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68-585: Smith was one of the founding members of the RepRap Research Foundation, a non-profit group created to help advance early research in the area of open-source 3D printers. Bre Pettis got inspired during an art residency in Vienna with Johannes Grenzfurthner / monochrom in 2007, when he wanted to create a robot that could print shot glasses for the event Roboexotica and did research about the RepRap project at

136-485: A 3D scanner . The product was designed to allow MakerBot users to scan physical objects and turn them into digital, 3D printable models. The accompanying software allowed models to be edited, printed immediately, or uploaded to Thingiverse. In January 2014, MakerBot released its Replicator Desktop 3D Printer with a build volume of 25.2 cm x 19.9 cm x 15.0 cm (9.9" x 7.8" x 5.9" L/W/H). This Fifth Generation Replicator features WiFi enabled software that connects

204-621: A Circulated Heated Chamber (60 °C) Dual Extruders, uses soluble PVA supports and has a network of 21 sensors monitoring all aspects of 3D Printing process. The Method has as spring steel build plate allowing for easy removal of 3D prints. The Method has dry-sealed humidity and temperature monitored material bays and was launched with the capability of printing in PLA, Tough™ and PET-G. An ultra rigid metal frame construction reduces flexing during printing, allowing precision layer resolution of 20 to 400 micron and dimensional accuracy of +/- 0.2mm. Connectivity

272-483: A build volume of 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm (4" x 4" x 4") and outside dimensions of 300 mm x 300 mm x 410 mm (12" x 12" x 16" L/W/H). The device interfaces via USB or a Secure Digital (SD) card. The Thing-O-Matic was discontinued in the spring of 2012. MakerBot agreed to support the Thing-o-Matic until their supply of parts was exhausted. Assembly instructions are available online through

340-663: A copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the TAPR Open Hardware License : "... those who benefit from an OHL design may not bring lawsuits claiming that design infringes their patents or other intellectual property." Noteworthy licenses include: The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition . From

408-530: A free and open 3D graphics chip set and reference graphics card, Timothy Miller suggested the creation of an organization to safeguard the interests of the Open Graphics Project community. Thus, Patrick McNamara founded the Open Hardware Foundation (OHF) in 2007. The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR), founded in 1982 as a non-profit organization of amateur radio operators with

476-462: A hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and companies, such as OpenCores , RepRap ( 3D printing ), Arduino , Adafruit , SparkFun , and Open Source Ecology . In 2007, Perens reactivated the openhardware.org website, but it's currently (August 2023) inactive. Following the Open Graphics Project , an effort to design, implement, and manufacture

544-405: A larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment. In that sense, hardware refers to any form of tangible product, be it electronic hardware, mechanical hardware, textile or even construction hardware. The Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 defines hardware as "tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things". Electronics is one of

612-444: A like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH (free and open-source hardware). The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the maker movement . Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, schematics , bills of material , PCB layout data, HDL source code and integrated circuit layout data), in addition to

680-585: A particularly active area for open source ideas to move between them. Examples of open-source hardware products can also be found to a lesser extent in construction (Wikihouse), textile (Kit Zéro Kilomètres), and firearms ( 3D printed firearm , Defense Distributed ). Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, free and open-source software licenses. These licenses may not accord well with patent law . Later, several new licenses were proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware design. In these licenses, many of

748-574: A proprietary license, and the Balloon Project wrote their own license. The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the Internet ." In practice however, in both fields of open-source hardware and open-source software, products may either be

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816-955: A scientific journal HardwareX . It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes. Further, Vasilis Kostakis  [ et ] et al have argued that open-source hardware may promote values of equity, diversity and sustainability. Open-source hardware initiative transcend traditional dichotomies of global-local, urban-rural, and developed-developing contexts. They may leverage cultural differences, environmental conditions, and local needs/resources, while embracing hyper-connectivity, to foster sustainability and collaboration rather than conflict. However, open-source hardware does face some challenges and contradictions. It must navigate tensions between inclusiveness, standardization, and functionality. Additionally, while open-source hardware may reduce pressure on natural resources and local populations, it still relies on energy- and material-intensive infrastructures, such as

884-629: A solution for major clients, the MakerBot Innovation Center incorporates hardware (optimized suite of 3D Printers), SAAS workflow software, training services, and enterprise support. The first Innovation Center was established in February 2014 at SUNY New Paltz . Customers are largely universities such as University of Maryland, Florida Polytechnic, UMass Amherst, and Xavier University. Many Innovation Centers increase their surrounding community's access to 3D printing. Until mid 2016, manufacturing

