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87-617: Curry is a dish with a sauce or gravy seasoned with spices, mainly derived from the interchange of Indian cuisine with European taste in food, starting with the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch and British, and then thoroughly internationalised. Many dishes that would be described as curries in English are found in the native cuisines of countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia . A first step in
174-652: A Buddhist stupa (150–500 CE) known to be there and finding a flint scraper which convinced him of the site's antiquity. This led to large-scale excavations of Mohenjo-daro led by K. N. Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26. In the 1930s major excavations were conducted at the site under the leadership of Marshall, D. K. Dikshitar and Ernest Mackay . Further excavations were carried out in 1945 by Mortimer Wheeler and his trainee, Ahmad Hasan Dani and F. A. Khan . The last major series of excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1965 by George F. Dales . After 1965, excavations were banned due to weathering damage to
261-535: A Western dish . Its spread across the country is attributed to its use in the Japanese Army and Navy which adopted it extensively as convenient field and naval canteen cooking, allowing even conscripts from the remotest countryside to experience the dish. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force traditionally have curry every Friday for lunch and many ships have their own recipes. The standard Japanese curry contains onions, carrots, potatoes, and sometimes celery , and
348-410: A fish and chip shop or Chinese takeaway ). In British and Irish cuisine , as well as in the cuisines of Commonwealth countries like Australia , Canada and New Zealand , the word gravy refers only to the meat-based sauce derived from meat juices, stock cubes or gravy granules. Use of the word "gravy" does not include other thickened sauces. One of the most popular forms is onion gravy , which
435-491: A quarama from Lucknow contained (among other ingredients) ghee, yoghurt, cream, crushed almonds, cloves, cardamom, and saffron; whereas an 1869 Anglo-Indian quorema or korma , "different in substance as well as name", had no cream, almonds, or saffron, but it added the then-standard British curry spices, namely coriander, ginger, and black peppercorns. Curry, initially understood as "an unfamiliar set of Indian stews and ragouts", had become "a dish in its own right, created for
522-419: A "Great Granary". Certain wall-divisions in its massive wooden superstructure appeared to be grain storage-bays, complete with air-ducts to dry the grain. According to Wheeler, carts would have brought grain from the countryside and unloaded them directly into the bays. However, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer noted the complete lack of evidence for grain at the "granary", which, he argued, might therefore be better termed
609-500: A "Great Hall" of uncertain function. Close to the "Great Granary" is a large and elaborate public bath, sometimes called the Great Bath . From a colonnaded courtyard, steps lead down to the brick-built pool, which was waterproofed by a lining of bitumen . The pool measures 12 metres (39 ft) long, 7 metres (23 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) deep. It may have been used for religious purification. Other large buildings include
696-452: A "Pillared Hall", thought to be an assembly hall of some kind, and the so-called "College Hall", a complex of buildings comprising 78 rooms, thought to have been a priestly residence. Mohenjo-daro had no series of city walls, but was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa , it
783-476: A "set", a South African standard, consists of either lamb, chicken or bean curry poured into a tunnelled-out loaf of bread to be eaten with one's fingers by dipping pieces of the bread into it. 'Bunny chow' means 'Indian food', from Banian , an Indian. The method of serving the curry was created because apartheid forbade black people from eating in Indian restaurants; the loaves could speedily be taken away and eaten in
870-573: A "somewhat sour" broth called Carriel , eaten with rice. The later Dutch word karie was used in the Dutch East Indies from the 19th century; many Indians had by then migrated to Southeast Asia. Curry was introduced to English cuisine from Anglo-Indian cooking in the 17th century, as spicy sauces were added to plain boiled and cooked meats. That cuisine was created in the British Raj when British wives or memsahibs instructed Indian cooks on
957-679: A central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust ), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories. In 1950, Sir Mortimer Wheeler identified one large building in Mohenjo-daro as
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#17328444349551044-428: A cloak with drilled trefoil , single circle and double circle motifs, which show traces of red. His eyes might have originally been inlaid. A seal discovered at the site bears the image of a seated, cross-legged and possibly ithyphallic figure surrounded by animals. The figure has been interpreted by some scholars as a yogi , and by others as a three-headed "proto- Shiva " as "Lord of Animals". Sir Mortimer Wheeler
