordered the surrender of the dahije, meanwhile, Karađorđe sent his commander Milenko Stojković to the island. The dahije refused, upon which Stojković attacked and captured them, and had them beheaded, on the night of 5–6 August 1804. After crushing the power of the dahije, Bekir Pasha wanted the Serbs to be disbanded, however, as the janissaries still held important towns, such as Užice ,

1365-578: The Law on mines was issued by the Despot Stefan Lazarević in 1412. In this period, the cinnabarite was used for fresco paintings and was exported to Greece. Mining activities ceased by the 1960s, when the last two mines, Šuplja Stena and Crveni Breg, were closed. Šuplja Stena ("Hollow Boulder") was a mercury mine while in Crveni Breg ("Red Hill"), lead, zinc, silver and gold were extracted. Crveni Breg

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1430-626: The Serbs were unwilling to halt without guarantees. The Sultan now ordered the surroundings pashaliks to suppress the Serbs, realizing the threat. The Serbs sought foreign help, sending a delegation to St. Petersburg in September 1804, which returned with money and promise of diplomatic support. The First Serbian Uprising , the first stage of the Serbian Revolution , had thus begun. The janissaries chose four of their leading chiefs ( Kučuk Alija , Aganlija , Mula Jusuf and Mehmed-aga Fočić ) to rule

1495-470: The Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute leading Serbs throughout the sanjak, in the event known as the " Slaughter of the Knezes ", which took place in late January 1804. According to contemporary sources from Valjevo , the severed heads of the murdered leaders were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against

1560-763: The Turks due to their support to the Austrians. Sultan Selim III had given complete command of the Sanjak of Smederevo and Belgrade to battle-hardened Janissaries that had fought Christian forces during the Austro-Turkish War and many other conflicts. Although Selim III granted authority to the peaceful Hadži Mustafa Pasha (1793), tensions between the Serbs and the janissary command did not subside. In 1793 and 1796 Sultan Selim III proclaimed firmans which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by

1625-512: The Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu. During the absence of Mustafa Pasha, the forces of Pazvantoğlu captured Požarevac and besieged the Belgrade fortress . At the end of November 1797 obor-knezes Aleksa Nenadović , Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović from Valjevo brought their forces to Belgrade and forced the besieging janissary forces to retreat to Smederevo . By 1799, the janissary corps had returned to

1690-555: The Vranovac, a tributary to the Bolečica. A small artificial lake near the village of Pinosava was created on the western slope of the mountain. The settlements in the area are notorious for problems with shortages of drinking water during summer. The mountain has been protected since 1859 as a natural monument , or, by the modern standards, "sight of the exquisite values". That year, Serbian ruling prince Miloš Obrenović issued an order for

1755-460: The area of Ripanj, the closed Tešićev Majdan ("Tešić Quarry") is located. The stone pit was privately owned, but was confiscated by the state after World War II and stopped operating before 1960. In the process of restitution after 2000, the quarry was returned to the surviving owners, but they live abroad so the quarry is still not operational. It is the only known location of kersantite in Serbia,

1820-460: The church, is also made of wood. The church contains epitrachelion of Saint Nectarios of Aegina and pillow of Saint Petka . Annually, from July 1 until July 10, a traditional camp of Serbian mountaineers is held on the Avala. Among other mountaineering activities, there are competitions in: The first skiing competition in Yugoslavia was held on Avala in 1929. In 1934, Belgrade was declared

1885-497: The dissolution of the janissary command in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbians without the permission of Sultan Selim III, causing much volatility and fear in the region. Pazvantoğlu was defeated in 1793 by the Serbs at the Battle of Kolari . In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of beglerbeg of Rumelia Eyalet and he left Serbia for Plovdiv to fight against

1950-500: The entire history of Ottoman misrule in the Balkans". The leaders divided the sanjak into pashaluks. They immediately suspended the Serbian autonomy and drastically increased taxes, land was seized, forced labour ( čitlučenje ) was introduced, and many Serbs fled the janissaries in fear. Some Ottoman sipahi and Mustafa Pasha's men plotted, and agreed with Serbian knezes to rise against

2015-541: The field in the protected downhill of Avala. The field was a recorded habitat of Caspian whipsnake . Illegal construction of the complex of houses, without any permits, began in January 2021. Inspections closed it, but the construction continued before it was halted. Demolition of the complex began in August 2022. Avala is known for its diverse plant life, despite not being a tall mountain. There are over 600 plant species living on

