112-675: Cumberland Infirmary is a hospital in Carlisle , Cumbria , England. It is managed by the North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust . The original Cumberland Infirmary is a Grade II* listed building which was designed by Richard Tattersall and constructed by Messrs Robinson and Bennet, contractors of Preston , between 1830 and 1832. A new wing was opened by the Countess of Lonsdale in October 1911. The founder of
224-667: A cast-iron frame, the Roberts Loom . In 1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy , made the Lancashire Loom . It is a semiautomatic power loom . Although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the Lancashire cotton industry for a century, when the Northrop Loom invented in 1894 with an automatic weft replenishment function gained ascendancy. Also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented
336-445: A report commissioned by North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust found that the fire proofing materials installed did not meet the required protection standard to allow for safe evacuation and prevent a fire from spreading across the building. It was described by the secretary of Cumbria’s Fire Brigades Union as "one of Carlisle’s biggest fire risks". The Trust said that this was not the first time they had uncovered major flaws in
448-410: A ban on the importation, and later the sale of woven cotton goods. Which they eventually achieved via the 1700 and 1721 Calico Acts . The acts banned the importation and later the sale of finished pure cotton produce, but did not restrict the importation of raw cotton, or sale or production of Fustian . The exemption of raw cotton saw two thousand bales of cotton being imported annually, from Asia and
560-494: A continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure - the canals and, after 1831, the railways - facilitated the import of raw materials and export of finished cloth. The use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the steam engines . For example, Samuel Greg joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over
672-511: A craft production model to a factory-centric model. It was during the years 1761 to 1850 that these changes happened. Textile factories organized workers' lives much differently from craft production. Handloom weavers worked at their own pace, with their own tools, and within their own cottages. Factories set hours of work, and the machinery within them shaped the pace of work. Factories brought workers together within one building to work on machinery that they did not own. Factories also increased
784-693: A day, being beaten if they fell asleep. The children were sent to the mills of Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Lancashire from the workhouses in London and other towns in the south of England. A well-documented example was that of Litton Mill . Further legislation followed. By 1835, the share of the workforce under 18 years of age in cotton mills in England and Scotland had fallen to 43%. About half of workers in Manchester and Stockport cotton factories surveyed in 1818 and 1819 had begun work at under ten years of age. Most of
896-554: A large rural area with many villages and towns including Dalston , Brampton , Longtown , Wetheral , Bewcastle and Scotby . Cumberland Council , the local authority for Cumberland , is a unitary authority , having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It operated as a shadow authority until taking up its powers on 1 April 2023. Cumberland Council replaced Cumbria County Council, Allerdale Borough Council , Carlisle City Council and Copeland Borough Council . The first election to Cumberland Council
1008-516: A maximum of 400 spindles after, self-acting mules with up to 1,300 spindles could be built. The savings that could be made with this technology were considerable. A worker spinning cotton at a hand-powered spinning wheel in the 18th century would take more than 50,000 hours to spin 100 lb of cotton; by the 1790s, the same quantity could be spun in 300 hours by mule, and with a self-acting mule it could be spun by one worker in just 135 hours. The nature of work changed during industrialisation from
1120-525: A prototype in the following year. His initial venture to exploit this technology failed, although his advances were recognised by others in the industry. Others such as Robert Grimshaw (whose factory was destroyed in 1790 as part of the growing reaction against the mechanization of the industry) and Austin – developed the ideas further. In the 1790s industrialists, such as John Marshall at Marshall's Mill in Leeds, started to work on ways to apply some of
1232-548: A separate condenser engine in 1774 and a rotating separate condensing engine in 1781. Watt formed a partnership with businessman Matthew Boulton , and together they manufactured steam engines which could be used by industry. Prior to the 1780s, most of the fine quality cotton muslin in circulation in Britain had been manufactured in India. Due to advances in technique, British "mull muslin" was able to compete in quality with Indian muslin by
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#17328519121881344-460: A single civil parish of Carlisle in 1904. The civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1974, although parts of the urban fringe are in the parishes of Stanwix Rural , Kingmoor and St Cuthbert Without . Carlisle unsuccessfully applied to become a Lord Mayoralty in 2002. Carlisle City Council had its headquarters at the 1960s Civic Centre in Rickergate, the tallest building in the city. At the time of
1456-455: A small wage increase. In the general strike of 1842 , half a million workers demanded the Charter and an end to pay cuts. Again, troops were called in to keep the peace, and the strike leaders were arrested, but some of the worker demands were met. The early textile factories employed a large share of children , but the share declined over time. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of