1131-543: A commercial curry powder. Curry restaurants outside their native countries often adapt their cuisine to suit local tastes; for instance, Thai restaurants in the West sell red, yellow, and green curries with chili peppers of those colours, often combined with additional spices of the same colours. In Britain, curry has become the national dish, with some types adopted from India, others modified or wholly invented, as with chicken tikka masala , created by British Bangladeshi restaurants in
1218-591: A dish, often spiced, in a sauce or gravy. Collingham writes that: No Indian, however, would have referred to his or her food as a curry. The idea of a curry is, in fact, a concept that the Europeans imposed on India's food culture. Indians referred to their different dishes by specific names... But the British lumped all these together under the heading of curry. 'Curry' is "ultimately derived" from some combination of Dravidian words of south Indian languages. One of those words
1305-638: A meat that is cooked in a large pot. Sometimes grated apples or honey are added for additional sweetness and other vegetables are sometimes used instead. Curry spread to other regions of Asia. Curry powder is added to some dishes in the southern part of China. The curry powder sold in Chinese grocery stores is similar to Madras curry powder, but with the addition of star anise and cinnamon. The former Portuguese colony of Macau has its own culinary traditions and curry dishes, including Galinha à portuguesa ("Portuguese-style chicken") and curry crab. Portuguese sauce
1392-599: A new "Central Imperial Museum" was being planned for the new capital of the British Raj, in which at least a selection would be displayed. It became apparent that Indian independence was approaching, but the Partition of India was not anticipated until late in the process. The new Pakistani authorities requested the return of the Harappan pieces excavated on their territory, but the Indian authorities refused. Eventually an agreement
1479-510: A paste. The content of the dish and style of preparation vary by region. The sauces are made with spices including black pepper, cardamom, chili peppers, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel seed, mustard seed, and turmeric. As many as 15 spices may be used for a meat curry. The spices are sometimes fried whole, sometimes roasted, sometimes ground and mixed into a paste. The sauces are eaten with steamed rice or idli rice cakes in south India, and breads such as chapatis , roti , and naan in
1566-546: A spoon, a common lunchtime canteen dish. It is less spicy and seasoned than Indian and Southeast Asian curries, being more of a thick stew than a curry. British people brought curry from the Indian colony back to Britain and introduced it to Japan during the Meiji period (1868 to 1912), after Japan ended its policy of national self-isolation ( sakoku ), and curry in Japan was categorised as
1653-685: A staple among the Malay and Chinese populations there. Malaysian curries have many varieties, but are often flavoured with cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, coconut milk, shallots, chili peppers, and garlic. Indian Indonesian cuisine consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India , as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Indonesia . Curry in Indonesian is kari and in Javanese , kare . In Indonesian cuisine especially in Bandung , there
1740-411: A wall-niche. Though there is no evidence that priests or monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro, archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a "Priest-King". The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall, and shows a neatly bearded man with pierced earlobes and a fillet around his head, possibly all that is left of a once-elaborate hairstyle or head-dress; his hair is combed back. He wears an armband, and
1827-526: Is 53.7 °C (128.7 °F), recorded in May 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F), recorded in January 2006. Rainfall is low, and mainly occurs in the monsoon season (July–September). The average annual rainfall of Mohenjo-daro is 100.1 mm and mainly occurs in the monsoon season. The highest annual rainfall ever is 1023.8 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever
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#17328444349551914-409: Is a dish called lontong kari , a combined of lontong and beef yellow curry soup. In Javanese cuisine , kare rajungan , blue swimmer crab curry has become a delicacy of Tuban Regency , East Java . Rendang , the national dish of Indonesia, originally from Minang , is drier and contains mostly meat and more coconut milk than a conventional Malaysian curry; it was mentioned in Malay literature in
2001-655: Is a ready-prepared spice blend first sold by Indian merchants to European colonial traders. This was commercially available from the late 18th century, with brands such as Crosse & Blackwell and Sharwood's persisting to the present. British traders introduced the powder to Meiji era Japan, in the mid-19th century, where it became known as Japanese curry . There are many varieties of curry. The choice of spices for each dish in traditional cuisine depends on regional cultural traditions and personal preferences. Such dishes have names such as dopiaza and rogan josh that refer to their ingredients, spicing, and cooking methods. Outside