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2080-493: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayı " Avala Avala ( Serbian Cyrillic : Авала , pronounced [âv̞ala] ) is a mountain in Serbia , overlooking Belgrade . It

2145-885: The 💕 Look for Dayı on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Dayı in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

2210-446: The immediate vicinity of the tower and end at the logger's cabin. Due to the altitude and the climate, the north-western slope, in the direction of Pinosava, is chosen. The track has been labeled as the "blue", which means it is of and intermediate level of difficulty. Phase I includes the construction of the piste, ski lift , training trail, snowmaking cannons, decorative lights, parking lots and special machinery. Phase II comprises

2275-677: The medieval Žrnov were removed in 1934 to make way for the Monument to the Unknown Hero . The destruction of Žrnov, which was demolished with dynamite, caused massive discontent among the citizens of Belgrade. In the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , the mountain was declared a national park , in 1936. In 1946, by the ukaz of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Serbia , Avala was reduced to

2340-573: The mine stoppe working until being partially revived by the Celts. Pots with mercury were discovered in Šuplja Stena, but not the smelting artefacts or slag . A vast number of potteries discovered in Vinča was internally glazed with cinnabarite, with some quartz and phyllosilicates . Examination showed that it matches materials from Avala. Vinča developed c.5700 BC, Vladimir Milojević claim the production for certain from 2000 BC to 750 BC without being able to say when

2405-577: The mine was opened in 1886. Lead, zinc and silver were mined. It was intermittently operational till 1901 when it was purchased by the Belgian company from the previous Serbian owners. Operational again from 1902, it was sold to the French owners in 1906. It worked until 1941, and in this period 18,800 tons of ore was extracted. It was reopened in 1948 and closed in 1953. 55,000 tons of ore was extracted in this period, containing lead, zinc, silver, gold and copper. Along

2470-449: The mineral avalite , named after the mountain, was found. A greenish mineral, chromian , magnesian or potassic alumosilicate (variety of the mineral illite ), it was discovered by Serbian chemist Sima Lozanić who established its formula. Optically examined by the Israeli mineralogist Tamir Grodek who classified it as a member of the mica mineral group. On the southern slopes, in

2535-528: The mining began. Remains from both the Neolithic and the last Ice Age are also discovered in the cave. It is still debated whether Šuplja Stena is a natural cave or was completely dug for the mining purposes. Remains of the Neanderthal culture were discovered in it. In his 1943 Prehistoric mine Šuplja Stena on Avala hill near Belgrade (Serbia) , Vladimir Milojčić said that the "cave is old as Avala", formed by

2600-491: The most important road in the southern outskirts of Belgrade, which connects all the southern sections of the city. It is also a projected route of the future Belgrade beltway which would continue through the Bolečica river valley and the projected Vinča - Omoljica bridge over the Danube into Vojvodina. Railroads also run on both sides of the mountain. Eastern branch is a section of the Belgrade-Niš railroad. It runs through

2665-400: The motion was dropped. On the mountain itself, there are several springs, of which Sakinac is best known. Despite being the only mountain in the area, Avala is not a source of many rivers. The Topčiderka river, originating in the woods of Lipovička šuma on the south-west, flows on the western slopes of Avala, while the river Bolečica flows on the eastern slopes. Other minor flows include

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2730-474: The mountain are not much populous. They include Ripanj (on the south, the largest one, with a population of 10,084 by the 2022 census of population), Pinosava (on the west, 3,239), Zuce (on the north-east, 1,915), Beli Potok (on the north, 3,717), all in the municipality of Voždovac, and Vrčin (on the east, 8,601), in the municipality of Grocka. A movement for creation of the new Belgrade's municipality called Avalski Venac originated in 1996. A motion for

2795-540: The mountain belongs to the Belgrade City area, the majority of it being in the municipality of Voždovac , with the eastern slopes being in the municipality of Grocka , and the southernmost extension in the municipality of Sopot . It is possible that in the future the entire area of Avala would create a separate municipality of Belgrade, named Avalski Venac . Avala is a low type of the Pannonian island mountain , though it

2860-736: The mountain include: Special attractions of the Avala are several monuments. They include: Small church dedicated to the Saint Despot Stefan Lazarević was built in the immediate vicinity of the Avala Tower and Monument to the Unknown Hero. The foundations were consecrated by the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church , Irinej , in 2015. Made of white pine and designed by deacon Miroslav Nikolić, it covers only 50 m (540 sq ft). The bell tower , built next to