952-702: A specific open-source electronic component such as the Arduino electronics prototyping platform. There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current GMAW open-source 3-D printer monitor and a robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform. Open-source electronics finds various uses, including automation of chemical procedures. Open Standard chip designs are now common. OpenRISC (2000 - LGPL / GPL), OpenSparc (2005 - GPLv2), and RISC-V (2010 - Open Standard, free to implement for non-commercial purposes), are examples of free to use instruction set architecture . OpenCores

1020-510: Is WiFi; Ethernet; USB cable; USB drive. The build volume of the new Method with dual extrusion is 19L * 19W * 19.6H cm This new platform allowed Makerbot to follow with the release of the METHOD X in August 2019, which includes a heated build chamber (100 °C) capable of printing with real ABS material, using SR-30 support material and with more 3D Printing materials in development. Envisioned as

1088-468: Is a collaborative repository for design files used in 3D printing, laser cutting and other DIY manufacturing processes. MakerBot was featured on The Colbert Report in August 2011. MakerBot artist in residence Jonathan Monaghan sent a bust of Stephen Colbert , printed on a MakerBot 3D printer, into the stratosphere attached to a helium filled weather balloon . Netflix published in September 2014

1156-430: Is a large library of standard chip design subcomponents which can be combined into larger designs. Complete open source software stacks and shuttle fabrication services are now available which can take OSH chip designs from hardware description languages to masks and ASIC fabrication on maker-scale budgets. Purely mechanical OSH designs include mechanical components, machine tools, and vehicles. Open Source Ecology

1224-750: Is a large project which seeks to develop a complete ecosystem of mechanical tools and components which aim to be able to replicate themselves. Open-source vehicles have also been developed including bicycles like XYZ Space Frame Vehicles and cars such as the Tabby OSVehicle. Most OSH systems combine elements of electronics and mechanics to form mechatronics systems. A large range of open-source mechatronic products have been developed, including machine tools, musical instruments, and medical equipment. Examples of open-source machine tools include 3D printers such as RepRap , Prusa , and Ultimaker , 3D printer filament extruders such as polystruder XR PRO as well as

1292-528: Is accepted as of 2016 by dozens of organizations and companies. In July 2011, CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) released an open-source hardware license, CERN OHL . Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users – including commercial companies –

1360-530: Is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in hardware development projects. Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. Another option is to design products so they are easy to replicate, as exemplified in the concept of open-source appropriate technology . The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called open design , open source development or open source product development . All these terms are examples of

1428-426: Is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware – specifically with respect to open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development . In 2014, he also wrote the book Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs , which details the development of free and open-source hardware primarily for scientists and university faculty . Pearce in partnership with Elsevier introduced

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1496-436: Is designed or our GUI". This departure from the previous open-source hardware model was criticized by part of the community, including co-founder (and now former employee) Zachary Smith. The fifth generation of printers (new Replicator, Mini and Z18) are significantly more closed than previous models. With these models, MakerBot transitioned from open source hardware controllers, extruders, and firmware to proprietary versions of

1564-561: Is now known as open-source hardware). In a 2015 article in Wired Magazine, he modified this attitude; he acknowledged the importance of free hardware, but still saw no ethical parallel with free software. Also, Stallman prefers the term free hardware design over open source hardware , a request which is consistent with his earlier rejection of the term open source software (see also Alternative terms for free software ). Other authors, such as Professor Joshua Pearce have argued there

1632-505: Is sold only pre-assembled. Alongside the Replicator 2, MakerBot also released the Replicator 2X. The 2X model was intended as an experimental version of the 2 that includes a completely enclosed build area, redesigned dual-extruders, and a heated aluminum build platform – all of which enable printing with ABS plastic and dual-material printing. In August 2013, MakerBot released the Digitizer,

1700-825: Is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and 3-D printing . Other sources of open-source hardware production are vendors of chips and other electronic components sponsoring contests with the provision that the participants and winners must share their designs. Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests. A guide has been published ( Open-Source Lab (book) by Joshua Pearce ) on using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs . Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include: Open hardware companies are experimenting with business models . For example, littleBits implements open-source business models by making available

1768-607: The Four Freedoms . The term hardware in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term software of open-source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs (see previous section). However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source (for example WikiHouse , OpenBeam or Hovalin), this term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover

1836-956: The Open Source Definition , co-founder of the Open Source Initiative , and a ham radio operator . He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open. Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project (OHSpec), another attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems. In early 1999, Sepehr Kiani, Ryan Vallance and Samir Nayfeh joined efforts to apply