1568-534: A waterwheel demanded a location with a ready supply of water, hence the mill at Cromford. This mill is preserved as part of the Derwent Valley Mills Arkwright generated jobs and constructed accommodation for his workers which he moved into the area. This led to a sizeable industrial community. Arkwright protected his investment from industrial rivals and potentially disruptive workers. This model worked and he expanded his operations to other parts of
1680-417: A week, so that they could do the record keeping their illiterate parents could not. The first stage of the spinning process is carding, initially this was done by hand, but in 1775 he took out a second patent for a water-powered carding machine and this led to increased output. He was soon building further mills on this site and eventually employed 1,000 workers at Cromford. By the time of his death in 1792, he
1792-476: Is a cathedral city in the ceremonial county of Cumbria in England. It is the administrative centre of Cumberland Council which covers an area similar to the historic county of Cumberland . Carlisle's early history is marked by the establishment of a human settlement to serve castles along Hadrian's Wall in Britain . Due to its proximity to Scotland (being located eight miles or thirteen kilometres south of
1904-447: Is operational and used by railfreight companies. The Strand Road drill hall opened in 1874. At the start of the 20th century, the population had grown to over 45,000. Transport was improved by the City of Carlisle Electric Tramways from 1900 until 1931, and the first cinema was built in 1906. In 1912, the boundaries of Carlisle were extended to include Botcherby in the east and Stanwix in
2016-537: The Ala Gallorum Petriana , the sole regiment of this size along the wall. Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius abandoned the frontier and attempted to move further north; he built the Antonine Wall between the firths of Forth and Clyde . It was not a success and, after 20 years, the garrisons returned to Hadrian's Wall. At one time, Carlisle broke off from Rome when Marcus Carausius assumed power over
2128-670: The 2001 census , the population of Carlisle was 71,773, with 100,734 living in the district. In the 2011 census, the city's population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the district. On 1 April 2023 the City of Carlisle local government district was abolished, and the boundaries of the City of Carlisle were redefined to cover the following wards: Belah and Kingmoor, Botcherby and Harraby North, Cathedral and Castle, Currock and Upperby, Denton Holme and Morton South, Harraby South and Parklands, Newtown and Morton North, Sandsfield and Morton West and Stanwix and Houghton. Charter trustees were formed from
2240-606: The Anglian kingdom of Northumbria . In 685, St Cuthbert , visiting the Queen of Northumbria in her sister's monastery at Carlisle, was taken to see the city walls and a marvellously constructed Roman fountain. By the time of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, Carlisle was in the possession of the Scots. It was not recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book . This changed in 1092, when William
2352-576: The Archbishop of Glasgow Gavin Dunbar cursed all the reivers of the borderlands. The curse was detailed in 1,069 words, beginning: "I curse their head and all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain (innermost thoughts), their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their leggs, their hands, their feet and every part of their body, from
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#17328519121882464-557: The Guildhall and Tithe Barn . The Citadel towers , which until 2016 also served as offices for Cumbria County Council, were designed by Thomas Telford , with the eastern tower incorporating part of the 16th-century building. The first Citadel building was a Tudor fortification replacing the medieval Englishgate, designed by the Moravian military engineer Stefan von Haschenperg in 1541. Next to
2576-518: The Roper-Logan-Tierney nursing process, Nancy Roper , worked as senior nurse tutor at the hospital in the 1950s. A further extension was opened by Princess Anne in 1975. The present Cumberland Infirmary was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 1997, the first hospital to be bond financed. Health Management (Carlisle) plc, a 50/50 dedicated joint venture company formed by AMEC and Interserve (Facilities Management) Ltd
2688-630: The United States were horse-powered. The first mill to use this method was the Beverly Cotton Manufactory , built in Beverly, Massachusetts . It was started on 18 August 1788 by entrepreneur John Cabot and brothers. It was operated in joint by Moses Brown, Israel Thorndike , Joshua Fisher, Henry Higginson, and Deborah Higginson Cabot. The Salem Mercury reported that in April 1788 the equipment for
2800-448: The cathedral's nave to obtain the stone to rebuild the castle. Carlisle continued to remain a barracks thereafter. In 1698 travel writer Celia Fiennes wrote of Carlisle as having most of the trappings of a military town and that it was rife with alcohol and prostitutes. In 1707 an act of union was passed between England and Scotland, creating Great Britain , but Carlisle remained a garrison town. The tenth, and most recent siege in
2912-624: The government implemented protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports. At the same time, the East India Company's rule in India contributed to its deindustrialization , opening up a new market for foreign goods, while the capital accumulated in Bengal after establishing direct control in 1757 was used by the East India Company to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing, which contributed greatly to
3024-577: The mill towns round Manchester created a need for a commercial structure ; for a cotton exchange and warehousing . The technology was used in woollen and worsted mills in the West Yorkshire and elsewhere. The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, made in the second half of the 18th century: These represent three 'leading sectors', in which there were key innovations, which allowed
3136-498: The premises in which they lived and goods were transported around the country by packhorses or by river navigations and contour-following canals that had been constructed in the early 18th century. In the mid-18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk , wool , and linen fabrics were being eclipsed by cotton which became the most important textile. Innovations in carding and spinning enabled by advances in cast iron technology resulted in