2925-402: The mountain, Avalski drum divides in three: Sub-Avalan settlements are directly connected to Belgrade by the bus lines of the city's public transportation, with terminus in the Belgrade's neighborhood of Trošarina . The Belgrade–Niš highway , a section of one of the major European roads, European route E75 , runs east of the mountain, through Vrčin. North of the mountain runs Kružni put ,

2990-454: The mountain, but after the joint attack of Yugoslav Partisans and Red Army, Belgrade was liberated on 20 October 1944. In 1965, a 202-metre-high (663 ft) Avala TV Tower was constructed, one of the tallest structures in the Balkans , by the architects Uglješa Bogunović , Slobodan Janjić and M. Krstić. It had a restaurant look-out on 120 m (390 ft). The tower was destroyed during

3055-781: The mountain. Some of them are protected by the law as natural rarities, like certain types of laburnum , box tree , black broom , common holly and martagon lily . The area is also abundant in medicinal herbs , like the early-purple orchid and belladonna . Almost 70% of Avala is forested, or 5.01 square kilometres (1.93 sq mi). Thus, the meadow plant communities are rare. Other protected plant species include common yew and oregano . High woods mostly consist of durmast oak , Turkey oak , hornbeam , beech , linden , black pine , black locust and other trees. Almost 100 species of birds live on Avala, including strictly protected Eurasian sparrowhawk , European honey buzzard and European green woodpecker . Total of 21 bird species

3120-404: The ownership over the land on which the pit is located and to reopen it. The Belgrade City government announced in 2012 that it will unilaterally explore the pit until it gets reopened and inspected it in 2013. Large amounts of already cut kersantite were found. Locals have been illegally extracting the stone and crushing it to use as road cover. After the political change in Belgrade in late 2013,

3185-401: The pre- Antiquity times. Other metals mined on the mountain include silver, gold and zinc. At the Šuplja Stena localities, seven quartz - carbonate veins with minerals and cinnabarite ore were discovered (Šuplja Stena, Dževerov Kamen, Dževerov Potok, Rupine, Kamenik-Spomenik, Kamenik and Prečica), with 13 additional between Šuplja Stena and Topčiderka river. Avala is also a location where

3250-511: The recreation of the municipality of Ripanj appeared in 2002. The idea was to split municipality of Voždovac of its distant, suburban settlements in the area of the Avala: Ripanj, Beli Potok, Pinosava and Zuce. Later, a motion for Vrčin to split from the municipality of Grocka and creation of a joint sub-Avalan municipality also appeared. If created, the new municipality would have a population of 27,556 in 2022. In September 2007 an official motion

3315-485: The road to Mladenovac there is the Ciganlija mine, with numerous smaller horizontal pits covered with overgrowth. Next to the mine is Zavljak stream, where remains of the slag dated to Antiquity were discovered. The slag contains lead, zinc, copper and silver. The ore in Šuplja Stena was rediscovered in 1882, and in 1883 survey began with digging of the "Jerina" horizontal pit. By 1886, horizontal pit "Prečica" with smelters,

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3380-461: The rule of the dahije. This enraged the Serbs, who led their families into the woods and started murdering the subaşi (village overseers) that had been employed by the dahije, and also attacking Ottoman forces. The dahije sent out the most diplomatic, Aganlija, with a strong force to frighten and calm them down, in order to avoid escalation into armed conflict which would be hard for the janissaries to manage, but to no avail. On 14 February 1804, in

3445-845: The sanjak after the murder of Mustafa Pasha. The leaders divided the sanjak into pashaluks. There are many Serbian epic poems regarding the dahija, such as Početak bune protiv dahija ("Start of the revolt against the dahijas") , collected by blind bard Filip Višnjić (1767–1834). U leto 1797. sultan ga je imenovao za rumeliskog begler-bega i Mustafa je otišao u Plovdiv, da rukovodi akcijom protiv buntovnika iz Vidina i u Rumeliji. Za vreme njegova otsutstva vidinski gospodar sa janičarima naredio je brz napad i potukao je srpsku i pašinu vojsku kod Požarevca, pa je prodro sve do Beograda i zauzeo samu varoš. Pred sam Božić stigoše u pomoć valjevski Srbi i sa njihovom pomoću turska gradska posada odbi napadače i očisti grad. Ilija Birčanin gonio je "Vidinlije" sve do Smedereva. day%C4%B1#Turkish From Misplaced Pages,

3510-483: The sanjak, as they were pardoned by the Sultan's decree. On 15 December 1801 Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade was killed by Kučuk-Alija , one of the four leading dahije. This resulted in the Sanjak of Smederevo being ruled by these renegade janissaries independently from the Ottoman government, in defiance to the Sultan. The janissaries imposed "a system of arbitrary abuse that was unmatched by anything similar in