1904-472: The open-source model applicable for the development of any product, including software, hardware, cultural and educational. Does open design and open-source hardware design process involves new design practices, or raises requirements for new tools? is the question of openness really key in OSH?. See here for a delineation of these terms. A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs

1972-442: The photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models. Recently, many open-source hardware projects have been funded via crowdfunding on platforms such as Indiegogo , Kickstarter , or Crowd Supply . Richard Stallman , the founder of the free software movement, was in 1999 skeptical on the idea and relevance of free hardware (his terminology for what

2040-540: The Cupcake CNC kit was updated several times to incorporate new upgrades into each successive version. Introduced in September 2010 at Maker Faire NYC, the Thing-O-Matic was MakerBot's second kit. It shipped with many of the aftermarket upgrades that had been built for Cupcake. The stock Thing-O-Matic included a heated, automated build platform, an MK5 plastruder, a redesigned z-stage and upgraded electronics. It featured

2108-797: The Internet. Despite these complexities, Kostakis et al argue, the open-source hardware framework can serve as a catalyst for connecting and unifying diverse local initiatives under radical narratives, thus inspiring genuine change. OSH has grown as an academic field through the two journals Journal of Open Hardware (JOH) and HardwareX . These journals compete to publish the best OSH designs, and each define their own requirements for what constitutes acceptable quality of design documents, including specific requirements for build instructions, bill of materials, CAD files, and licences. These requirements are often used by other OSH projects to define how to do an OSH release. These journals also publish papers contributing to

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2176-605: The MakerBot Wiki. The Thing-O-Matic is open-source hardware and is licensed under the GNU GPLv3 . As such, the Thing-O-Matic can be heavily altered and improved by users. Some MakerBot operators developed upgrades to the platform that were later incorporated into factory kits. MakerBot has credited those early innovators in their documentation, some of the companies were inspired by MakerBot and created innovations in 3D printing like 3D printed dress. In January 2012 MakerBot introduced

2244-913: The OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it. Openhardware.org, led by Bruce Perens, promotes and identifies practices that meet all the combined requirements of the Open Source Hardware Definition, the Open Source Definition, and the Four Freedoms of the Free Software Foundation Since 2014 openhardware.org is not online and seems to have ceased activity. The Open Source Hardware Association (OSHWA) at oshwa.org acts as hub of open-source hardware activity of all genres, while cooperating with other entities such as TAPR, CERN, and OSI. The OSHWA

2312-526: The Replicator 2. This newest model again increased the build volume, this time to 28.5 cm × 15.3 cm × 15.5 cm (11.2 in × 6.0 in × 6.1 in, L×W×H) and can print at 100  μm per layer. The dual extruder was changed back to a single extruder head, while the upgraded electronics, LCD, and gamepad remained similar to the original Replicator. Unlike previous models, the Replicator 2 can print only using PLA plastic, which comes sold in sealed bags with desiccant to protect it from moisture. The Replicator 2

2380-418: The Replicator. It offered more than double the build volume of the Thing-o-Matic at 22.5 cm × 14.5 cm × 15.0 cm (8.9 in × 5.7 in × 5.9 in, L×W×H). Other features included a dual extruder allowing two-color builds, an LCD screen and a control pad. The Replicator was sold pre-assembled with no kit version available. It was the last open-source MakerBot printer. In September 2012, MakerBot introduced

2448-626: The TAPR Open Hardware License, Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 and GPL 3.0 license. Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. For example, OpenCores prefers the LGPL or a Modified BSD License , FreeCores insists on the GPL , Open Hardware Foundation promotes " copyleft or other permissive licenses", the Open Graphics Project uses a variety of licenses, including the MIT license , GPL , and

2516-611: The Vienna hackerspace Metalab . Shot glasses remained a theme throughout the history of MakerBot. The company started shipping kits in April 2009 and had sold approximately 3,500 units as of March 2011. Demand for the kits was so great in 2009 that the company solicited MakerBot owners to provide parts for future devices from their own MakerBots. Seed funding of $ 75,000 was provided by Jake Lodwick ($ 50,000) and Adrian Bowyer and his wife, Christine ($ 25,000). In August 2011, venture capital firm The Foundry Group invested $ 10 million in

2584-613: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 763093265 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:46:34 GMT Open-source hardware Open-source hardware ( OSH , OSHW ) consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open-design movement . Both free and open-source software (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply

2652-473: The Z18 offers a build volume of 30.0 cm x 30.5 cm x 47.5 cm (11" x 12" x 18" L/H/W), totaling over 2,000 cubic inches. In December 2018, MakerBot introduced the METHOD 3D Printer as a bridge between desktop accessibility features and industrial 3D printing technologies. This new 3D Printer incorporated 15 Stratasys patents (MakerBot's parent company) and 15 new patents from MakerBot. The new 3D Printer has