3248-421: The water frame . The water frame was developed from the spinning frame that Arkwright had developed with (a different) John Kay , from Warrington . The original design was again claimed by Thomas Highs: which he purposed he had patented in 1769. Arkwright used waterwheels to power the textile machinery. His initial attempts at driving the frame had used horse power, but a mill needed far more power. Using
3360-574: The 'Great Border City', Carlisle today is a main cultural, commercial and industrial centre within the British borders. The ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the Roman historian Tacitus . The earliest recorded inhabitants in the area were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the main population of ancient Cumbria and North Lancashire . According to Boethius and John of Fordun , writing in
3472-532: The 18th and 19th centuries, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time. In the time of the emperor Nero , it was said to have burned down. The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium , based on a native name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic * Luguwaljon , "[city] of Luguwalos", a masculine Celtic given name meaning "strength of Lugus ". Excavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in
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3584-514: The 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present Carlisle Castle to the winter of AD 73. It protected a strategic location on the Roman road to the north and overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers. The fort at Carlisle was reconstructed in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, rather than local alder as a possible result of the increased Roman control of
3696-500: The Americas, and forming the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing Fustian for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new cotton mills , which slowly expanded till by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure
3808-582: The Carlisle Board of Control, and subsequently the Carlisle & District State Management Scheme , it lasted until 1971. During the Second World War, Carlisle hosted over 5,000 evacuees, many of whom arrived from Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding towns. A shopping centre (including a new central library) was built to the east and north-east of the market cross and opened in 1986. The area east of
3920-503: The Citadel is Carlisle railway station , designed by William Tite in the neo-Tudor style, considered by Historic England to be among the most important early railway stations in England. Carlisle has held city status since the Middle Ages and a borough constituency or parliamentary borough for centuries, at one time returning two MPs. In 1835 it became a municipal borough which
4032-570: The Conqueror 's son William Rufus invaded the region and incorporated Carlisle into England. The construction of Carlisle Castle began in 1093 on the site of the Roman fort, south of the River Eden . The castle was rebuilt in stone in 1112, with a keep and the city walls . The walls enclosed the city south of the castle and included three gates to the east, south, and north called the Irish or Caldew Gate,
4144-612: The Durranhill Industrial Estate. Adjoining Harraby to the south but outside the former borough boundary is the hamlet of Carleton . Carlisle is linked to the rest of England via the M6 motorway to the south, and to Scotland via the M74/A74 towards Glasgow and the north. Many trunk roads begin or terminate in Carlisle, including the A6 to Penrith and Luton (historically the main road to
4256-557: The English or Botcher Gate, and the Scotch or Ricker Gate respectively. The names of the gates exist in road names in Carlisle today. Carlisle Cathedral was founded as an Augustinian priory and became a cathedral in 1133. In 1157, Carlisle became the seat of the new county of Carliol (a name that was originally an abbreviation of Latin Carlioliensis , meaning "[Bishop] of Carlisle"); in 1177
4368-571: The PFI scheme. In 2021, a new cancer centre was opened on the site, with services transitioning to Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . On 2 June 2010, the hospital's Accident and Emergency department was put on full incident standby in the aftermath of the Cumbria shootings . Carlisle Carlisle ( / k ɑːr ˈ l aɪ l / kar- LYLE , locally / ˈ k ɑːr l aɪ l / KAR -lyle ; from Cumbric : Caer Luel )
4480-554: The Sands Centre (and the nearby Shell petrol station and Bitts Park), marooned from the rest of the city. As several other areas of Cumbria were also badly affected (particularly Appleby and Wigton), all trains to Scotland were postponed indefinitely, with trains on the West Coast Mainline going no further than Preston, as nearby Lancaster suffered flooding and problems with electricity supply. Prime Minister David Cameron visited
4592-483: The adult workers in cotton factories in mid-19th-century Britain were workers who had begun work as child labourers. The growth of this experienced adult factory workforce helps to account for the shift away from child labour in textile factories. Cromford Mill was an early Arkwright mill and was the model for future mills. The site at Cromford had year-round supply of warm water from the sough which drained water from nearby lead mines, together with another brook. It
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4704-533: The area. At this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana . By the early 2nd century, Carlisle was established as a prominent stronghold. The 'Stanegate' frontier, which consisted of Luguvalium and several other forts in a line east to Corbridge , was proving a more stable frontier against the Picts than those established deeper into Caledonia . In 122,