2088-585: Is a result of the Indian diaspora and globalisation , starting within the British Empire, and followed by economic migrants who brought Indian cuisine to many countries. In 1886, 咖喱 ( Gālí ) (Chinese pronunciation of "curry") appeared among the Chinese in Singapore. Malay Chinese people then most likely brought curry to China. In India, spices are always freshly prepared for use in sauces. Derived from such mixtures (but not containing curry leaves), curry powder
2175-667: Is a sauce flavoured with curry and thickened with coconut milk . Curry was popularized in Korean cuisine when Ottogi entered the Korean food industry with an imported curry powder in 1969. Korean curry powder contains spices including cardamom, chili, cinnamon, and turmeric. Curry tteokbokki is made of tteok (rice cakes), eomuk (fish cakes), eggs, vegetables, and gochujang , fermented red chili paste. As in India, chilis were brought to Korea by European traders. Spicy chili sauce then replaced
2262-399: Is allowed to evaporate, leaving the other ingredients coated with the spice mixture. Wet curries contain significant amounts of sauce or gravy based on broth , coconut cream or coconut milk , dairy cream or yogurt , or legume purée, sautéed crushed onion, or tomato purée . Curry powder , a commercially prepared mixture of spices marketed in the West, was first exported to Britain in
2349-463: Is calibrated to about 1.6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16 in). The decimal subdivision on the ruler is noteworthy, as it predates the modern metric system by 3000 years or more. The base unit used was known as the angula (finger) and is about 17 mm. A piece of shell found in Mackay's excavation is very precisely incised with lines spaced 6.7 mm (0.264 in) apart. Ancient bricks found throughout
2436-399: Is commonly served with roasts , meatloaf , rice , noodles , fries (chips), mashed potatoes , or biscuits (North America, see biscuits and gravy ). Based on current understanding of what a gravy is at its core (a sauce made from meat drippings combined with a thickening agent), one of the earliest recorded instances of a gravy being used is from The Forme of Cury , a cookbook from
2523-501: Is cooked to British taste, but with increasing demand for authentic Indian styles. In 2001, chicken tikka masala was described by the British foreign secretary Robin Cook as "a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences." Its origin is not certain, but many sources attribute it to British Asians ; some cite Glasgow as
2610-470: Is eaten with sausages, Yorkshire pudding and roast meat. Throughout the United States, gravy is commonly eaten with Thanksgiving foods such as turkey , mashed potatoes and stuffing . One Southern United States variation is sausage gravy eaten with American biscuits . Another Southern US dish that uses white gravy is chicken-fried steak . Rice and gravy is a staple of Cajun and Creole cuisine in
2697-451: Is postulated that Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, but the extent and functioning of an administrative center remains unclear. The location of Mohenjo-daro
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2784-410: Is presently held in a private collection in India. The Indus Valley civilization employed rulers made of ivory for measuring length circa 1500 BCE. The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 34 millimetres (1.32 in) and these are further marked in decimal subdivisions with great accuracy, to within 0.13 mm (0.005 in). A ruler found at Lothal (2400 BCE)
2871-676: Is the Tamil kaṟi ( கறி ) meaning 'sauce' or 'relish for rice'. Other Dravidian languages , namely Malayalam , Kannada and Kodava , have similar words. Kaṟi is described in a mid-17th century Portuguese cookbook by members of the British East India Company , who were trading with Tamil merchants along the Coromandel Coast of southeast India, becoming known as a "spice blend ... called kari podi or curry powder". The first appearance in its anglicised form (spelt currey )
2958-664: The Pashupati seal . Most of the objects from Mohenjo-daro retained by India are in the National Museum of India in New Delhi and those returned to Pakistan in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi , with many also in the museum now established at Mohenjo-daro itself. In 1939, a small representative group of artefacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by
3045-645: The Harappan Civilization, which developed c. 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria , with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal , Kalibangan , Dholavira and Rakhigarhi . Mohenjo-daro
3132-741: The Mughal Empire , in the early 16th century, influenced some curries, especially in the north. Another influence was the establishment of the Portuguese trading centre in Goa in 1510, resulting in the introduction of chili peppers , tomatoes and potatoes to India from the Americas, as a byproduct of the Columbian Exchange . In 1598, an English translation of a Dutch book about travel in the East Indies mentioned
3219-432: The "Dancing Girl", 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high and about 4,500 years old, was found in 'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro in 1926; it is now in the National Museum, New Delhi . In 1973, British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler described the item as his favorite statuette: She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for