2720-517: The above. They also changed print file formats from the S3G format used by earlier printers to the new .makerbot format. In 2014, the company faced significant criticism when it filed patent applications for designs that some claimed had been invented by members of its community and published to Thingiverse, such as the quick release extruder. Community members accused MakerBot of asserting ownership over their designs when those designs had been contributed with

2788-541: The circuit designs in each electronics module, in accordance with the CERN Open Hardware License Version 1.2. Another example is Arduino , which registered its name as a trademark ; others may manufacture products from Arduino designs but cannot call the products Arduino products. There are many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation,

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2856-445: The company and joined its board. In April 2012, Zachary Smith was pushed out, involving disagreement on adherence to open-source principles, and likely also about integration with Stratasys. Private security led out 100 employees laid off around the same time. On June 19, 2013, Stratasys Incorporated announced that it had acquired MakerBot in a stock deal worth $ 604 million, with $ 403 million in stock paid up front, based on

2924-474: The current share value of Stratasys. The deal provided that MakerBot would operate as a distinct brand and subsidiary of Stratasys, serving the consumer and desktop market segments. When acquired, Makerbot had sold 22,000 printers. Bre Pettis moved to a position at Stratasys and was replaced as CEO by Jennifer Lawton , who in 2015 was succeeded by Jonathan Jaglom, then in January 2017, Nadav Goshen. In April 2015, it

2992-572: The documentary Print the Legend about Makerbot history. Due to its detachment from the open source community, the departure of its founders, reliability problems with its 'smart extruder' and questionable user clauses on the Thingiverse site, there were several controversies related to the Makerbot. The Fifth generation was equipped with an interchangeable extruder with some self-diagnostics capabilities. It

3060-479: The early to mid 2000s, FreeIO was a focus of free/open hardware designs released under the GNU General Public License . The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses. The designs gained some notoriety due to Martin's naming scheme in which each free hardware project

3128-790: The education sector. This lay off was coined the "Valentine's Day Massacre" as it happened the day after. Overnight MakerBot went from 400 employees to under 200 worldwide. On August 31, 2022, the MakerBot division was merged with Ultimaker , with Stratasys keeping a minority share in the new UltiMaker company. MakerBot's first products were sold as do it yourself kits, requiring only minor soldering, with an assembly process compared to assembling IKEA furniture. Current models are designed as closed-box products, with no assembly required. MakerBot printers print with polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The Cupcake CNC

3196-455: The freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts". While initially drafted to address CERN-specific concerns, such as tracing the impact of the organization's research, in its current form it can be used by anyone developing open-source hardware. Following the 2011 Open Hardware Summit, and after heated debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned

3264-534: The fundamental principles expressed in open-source software (OSS) licenses have been "ported" to their counterpart hardware projects. New hardware licenses are often explained as the "hardware equivalent" of a well-known OSS license, such as the GPL , LGPL , or BSD license . Despite superficial similarities to software licenses , most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable. Whereas

3332-596: The general copyleft licenses the GNU General Public License (GPL) and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, from the hardware-specific copyleft licenses the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) and TAPR Open Hardware License (OHL) and from the permissive licenses the FreeBSD license , the MIT license , and the Creative Commons Attribution license. Openhardware.org recommended in 2012

3400-610: The goals of supporting R&D efforts in the area of amateur digital communications, created in 2007 the first open hardware license, the TAPR Open Hardware License . The OSI president Eric S. Raymond expressed some concerns about certain aspects of the OHL and decided to not review the license. Around 2010 in context of the Freedom Defined project, the Open Hardware Definition was created as collaborative work of many and

3468-481: The hardware itself as well as the information on communication protocols that the software (usually in the form of device drivers ) must use in order to communicate with the hardware (often called register documentation, or open documentation for hardware ), whereas open-source-friendly proprietary hardware would only include the latter without including the former. The first hardware-focused " open source " activities were started around 1997 by Bruce Perens , creator of

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3536-641: The idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information. While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank. Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as open-source software . Providing clear and detailed product documentation

3604-425: The issue of proprietary device drivers for the free and open-source software community, however, it is not a pre-requisite for it, and should not be confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems. The difference between the two concepts is that OSH includes both the instructions on how to replicate