4816-426: The blowing rooms, some spinning and ancillary processes like winding. The four storey range facing Bradford Road was used for warehousing and offices. The mill was built by David Bellhouse , but it is suspected that William Fairbairn was involved in the design. It is built from brick, and has slate roofs. Fireproof internal construction was now standard. Brunswick was built using cast iron columns and beams, each floor
4928-563: The canal. It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and passed to Courtaulds in 1964. Production finished in 1967. The Brunswick mill was built around 1840 in one phase. The main seven storey block that faces the Ashton Canal was used for spinning. The preparation was done on the second floor and the self-acting mules with 400 spindles were arranged transversely on the floors above. The wings contained
5040-561: The castle was garrisoned for the king. It endured a long siege from October 1644 until June 1645 when the Royalist forces surrendered after the Battle of Naseby . The city was occupied by a parliamentary garrison, and subsequently by their Scots allies. In 1646, the Scots, now holding Carlisle pending payment of monies owed them by the English Parliament, improved its fortifications, destroying
5152-458: The city on 7 December 2015 to assess the damage, having earlier called an emergency Cobra meeting. In the north of Carlisle are the suburbs of Kingstown, Lowry Hill and Moorville, formerly part of the parish of Kingmoor. To the south of them are Stanwix , Edentown, Etterby, St Ann's Hill and Belah which were added to Carlisle in 1912. The parish of Stanwix Rural exists but only includes a small part of Carlisle's urban area, Whiteclosegate . To
5264-569: The city's history took place after Charles Edward Stuart took Carlisle in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 . When the Jacobites retreated across the border to Scotland they left a garrison of 400 men in Carlisle Castle. Ten days later Prince William, Duke of Cumberland took the castle and executed 31 Jacobites on the streets of Carlisle. Although Carlisle continued to garrison soldiers, becoming
5376-474: The city's modern Welsh name Caerliwelydd . Rheged came under Northumbrian control before 730, probably by inheritance after Rienmelth, daughter of Royth and great-granddaughter of Urien, married Oswy , King of Northumbria . For the rest of the first millennium, Carlisle was an important stronghold contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and
5488-587: The company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill. Quarry Bank Mill was built on the River Bollin at Styal in Cheshire . It was initially powered by a water wheel , but installed steam engines in 1810. In 1830, the average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed a new 100 hp water wheel. This was to change in 1836, when Horrocks & Nuttall, Preston took delivery of 160 hp double engine. William Fairbairn addressed
5600-636: The councillors that cover the said areas. They act as appropriate bodies in which historic rights and privileges of Carlisle, including the mayoralty will continue until a governance review will determine the need of a city council . The current member of Parliament is Julie Minns , representing the Labour Party . Carlisle used to be within the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . Carlisle elected 18 county councillors to
5712-574: The country. Matthew Boulton partnership with Scottish engineer James Watt resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient Watt steam engine which used a separate condensor. Samuel Crompton of Bolton combined elements of the spinning jenny and water frame in 1779, creating the spinning mule . This mule produced a stronger thread than the water frame could. Thus in 1780, there were two viable hand-operated spinning systems that could be easily adapted to run by power of water. Early mules were suitable for producing yarn for use in
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#17328519121885824-459: The county was renamed Cumberland . The conquest of Cumberland was the beginning of a war between Scotland and England which saw the region centred around Carlisle change hands a number of times. It was a major stronghold after the construction of the castle. During the wars, the livelihood of the people on the borders was devastated by armies from both sides. Even when the countries were not at war, tension remained high, and royal authority in one or
5936-443: The creation of larger spinning mules and water frames . The machinery was housed in water-powered mills on streams . The need for more power stimulated the production of steam-powered beam engines , and rotative mill engines transmitting the power to line shafts on each floor of the mill. Surplus power capacity encouraged the construction of more sophisticated power looms working in weaving sheds . The scale of production in
6048-513: The current Anglo-Scottish border ), Carlisle Castle and the city became an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages . The castle served as a prison for Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568 and currently hosts the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, a priory was built and gained cathedral status with a diocese in 1133 ( city status at
6160-400: The discovery of electricity and its many industrial applications, the telegraph and many others. Railroads, steamboats, the telegraph and other innovations massively increased worker productivity and raised standards of living by greatly reducing time spent during travel, transportation and communications. Before the 18th century, the manufacture of cloth was performed by individual workers, in
6272-496: The division of labour. They narrowed the number and scope of tasks. They included children and women within a common production process. As Manchester mill owner Friedrich Engels decried, the family structure itself was "turned upside down" as women's wages undercut men's, forcing men to "sit at home" and care for children while the wife worked long hours. Factories flourished over manual craftsmanship because they had more efficient production output per worker, keeping prices down for