3306-521: The 14th century. The term "gravy" is believed to be derived from the French word " gravé" that is found in many medieval French cookbooks. In the United Kingdom and Ireland , a Sunday roast is usually served with gravy. It is commonly eaten with beef , pork , chicken or lamb . It is also popular in different parts of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland to have gravy with just chips (mostly from
3393-516: The 1550s by Hikayat Amir Hamzah . In Vietnamese cuisine , influenced by both Thai and Indian cooking, curry is known as cà ri . It is made with coconut milk, Madras curry powder with plenty of turmeric, and a variety of fresh ingredients such as coriander, lemongrass, and ginger. In the Philippines , a dish that may have been directly inspired by Indian curries is the oxtail stew kare-kare , possibly influenced by Sepoy expatriates during
3480-502: The 18th century when Indian merchants sold a concoction of spices, similar to garam masala , to the British East India Company returning to Britain. Curry is very popular in the United Kingdom , with a curry house in nearly every town. Such is its popularity that it has frequently been called its "adopted national dish". It was estimated that in 2016 there were 12,000 curry houses, employing 100,000 people and with annual combined sales of approximately £4.2 billion. The food offered
3567-480: The 20th century. The word 'curry' does not occur in any Indian language. Various words with similar sounds, like khari and caril , mean "sauce" in modern usage, but probably meant both a specific blend of spices, and a dish using that blend, when the Portuguese arrived in Goa. The scholar of food culture Lizzie Collingham suggests that the Portuguese heard and adopted the word, resulting eventually in its modern meaning of
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3654-655: The British in India". Collingham describes the resulting Anglo-Indian cuisine as "eclectic", "pan-Indian", "lacking sophistication", embodying a "passion for garnishes", and forming a "coherent repertoire"; but it was eaten only by the British. Elsewhere in the 19th century, curry was carried to the Caribbean by Indian indentured workers in the British sugar industry . Since the mid-20th century, curries of many national styles have become popular far from their origins, and increasingly become part of international fusion cuisine . Alan Davidson writes that curry's worldwide extension
3741-440: The Caribbean, and by British traders to Japan. Further exchanges around the world made curry a fully international dish. Many types of curry exist in different countries. In Southeast Asia, curry often contains a spice paste and coconut milk. In India, the spices are fried in oil or ghee to create a paste; this may be combined with a water-based broth , or sometimes with milk or coconut milk. In China and Korea, curries are based on
3828-617: The Dead" in Sindhi . Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District , Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain of the Indus, around 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the town of Larkana . Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , also known as
3915-713: The Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India . Discovered by John Marshall in 1931, the idol appears to mimic certain characteristics that match the Mother Goddess belief common in many early Near East civilizations. Sculptures and figurines depicting women have been observed as part of Harappan culture and religion, as multiple female pieces were recovered from Marshall's archaeological digs. These figures were not categorized correctly, according to Marshall, meaning that where they were recovered from
4002-516: The English influence during the 17th century in typical Menorcan and Catalan dishes, as for example macarrons amb grevi (pasta). Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro ( / m oʊ ˌ h ɛ n dʒ oʊ ˈ d ɑː r oʊ / ; Sindhi : موهن جو دڙو , lit. ' Mound of the Dead Men ' ; Urdu : موئن جو دڑو [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ] ) is an archaeological site in Larkana District , Sindh , Pakistan . Built c. 2500 BCE, it
4089-430: The Indian subcontinent, a curry is a dish from Southeast Asia which uses coconut milk and spice pastes, and is commonly eaten over rice. Curries may contain fish, meat, poultry, or shellfish, either alone or in combination with vegetables. Others are vegetarian. A masala mixture is a combination of dried or dry-roasted spices commonly homemade for some curries. Dry curries are cooked using small amounts of liquid, which
4176-575: The Indus Valley Civilization. The site was rediscovered in the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the first site in South Asia to be so designated. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration. The city's original name is unknown. Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that
4263-413: The Indus civilization, as there is no existing evidence of this design from Mesopotamia or Egypt at this time, and even later. Sewage and waste water for buildings at the site were disposed of via a centralized drainage system that ran alongside the site's streets. These drains that ran alongside the road were effective at allowing most human waste and sewage to be disposed of as the drains most likely took