3672-429: The laser cutter Lasersaur . Examples of open source medical equipment include open-source ventilators , the echostethoscope echOpen, and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et.al. (e.g. OpenBionics' Prosthetic Hands). Open source robotics combines open source hardware mechatronics with open source AI and control software. Due to the mixture of hardware and software it serves as

3740-475: The most popular types of open-source hardware. PCB based designs can be published similarly to software as CAD files, which users can send directly to PCB fabrication companies and receive a build from them in the mail. Or users can obtain components and solder them together themselves. There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as Sparkfun , Adafruit , and Seeed. In addition, there are NPOs and companies that provide

3808-478: The open-source philosophy to machine design applications. Together they established the Open Design Foundation (ODF) as a non-profit corporation and set out to develop an Open Design Definition. However, most of these activities faded out after a few years. A "Free Hardware" organization, known as FreeIO, was started in the late 1990s by Diehl Martin, who also launched a FreeIO website in early 2000. In

3876-457: The printer to MakerBot desktop and mobile apps. Also in January 2014, MakerBot released the Replicator Mini with a build volume of 10.0 cm x 10.0 cm x 12.5 cm (3.9" x 3.9" x 4.9" L/W/H), layer resolution of 200 μm , and a positioning precision of 11 μm on the x and y-axis and 2.5 μm in the z-axis. Released alongside the Replicator Mini and 5th Generation Replicator,

3944-442: The project, ensure continuity in a context of fickle participation of voluntary project members, among others. One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in beer", more-formally known as gratis versus libre , distinguishes between

4012-461: The result of a development process performed by a closed team in a private setting or by a community in a public environment, the first case being more frequent than the second which is more challenging. Establishing a community-based product development process faces several challenges such as: to find appropriate product data management tools, document not only the product but also the development process itself, accepting losing ubiquitous control over

4080-553: The rise of reconfigurable programmable logic devices , sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, hardware description language (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up system-on-a-chip systems either in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or directly in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property cores , also known as IP cores. Open-source hardware also helps alleviate

4148-548: The software that drives the hardware, are all released under free/ libre terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high return on investment for the scientific community. It is not enough to merely use an open-source license ; an open source product or project will follow open source principles, such as modular design and community collaboration. Since

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4216-455: The understanding that they would remain open source. Then-CEO Bre Pettis released a statement dismissing these critics, citing patents that had been filed for unique inventions prior to any community-created designs, namely that the patent for the quick release extruder was originally filed in 2012 while the open source design was first published to Thingiverse in 2013. Johannes Grenzfurthner Too Many Requests If you report this error to

4284-780: Was established as an organization in June 2012 in Delaware and filed for tax exemption status in July 2013. After some debates about trademark interferences with the OSI, in 2012 the OSHWA and the OSI signed a co-existence agreement. The FOSSi Foundation is founded in 2015 as a UK -based non-profit to promote and protect the open source silicon chip movement, roughly a year after the official release of RISC-V architecture. The Free Software Foundation has suggested an alternative "free hardware" definition derived from

4352-410: Was given the name of a breakfast food such as Donut, Flapjack, Toast, etc. Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware and software developers as well as other volunteers. Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in 2007 when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website. By the mid 2000s open-source hardware again became

4420-513: Was introduced in April 2009 as a rapid prototyping machine. The source files needed to build the devices were put on Thingiverse , allowing anyone to make one from scratch. The Cupcake CNC featured a usable build volume of 100 mm x 100 mm x 130 mm (L/W/H) and has outside dimensions of 350 mm x 240 mm x 450 mm. Because of the open source nature of the product, any suggestions for improvements came from users. During its primary production run (April 2009 to September 2010),

4488-415: Was new in the market and supposed to help printer maintenance, but very short extruder lifespan problems were common, requiring frequent replacement at high cost. This led to a class action lawsuit which was dismissed. Ultimately, Makerbot replaced the failing extruder with a new version. Around September 2012 the company stated that for their new Replicator 2 they "will not share the way the physical machine

4556-493: Was performed in its own facilities in New York, then it was contracted to Jabil Circuit . The New York manufacturing personnel were laid off, while development, logistics, and repair operations remain in New York. Makerbot has merged with Ultimaker , who now hosts the online community Thingiverse , where users can upload 3D printable files, document designs, and collaborate 3D printing projects and on open source hardware. The site

4624-508: Was reported that in an effort to integrate MakerBot's activities better with those of Stratasys, Jaglom laid off around 100 of 500 employees and closed the existing three MakerBot retail locations. Then, 80 other employees were laid off in October 2015. In February 2017, MakerBot's newly minted CEO Nadav Goshen laid off more than 30% of the workforce and changed the position of the company from consumer focused to two verticals based; professional and

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