6384-440: The economic takeoff by which the Industrial Revolution is usually defined. Later inventions such as the power loom and Richard Trevithick 's high pressure steam engine were also important in the growing industrialisation of Britain. The application of steam engines to powering cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to be built in places that were most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there
6496-603: The emergence of the Industrial Revolution . Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century. Horace Hayman Wilson , while describing the manner in which British textile manufacturing grew, wrote in The History of British India , "....had not such prohibitory duties and decrees existed, the mills of Paisley and Manchester would have been stopped in their outset, and could scarcely have been again set in motion, even by
6608-476: The end of the 18th century. In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire , John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom . Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though
6720-451: The end of the 19th century when mass housing was built west of the city walls. In 1823 a canal was built to Fisher's Cross ( Port Carlisle ) to transport goods produced in the city. This enabled other industrial centres such as Liverpool to link with Carlisle via the Solway . This was short-lived and when the canal operators ran into financial difficulty the waterway was filled in. A railway
6832-417: The first self-acting mule . The Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824, this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule. The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labour. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with
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#17328519121886944-519: The former Cumbria County Council. Its headquarters were located at Cumbria House on Botchergate. Until April 2023 Carlisle was governed by a district council , Carlisle City Council and a County Council, Cumbria County Council. After the 2019 elections the Conservative Party ran a minority administration on the district council with the support of the Independents. The district council covered
7056-462: The hand driven carding machine. A coat of wire slips were placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder. Lewis's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton , although this came about under great suspicion after a fire at Daniel Bourn's factory in Leominster which specifically used Paul and Wyatt's spindles. Bourn produced a similar patent in
7168-762: The headquarters of the Border Regiment , the city's importance as a military town decreased as the industrial age took over. The post of Governor of Carlisle as garrison commander was abolished in 1838. In the early 19th century textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers built factories in the city mostly in the Denton Holme , Caldewgate and Wapping suburbs in the Caldew Valley. These included Carr's of Carlisle , Kangol , Metal Box and Cowans Sheldon. Shaddon Mill , in Denton Holme, became famous for having
7280-639: The higher rate of production generated an increased demand for spun cotton. In 1738, Lewis Paul (one of the community of Huguenot weavers that had been driven out of France in a wave of religious persecution) settled in Birmingham and with John Wyatt , of that town, they patented the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing wool to a more even thickness. Using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds yarn could be twisted and spun quickly and efficiently. This
7392-672: The immediate south of Stanwix is the River Eden. On the opposite bank is the city centre bounded on the west by the West Coast Main Railway line and the River Caldew. In the past industry flourished on the banks of the River Caldew, especially Denton Holme and Caldewgate on the west bank and Wapping, around the former Metal Box works, on the east. West of Caldewgate and north of Denton Holme the suburbs of Newtown, Morton, Sandsfield Park, Longsowerby, Raffles and Belle Vue developed in
7504-442: The kingdom took its name from a major stronghold within it; this has been suggested to have been broadly coterminous with the Civitas Carvetiorum , Carlisle. King Urien and his son and successor Owain became the subjects of a great deal of Arthurian legend . Their capital has been identified as the Cair Ligualid listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain, which later developed into Caer -luel , whence
7616-535: The late 19th and 20th centuries. The eastern side of the city centre developed in the 19th century into a more affluent area along the main A69 road . It links with the former village of Botcherby to which a large council estate was added in the mid-20th century and later still Durranhill Housing Estate. South of the city centre is the Botchergate/St Nicholas area of late Victorian terraced housing similar to that found in Denton Holme and Caldewgate. The Botchergate East area until recently had older slum dwellings. To
7728-430: The latter as far as Morecambe . At the time of the flood, emergency services also had to respond to cases of car-related arson in the city. Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria. The city centre is largely pedestrianised and the Lanes shopping centre is home to around 75 shops. Carlisle has a compact historic centre with a castle , cathedral and semi-intact city walls , as well as other medieval buildings including
7840-503: The looms after the invention by John Kay in 1734 of the flying shuttle , which made the loom twice as productive. Cloth production moved away from the cottage into manufactories . The first moves towards manufactories called mills were made in the spinning sector. The move in the weaving sector was later. By the 1820s, all cotton, wool, and worsted was spun in mills; but this yarn went to outworking weavers who continued to work in their own homes. A mill that specialized in weaving fabric
7952-446: The manufacture of muslin , and were known as the muslin wheel or the Hall i' th' Wood (pronounced Hall-ith-wood) wheel. As with Kay and Hargreaves, Crompton was not able to exploit his invention for his own profit, and died a pauper. In 1783 a mill was built in Manchester at Shudehill, at the highest point in the city away from the river. Shudehill Mill was powered by a 30 ft diameter waterwheel. Two storage ponds were built, and