4350-513: The Mediterranean, Maghreb cuisine is dominated with gravy and bread-based dishes. Tajine and most Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) dishes are derivatives of oil, meat and vegetable gravies. The dish is usually served with a loaf of bread. The bread is then dipped into the gravy and then used to gather or scoop the meat and vegetables between the index, middle finger and thumb, and consumed. In gastronomy of Menorca , it has been used since
4437-525: The UNESCO. The 20-year funding plan provided $ 10 million to protect the site and standing structures from flooding . In 2011, responsibility for the preservation of the site was transferred to the government of Sindh. Currently the site is threatened by groundwater salinity and improper restoration. Many walls have already collapsed, while others are crumbling from the ground up. In 2012, Pakistani archaeologists warned that, without improved conservation measures,
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#17328444349554524-402: The West, Thai curries are often colour-coded green, yellow, and red, with green usually the mildest, red the hottest. Green curry is flavoured with green chili, coriander, kaffir lime , and basil; yellow, with yellow chili and turmeric; and red, with red chili. Malaysian Indian cuisine adapted curries (such as gulai , with coconut milk) via the region's Indian population, but it has become
4611-500: The ashes of a person or as a way to warm up a home located in the site. These heaters, or braziers, were ways to heat the house while also being able to be utilized in a manner of cooking or straining, while others solely believe they were used for heating. The finds from Mohenjo-daro were initially deposited in the Lahore Museum , but later moved to the ASI headquarters at New Delhi, where
4698-454: The brief British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), or indirectly via Southeast Asian spicy dishes. Ginataan are native dishes using coconut milk , which as in the case of Filipino chicken curry can be called 'curries' when curry powder is added. Curry spread to South Africa with the migration of people from the Indian subcontinent to the region in the colonial era. African curries, Cape Malay curries and Natal curries include
4785-514: The city of origin. It may derive from butter chicken , popular in the north of India. Curries in Britain are derived partly from India and partly from invention in local Indian restaurants. They vary from mildly-spiced to extremely hot, with names that are to an extent standardised across the country, but are often unknown in India. Many Indian dishes are spicy. The spices chosen for a dish are freshly ground and then fried in hot oil or ghee to create
4872-469: The city's ancient name could have been Kukkuṭārma ("the city [ -rma ] of the cockerel [ kukkuta ]"). Cock-fighting may have had ritual and religious significance for the city. Mohenjo-daro may also have been a point of diffusion for the clade of the domesticated chicken found in Africa, Western Asia, Europe and the Americas. Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been interpreted as "Mound of
4959-464: The city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities, suggests a high level of social organization. The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had
5046-655: The creation of curry was the arrival in India of spicy hot chili peppers , along with other ingredients such as tomatoes and potatoes, part of the Columbian exchange of plants between the Old World and the New World . During the British Raj , Anglo-Indian cuisine developed, leading to Hannah Glasse 's 18th century recipe for "currey the India way" in England. Curry was then spread in the 19th century by indentured Indian sugar workers to
5133-438: The downfall of the site. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals , balance-scales and weights , gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been recovered from the site, showing that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro understood how to utilize the lost wax technique . The furnaces found at
5220-503: The exposed structures, and the only projects allowed at the site since have been salvage excavations, surface surveys, and conservation projects. In the 1980s, German and Italian survey groups led by Michael Jansen and Maurizio Tosi used less invasive archeological techniques, such as architectural documentation, surface surveys, and localized probing, to gather further information about Mohenjo-daro. A dry core drilling conducted in 2015 by Pakistan's National Fund for Mohenjo-daro revealed that
5307-456: The food they wanted, transforming many dishes in the process. Further, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when there were few British women in India, British men often lived with Indian mistresses, acquiring the local customs, language, and food. Curry was first served in coffee houses in Britain from 1809. Indian cooks in the 19th century prepared curries for their British masters simplified and adjusted to Anglo-Indian taste. For instance,
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#17328444349555394-446: The images on the tablets match another tablet and both hold the same caption in the Indus language, with the example given showing three tablets with the image of a mountain goat and the inscription on the back reading the same letters for the three tablets. Pottery and terracotta sherds have been recovered from the site, with many of the pots having deposits of ash in them, leading archeologists to believe they were either used to hold