3575-488: The small village of Orašac near Aranđelovac , leading Serbs gathered and decided to undertake an uprising, choosing Karađorđe Petrović as their leader. The Serbs, at first technically fighting on the behalf of the Sultan against the janissaries, were encouraged and aided by a certain Ottoman official and the sipahi (cavalry corps). For their small numbers, the Serbs had great military successes, having taken Požarevac , Šabac , and charged Smederevo and Belgrade , in

3640-460: The status of the "public property of general benefit" and placed under direct management of the Government of Serbia . Despite being officially protected for almost 150 years, it was only in 2007 that preservation plans for the mountain were made. That way, Avala entered a circle of protected green areas of Belgrade , which also included the mountain of Kosmaj, the island of Veliko Ratno Ostrvo and

3705-594: The tunnel under the Avala at Beli Potok and then through Včrin. Western branch runs through Ripanj and the long "Ripanj tunnel" (though not under the Avala), and continues into western Serbia and further into Montenegro , as part of the Belgrade–Bar railway . Avala is a traditional picnic resort for Belgraders, but its capacities are not being used much. In 1984 number of tourists was only 15,700 despite over 1.5 million of inhabitants in Belgrade. Some attractions and capacities on

3770-443: The volcanic activity and elevation of the terrain. The cave was first used by the wild animals and later by the prehistoric peoples, with animal and human remains, and prehistoric mining artefacts have been discovered. However, geographer Dragan Petrović in his work on the caves of Šumadija, lists caves on the present Belgrade's territory, but makes no mention of Šuplja Stena. In Medieval Serbia mining on Avala began in c.1420, after

3835-540: The woods of Stepin Lug, with the forests of Košutnjak and Topčider to be added next. Protected areas of Avala spread over 48,913 hectares (120,870 acres) Some areas within the mountain are additionally protected., including the "Complex of mountain beech, oak, maple and elm", which is in the first level of protection. It is located in the valley of the Vranovica stream, close to the "Čarapićev Brest" visitors' complex. In early September 2020, unknown persons began clearing

3900-633: Was a key point during the Belgrade Offensive in October 1944, a fighting for the liberation of Belgrade in World War II. Germans halted their mechanized units along the Smederevo road, at Mali Mokri Lug , continued equipped with the light weapons and spread over Avala. German units were commanded by lieutenant general Walter Stettner , who was killed during the battle. Germans also had a 7th SS division at

3965-716: Was active on the mountain at 3000 BC. However, it is still contested when people began mining on Avala, from the Neolithic , to the earnest mining by the Celtic Scordisci , prior to Roman conquest. There are three major mines, Šuplja Stena, Crveni Breg and Ciganlija, the first being the most explored. Vasić also claimed that Vinča hosted a Ionian trade colony from the Aegean around 6000 BC, and that Ionian seamen discovered primitive mine in Šuplja Stena. The Ionians continued to mine cinnabarite and with their final departure from Vinča,

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4030-437: Was also finished. During this period, numerous pits and shafts were dug, with 7 km (4.3 mi) being dug only in 1891. From 1884 to 1889 it was majority owned by Đorđe Vajfert , when he sold it to an English firm, but continued to manage works. The ore was exported to Vienna , London and China . Though officially closed in 1893, the mine was extracting ore only from 1887 to 1891. From 1889 to 1890 some 30 tons of mercury

4095-450: Was closed in 1953 and has traces of the usage from the Roman period. It has seven levels, out of which four are flooded, and the stalactites are being formed inside. By 2009 the upper level was prepared for visitors, having been cleaned and lighted for some 300 m (980 ft), but the project of turning it into a tourist attraction failed. The survey of the Crveni Breg began in 1870, and

4160-435: Was sold. The survey of Šuplja Stena was continued in 1910 and, with interruptions, lasted until 1959, while the preparatory works for the reopening began in 1967. Smelters was built, the production continued in 1968 and until spring 1972 when it was finally closed, the mine produced 80 tons of mercury. Mine in Šuplja Stena is considered one of the best explored one, in geological, chemical, mineralogical and mining sense. Avala

4225-474: Was started by the municipality of Voždovac to create this new municipality, which would also include Resnik from the municipality of Rakovica Supported by the local administration headed by the Democratic Party at the time, it was blocked by the members of the same party on the city level. It was also proposed by the political party G17 Plus in 2010 and Nova Stranka in 2015. Coalition Moramo , during

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