8064-609: The market cross had formerly been occupied by narrow alleyways of housing and small shops (on a layout which had not changed much since medieval times) and referred to locally as The Lanes . Carlisle city centre was pedestrianised in 1989. On the evening of Friday, 7 January 2005, the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril burst their banks due to as much as 180 mm rainfall upstream that day. 2,700 homes were flooded and three people died. The city's police and fire stations were flooded along with Brunton Park football stadium. The police, fire service and Carlisle United F.C. were mobilised,
8176-453: The move away from home-based production. In 1764, Thorp Mill the first water-powered cotton mill in the world was constructed at Royton , Lancashire , England. It was used for carding cotton. The multiple spindle spinning jenny was invented in 1764. James Hargreaves is credited as the inventor. This machine increased the thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others credit
8288-555: The north end the castle towers were converted to artillery platforms, at the south the medieval Bochard gate was converted into the Citadel , an artillery fortification with two massive artillery towers. The death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 and her succession by James VI of Scotland as King James I of England allowed more determined and coordinated efforts to suppress reiving. The borderers were not quick to change their ways and many were hanged and whole families were exiled to Ireland. It
8400-466: The north. Carlisle was subject to the decline in the textile industry experienced throughout Britain as new machinery made labour unnecessary. In 1916, during the First World War , the government took over the public houses and breweries in Carlisle because of drunkenness among construction and munitions workers from the munitions factory at Gretna . This experiment nationalised brewing. As
8512-435: The original invention to Thomas Highs . Industrial unrest forced Hargreaves to leave Blackburn , but more importantly for him, his unpatented idea was exploited by others. He finally patented it in 1770. As a result, there were over 20,000 spinning jennies in use (mainly unlicensed) by the time of his death. Richard Arkwright first spinning mill, Cromford Mill , Derbyshire , was built in 1771. It contained his invention
8624-551: The other kingdom was often weak. The uncertainty of existence meant that communities or peoples kindred to each other sought security through their own strength and cunning, and they improved their livelihoods at their enemies' expense. These peoples were known as the Border Reivers and Carlisle was the major city within their territories. The Reivers became so much of a nuisance to the Scottish and English governments that, in 1525,
8736-663: The power of steam. They were created by the sacrifice of Indian manufacture." During the 18th and 19th centuries, much of the imported cotton came from plantations in the American South . In periods of political uncertainty in North America, during the Revolutionary War and later American Civil War , however, Britain relied more heavily on imports from the Indian subcontinent to supply its cotton manufacturing industry. Ports on
8848-414: The problem of line-shafting and was responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power. The mill operated until 1959. In 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard Roberts manufactured the first loom with
8960-449: The province was visited by Hadrian , who approved a plan to build a wall the length of the frontier. A new fort, Petriana , was therefore built in the Stanwix area of the city north of the river on Hadrian's Wall . It was the largest fort along the wall and was completed in stone by around 130. Like Luguvalium, which lay within sight, Petriana housed a nominal 1,000-strong cavalry regiment,
9072-560: The public, and they had much more consistent quality of product. The work-discipline was forcefully instilled upon the workforce by the factory owners, and he found that the working conditions were poor, and poverty levels were at an unprecedented high. Engels was appalled, and his research in Derby played a large role in his and Marx's book ' Das Kapital '. At times, the workers rebelled against poor wages. The first major industrial action in Scotland
9184-401: The quality of the thread, which meant that the cotton industry was no longer dependent on wool or linen to make the warp, and it took spinning away from the artisans' homes to specific locations where fast-flowing streams could provide the water power needed to drive the larger machines. The Western Pennines of Lancashire became the centre for the cotton industry. Not long after the invention of
9296-502: The same damp climate. The early advances in weaving had been halted by the lack of thread. The spinning process was slow and the weavers needed more cotton and wool thread than their families could produce. In the 1760s, James Hargreaves improved thread production when he invented the Spinning Jenny . By the end of the decade, Richard Arkwright had developed the water frame . This invention had two important consequences: it improved
9408-639: The same year. 1758: Paul and Wyatt based in Birmingham improved their roller spinning machine and took out a second patent. Richard Arkwright later used this as the model for his water frame . The Duke of Bridgewater's canal connected Manchester to the coal fields of Worsley . It was opened in July 1761. Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Foundry engineering works in Handsworth , Birmingham in 1762. These were both events that enabled cotton mill construction and
9520-918: The south prior to the opening of the M6), the A595 to western Cumbria, the A69 to Newcastle upon Tyne and the A7 to Edinburgh. Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution was centred in south Lancashire and the towns on both sides of the Pennines in the United Kingdom. The main drivers of the Industrial Revolution were textile manufacturing , iron founding , steam power , oil drilling,