5481-517: The large number of wells, it is believed that the inhabitants relied solely on annual rainfall, as well as the Indus River's course remaining close to the site, alongside the wells providing water for long periods of time in the case of the city coming under siege. Due to the period in which these wells were built and used, it is likely that the circular brick well design used at this and many other Harappan sites are an invention that should be credited to
5568-423: The moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world. John Marshall , another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet." The archaeologist Gregory Possehl said of the statuette, "We may not be certain that she
5655-402: The north. The popular rogan josh , for example, from Kashmiri cuisine , is a wet dish of lamb with a red gravy coloured by Kashmiri chillies and an extract of the red flowers of the cockscomb plant ( mawal ). Rice and curry is the staple dish of Sri Lanka. Japanese curry is usually eaten as karē raisu – curry, rice, and often pickled vegetables, served on the same plate and eaten with
5742-478: The ports on the south eastern coast of India and Sri Lanka) and East Asia as far back at 5000 BCE. Archaeological evidence dating to 2600 BCE from Mohenjo-daro suggests the use of mortar and pestle to pound spices including mustard , fennel , cumin , and tamarind pods with which they flavoured food. Black pepper is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia and has been known to Indian cooking since at least 2000 BCE. The three basic ingredients of
5829-796: The region have dimensions that correspond to these units. An initial agreement to fund restoration was agreed through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 27 May 1980. Contributions were made by a number of other countries to the project: Preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the Pakistani government and international organizations stopped. Site conservation work resumed in April 1997, using funds made available by
5916-443: The site are believed to have been used for copperworks and melting the metals as opposed to smelting. There even seems to be an entire section of the city dedicated to shell-working, located in the northeastern part of the site. Some of the most prominent copperworks recovered from the site are the copper tablets which have examples of the untranslated Indus script and iconography. While the script has not been deciphered yet, many of
6003-527: The site could disappear by 2030. The Mohenjo-daro site was further threatened in January 2014, when Bilawal Bhutto Zardari of the Pakistan People's Party chose the site for Sindh Festival's inauguration ceremony. This would have exposed the site to mechanical operations, including excavation and drilling. Farzand Masih, head of the Department of Archaeology at Punjab University warned that such activity
6090-510: The site is larger than the unearthed area. Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan . Most were built of fired and mortared brick ; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The covered area of Mohenjo-daro is estimated at 300 hectares . The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History offers a "weak" estimate of a peak population of around 40,000. The sheer size of
6177-456: The site is not actually clear. One of said figures is 18.7 cm tall and is currently on display at the National Museum of Pakistan , in Karachi. The fertility and motherhood aspects on display on the idols is represented by the female genitalia that is presented in an almost exaggerated style as stated by Marshall, with him inferring that such figurines are offerings to the goddess, as opposed to
6264-436: The site. Gregory Possehl was the first to theorize that the floods were caused by overuse and expansion upon the land, and that the mud flood was not the reason the site was abandoned. Instead of a mud flood wiping part of the city out in one fell swoop, Possehl coined the possibility of constant mini-floods throughout the year, paired with the land being worn out by crops, pastures, and resources for bricks and pottery spelled
6351-534: The southern US state of Louisiana . Gravy is an integral part of the Canadian dish poutine . In Quebec, poutine gravy is thin, and is sometimes a mix of beef and chicken stock. Other places in Canada use a thicker gravy, similar to an American gravy. In some parts of Asia , particularly India , gravy is any thickened liquid part of a dish. For example, the liquid part of a thick curry may be referred to as gravy. In
6438-552: The soy sauce formerly used in tteokbokki. In Burmese cuisine , curries are broadly called hin . Burmese curries contains meat simmered in a curry paste containing onion, garlic, shrimp paste, tomato, and turmeric. Burmese curries are often mild, without chili, and somewhat oily. Thai curries are called gaeng , and usually consist of meat, fish or vegetables in a sauce based on a paste made from chilies, onions or shallots, garlic, and shrimp paste . A few stir-fried Thai dishes use phong kari , an Indian style curry powder. In
6525-441: The spicy stew were ginger , garlic , and turmeric . Using starch grain analysis, archaeologists identified the residue of these spices in both skeletons and pottery shards from excavations in India, finding that turmeric and ginger were present. Sauces in India before Columbus could contain black pepper or long pepper to provide a little heat, but not chili, so they were not spicy hot by modern standards. The establishment of