9632-477: The south west of Botchergate and St Nicholas are the former villages now suburbs of Upperby and Currock . The urban area spills over the former county borough boundary into Blackwell and Durdar in the civil parish of St Cuthbert Without . Between Upperby and Botcherby is Harraby, a former village once part of St Cuthbert Without and the largest suburb of Carlisle. Harraby is subdivided into Harraby East, New Harraby, Harraby Green, Old Harraby, Petteril Bank and
9744-623: The techniques which had proved so successful in cotton to other materials, such as flax. In 1803, William Radcliffe invented the dressing frame which was patented under the name of Thomas Johnson which enabled power looms to operate continuously. With the Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but
9856-405: The territory. He was assassinated and suffered damnatio memoriae , but a surviving reference to him has been uncovered in Carlisle. Coins excavated in the area suggest that Romans remained in Carlisle until the reign of Emperor Valentinian II , from 375 to 392. The period of late antiquity after Roman rule saw Cumbria organised as the native British kingdom of Rheged . It is likely that
9968-520: The time meant the settlement became a city) while the county of Cumberland was created and later renamed Cumbria. In the 19th century, the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution began a process of socioeconomic transformation in Carlisle, which developed into a densely populated mill town . This, combined with its strategic position, allowed for the development of Carlisle as an important railway town , with seven railway companies sharing Carlisle railway station . Nicknamed
10080-504: The top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without." After the Pilgrimage of Grace , Henry VIII , concerned at the weakness of his hold on the North, employed (1539) the engineer Stefan von Haschenperg to modernise the defences of Carlisle. von Haschenperg was sacked in 1543 for having "spent great treasures to no purpose"; but (by him and his successors) at
10192-680: The water frame, Samuel Crompton combined the principles of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame to produce his Spinning Mule . This provided even tougher and finer cotton thread. The textile industry was also to benefit from other developments of the period. As early as 1691, Thomas Savery had made a vacuum steam engine. His design, which was unsafe, was improved by Thomas Newcomen in 1698. In 1765, James Watt further modified Newcomen's engine to design an external condenser steam engine. Watt continued to make improvements on his design, producing
10304-482: The water from one passed from one to the other turning the wheel. A steam driven pump returned the water to the higher reservoir. The steam engine was of the atmospheric type. An improvement devised by Joshua Wrigley, trialled in Chorlton-upon-Medlock used two Savery engines to supplement the river in driving on overshot waterwheel . In 1784, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom , and produced
10416-447: The west coast of Britain, such as Liverpool , Bristol , and Glasgow , became important in determining the sites of the cotton industry. Lancashire became a centre for the nascent cotton industry because the damp climate was better for spinning the yarn. As the cotton thread was not strong enough to use as warp , wool or linen or fustian had to be used. Lancashire was an existing wool centre. Likewise, Glasgow benefited from
10528-541: The workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. Sir Robert Peel , a mill owner turned reformer, promoted the 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act , which was intended to prevent pauper children from working more than 12 hours a day in mills. Children had started in the mills at around the age of four, working as mule scavengers under the working machinery until they were eight, they progressed to working as little piecers which they did until they were 15. During this time they worked 14 to 16 hours
10640-558: The world's 8th tallest chimney and was the largest cotton mill in England. The expanding industries brought about an increase in population as jobs shifted from rural farms towards the cities. This produced a housing shortage where at one point 25,000 people in the city only had 5,000 houses to live in. People were said to be herded together with animal houses, slaughter houses and communal lavatories with open drains running between them. Living conditions were so bad that riots were common and some people emigrated. The problem wasn't solved until
10752-420: Was a five-storey mill. Starting in 1772, the mills ran day and night with two 12-hour shifts. It started with 200 workers, more than the locality could provide so Arkwright built housing for them nearby, one of the first manufacturers to do so. Most of the employees were women and children, the youngest being only 7 years old. Later, the minimum age was raised to 10 and the children were given 6 hours of education
10864-547: Was built in place of the canal. Carlisle became a major railway centre on the West Coast Main Line with connections to the east. At one time seven companies used Carlisle Citadel railway station . Before the building of the Citadel railway station the city had several other railway stations, including London Road railway station . Carlisle had the largest railway marshalling yard in Europe, Kingmoor, which, reduced in size,
10976-587: Was called a weaving shed . During the second half of the 17th century, the newly established factories of the East India Company in South Asia started to produce finished cotton goods in quantity for the British market. The imported Calico and chintz garments competed with, and acted as a substitute for Indian wool and the linen produce, resulting in local weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers petitioning their MPs and in turn Parliament for
11088-447: Was classified as a Grade II listed building in June 1994. While profiting from expertise arriving from overseas (e.g. Lewis Paul ), Britain was very protective of home-grown technology. In particular, engineers with skills in constructing the textile mills and machinery were not permitted to emigrate — particularly to the fledgeling America . The earliest cotton mills in