6612-494: The street. Gravy Gravy is a sauce made from the juices of meats and vegetables that run naturally during cooking and often thickened with thickeners for added texture. The gravy may be further coloured and flavoured with gravy salt (a mix of salt and caramel food colouring) or gravy browning (gravy salt dissolved in water) or bouillon cubes . Powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned and instant gravies are also available. Gravy
6699-510: The traditional Natal curry, the Durban curry, Bunny chow , and roti rolls. South African curries appear to have been created in both KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape , while others developed across the country over the late 20th and early 21st centuries to include ekasi, coloured, and Afrikaner varieties. Durban has the largest population of Indians outside of India in the world. Bunny chow or
6786-576: The typical understanding of them being idols representing the goddess's likeness. Because of the figurines being unique in terms of hairstyles, body proportions, as well as headdresses and jewelry, there are theories as to who these figurines actually represent. Shereen Ratnagar theorizes that because of their uniqueness and dispersed discovery throughout the site that they could be figurines of ordinary household women, who commissioned these pieces to be used in rituals or healing ceremonies to help aforementioned individual women. A bronze statuette dubbed
6873-413: The waste toward the Indus River. The city also had large platforms perhaps intended as defense against flooding. According to a theory first advanced by Wheeler, the city could have been flooded and silted over, perhaps six times, and later rebuilt in the same location. For some archaeologists, it was believed that a final flood that helped engulf the city in a sea of mud brought about the abandonment of
6960-416: Was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and she knew it". The statue led to two important discoveries about the civilization: first, that they knew metal blending, casting and other sophisticated methods of working with ore, and secondly that entertainment, especially dance, was part of the culture. In 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was found in a building with unusually ornamental brickwork and
7047-686: Was banned under the Antiquity Act , saying "You cannot even hammer a nail at an archaeological site." On 31 January 2014, a case was filed in the Sindh High Court to bar the Sindh government from continuing with the event. The festival was held by PPP at the historic site, despite all the protest by both national and international historians and educators. Mohenjo-daro has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The highest recorded temperature
7134-444: Was built in a relatively short period of time, with the water supply system and wells being some of the first planned constructions. With the excavations done so far, over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro, alongside drainage and bathing systems. This number is unheard of when compared to other civilizations at the time, such as Egypt or Mesopotamia, and the quantity of wells transcribes as one well for every three houses. Because of
7221-418: Was especially fascinated with this artifact, which he believed to be at least 4,500 years old. The necklace has an S-shaped clasp with seven strands, each over 4 ft long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets which connect each arm of the "S" in filigree . Each strand has between 220 and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about 1,600 nuggets in total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams in total, and
7308-725: Was in Hannah Glasse 's 1747 book The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy . The term "curry" is not derived from the name of the curry tree , although some curries do include curry leaves among many other spices. It is not related, either, to the word cury in The Forme of Cury , a 1390s English cookbook; that term comes from the Middle French word cuire , meaning 'to cook'. Austronesian merchants in South East Asia traded spices along marine trade routes between South Asia (primarily
7395-484: Was reached, whereby the finds, totalling some 12,000 objects (most sherds of pottery), were split equally between the countries; in some cases this was taken very literally, with some necklaces and girdles having their beads separated into two piles. In the case of the "two most celebrated sculpted figures", Pakistan asked for and received the Priest-king , while India retained the much smaller Dancing Girl , and also
7482-410: Was the largest settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , and one of the world's earliest major cities , contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Minoan Crete , and Norte Chico . With an estimated population of at least 40,000 people, Mohenjo-daro prospered for several centuries, but by c. 1700 BCE had been abandoned, along with other large cities of
7569-414: Was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline c. 1900 BCE, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned. The ruins of the city remained undocumented for around 3,700 years until R. D. Banerji , an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India , visited the site in 1919–20 identifying what he thought to be
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