11200-421: Was exported to Europe it could be used to make fustian . Two systems had developed for spinning: the simple wheel , which used an intermittent process and the more refined, Saxony wheel which drove a differential spindle and flyer with a heck that guided the thread onto the bobbin, as a continuous process. This was satisfactory for use on handlooms, but neither of these wheels could produce enough thread for
11312-550: Was given a 45-year concession period. The hospital, which was built by AMEC, cost £65m to construct. The new hospital consolidating the operations of three previous hospitals, namely the previous Cumberland Infirmary, the Carlisle City General Hospital and the Carlisle City Maternity Hospital. The hospital was officially opened by British Prime Minister Tony Blair , on 16 June 2000. In 2015
11424-1069: Was held on 5 May 2022. All 46 seats were up for election. Labour won a majority of 30 seats. Conservatives have 7 seats, Liberal Democrats 4 seats, Independents 3 seats and Green Party 2 seats. Turnout was 36.1%. Carlisle is situated on a slight rise, in the Cumberland Ward , at the confluence of the rivers Eden , Caldew and Petteril . An important centre for trade, it is located 56 mi (90 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne , 71 mi (114 km) north of Lancaster , 90 mi (140 km) south-east of Glasgow , 93 mi (150 km) south of Edinburgh , 120 mi (190 km) north-west of York , and 300 mi (480 km) north-north-west of London . Nearby towns and villages include Longtown (north), Penrith (south), Brampton (east), Wigton (west), Haggbeck, Harker , Carwinley, Blackford , Houghton, Scotby , Wreay and Rockcliffe . Carlisle experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ). In January 2005 Carlisle
11536-449: Was hit by strong gales and heavy rain, and on Saturday 8 January 2005 all roads into Carlisle were closed owing to severe flooding , the worst since 1822, which caused three deaths. Even worse flooding than in 2005 affected Carlisle between 4 and 6 December 2015. During this time, nearly 36 hours of incessant rainfall breached flood defences and left several areas submerged – including Bitts Park, Hardwicke Circus and Warwick Road. This left
11648-550: Was later used in the first cotton spinning mill during the Industrial Revolution. 1742: Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by donkey ; this was not profitable and was soon closed. 1743: A factory opened in Northampton , fifty spindles turned on five of Paul and Wyatt's machines proving more successful than their first mill. This operated until 1764. 1748: Lewis Paul invented
11760-526: Was never used. The mill structure is classified as a Grade I listed building , it was first classified in June 1950. Brunswick Mill, Ancoats is a cotton spinning mill in Ancoats, Manchester, Greater Manchester. It was built around 1840, part of a group of mills built along the Ashton Canal , and at that time it was one of the country's largest mills. It was built round a quadrangle, a seven-storey block faced
11872-482: Was not until 1681 that the problem of the reivers was acknowledged as no longer an issue. Following the personal union of the crowns Carlisle Castle should have become obsolete as a frontier fortress, but the two kingdoms continued as separate states. In 1639, with war between the two kingdoms looming, the castle was refortified using stone from the cathedral cloisters. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out and
11984-631: Was promoted to county borough status in 1914. The city's boundaries have changed several times since 1835, most notably between 1974 and 2023, when under the Local Government Act 1972 the city and county borough and the Border Rural District were abolished and new enlarged City of Carlisle non-metropolitan district was created within the newly formed administrative county of Cumbria . The municipal borough contained several civil parishes or parts of parishes but these were merged into
12096-456: Was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they wished to compete with the EIC imports. Indian cotton textiles, mainly those from Bengal , continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with Indian goods, British merchants invested in labour-saving technical advancements, while
12208-559: Was that of the Calton weavers in Glasgow, who went on strike for higher wages in the summer of 1787. In the ensuing disturbances, troops were called in to keep the peace and three of the weavers were killed. There was continued unrest. In Manchester in May 1808, 15,000 protesters gathered on St George's Fields and were fired on by dragoons, with one man dying. A strike followed, but was eventually settled by
12320-492: Was the wealthiest untitled person in Britain. The gate to Cromford Mill was shut at precisely 6am and 6pm every day and any worker who failed to get through it not only lost a day's pay but was fined another day's pay. In 1779, Arkwright installed a cannon, loaded with grapeshot, just inside the factory gate, as a warning to would-be rioting textile workers, who had burned down another of his mills in Birkacre, Lancashire. The cannon
12432-458: Was vaulted with transverse brick arches. There was no wood in the structure. It was powered by a large double beam engine. In 1850 the mill had some 276 carding machines, and 77,000 mule spindles, 20 drawing frames, fifty slubbing frames and eighty one roving frames. The structure was good and it successfully converted to ring spinning in 1920- and was the first mill to adopt mains electricity as its principal source of power. The mill structure
12544-487: Was water to power a watermill . Before the 1760s, textile production was a cottage industry using mainly flax and wool . A typical weaving family would own one handloom , which would be operated by the man with help of a boy; the wife, girls and other women could make sufficient yarn for that loom. The knowledge of textile production had existed for centuries. India had a textile industry that used cotton , from which it manufactured cotton textiles. When raw cotton
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