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54-581: The spinning jenny is a multi- spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764–1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by
108-488: A great wheel, which is essentially a wheel powered spindle. In biology, the spindle apparatus is an assembly of proteins and DNA that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids during mitosis or meiosis of eukaryotic cells. The word " mitosis " is derived from the Greek word "mitos," meaning warp thread. Supported spindles spin on surfaces such as bowls that are usually ceramic or wooden. This type of spindle gives
162-404: A marketing system emerged. In 1738, John Kay started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard, the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output. This invention is commonly called the flying shuttle . It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds. Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs, it
216-528: A patent (no. 962) on his invention, the Spinning Jenny—a machine for spinning, drawing and twisting cotton. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3,000. He at first demanded £7,000, and stood out for £4,000, but the case eventually fell apart when it
270-625: A right to be on land for recreational, educational and certain other purposes and a right to cross land. Access rights apply to any non-motorised activities, including horse-riding but only if they are exercised responsibly, as specified in the Scottish Outdoor Access Code . However, there is a lack of legally asserted public rights of way in Scotland, particularly for horse riding and cycling. Rights of way in Scotland mostly provide access for walkers, and only rarely for horse riders. In
324-590: A total length of over 25,000 miles in England and Wales. A number of long-distance multi-use trails have been created in England, including three National Trails : the Pennine Bridleway , 192 km (119 miles), The Ridgeway , 139 km (86 miles), and South Downs Way , 160 km (99 miles). The British Horse Society has promoted long-distance routes for horse riders known as bridleroutes , incorporating bridleways, byways and minor roads. The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 specifically establishes
378-447: A wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve, and the thread to be spun. When the bars were returned, the thread wound onto the spindle. A pressing wire (faller) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle. In the 17th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product. Cotton processing
432-459: A whorl on top with a hook on the top and a long shaft like other supported spindles. Unlike the Navajo spindle, however, the spun yarn is wrapped around the lower end of the spindle. The roving is prepped first by drafting it before the wool is spun into yarn. The separation between the drafting and spinning creates a softer yarn. Since it is a supported spindle, the yarn is less strained, which also makes
486-537: Is a trail or a thoroughfare that is used by people riding on horses . Trails originally created for use by horses often now serve a wider range of users, including equestrians , hikers , and cyclists . Such paths are either impassable for motorized vehicles, or vehicles are banned. The laws relating to allowable uses vary from country to country. In industrialized countries, bridle paths are now primarily used for recreation. However, they are still important transportation routes in other areas. For example, they are
540-405: Is a spindle used in conjunction with a distaff , an upright stick with a large quantity of loose fibre wound around it, to be easily accessed. There are many other methods for controlling the pre-spun fibre, such as coiling it around one's lower arm, or through a bracelet, or wrapping it loosely around a yarn braid hanging from one's wrist. Another way spindles are categorised is by the location of
594-715: Is also part of traditional spinning wheels where it is horizontal, such as the Indian charkha and the great or walking wheel. In industrial yarn production, spindles are used as well; see spinning jenny , spinning mule and ring spinning . The wood traditionally favoured for making spindles was that of Euonymus europaeus , from which derives the traditional English name spindle bush . Modern hand spindles fall into three basic categories: suspended spindles, supported spindles and grasped spindles. Supported and suspended spindles are normally held vertically, grasped spindles may be held vertically, horizontally or at an angle depending on
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#1732858100224648-522: Is generally left to the discretion of the landowner, subject to the general trespass laws of each of the 50 states. The longest bridle trail in Australia is the Bicentennial National Trail , of 5,330 kilometres length, running from Cooktown , Queensland, to Healesville , Victoria. There are also some historic bridle trails, now not commonly used by horse traffic, such as The Bridle Track ,
702-399: Is often weighted at either the bottom, middle, or top, commonly by a disc or spherical object called a whorl ; many spindles, however, are weighted simply by thickening their shape towards the bottom, e.g. Orenburg and French spindles. The spindle may also have a hook, groove, or notch at the top to guide the yarn. Spindles come in many different sizes and weights depending on the thickness of
756-417: Is spun this makes the spindle heavier and more center-weighted, which has an effect on the momentum of the spindle. The overall shape of the cop and the skill in winding it also has an impact on how the spindle spins and how much thread or yarn can be stored on a spindle before it is "full". Cops can be wound in a ball, cone or football shape. The spindle is closely associated with many goddesses, including
810-519: Is that jenny was an abbreviation of engine . Thomas Highs of Leigh has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife's name. Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description – but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor. Spindle (textiles) A spindle is a straight spike, usually made from wood, used for spinning , twisting fibers such as wool , flax , hemp , cotton into yarn . It
864-546: Is used colloquially for trails or paths used primarily for people making day treks on horses, and usually used only on the East Coast, whereas out West the equivalent term is trail . The term bridleway is rarely used in the U.S. Horses are usually presumed allowed to use trails in America unless specifically banned, although rules differ among locations. In some countries long-distance multi-use trails have been created, including
918-414: The Bicentennial National Trail in Australia, one of the longest marked multi-use trails in the world, stretching 5,330 kilometres. Rail trails can often be used by equestrians. In England and Wales a bridleway is "a way over which the public has a right of way on foot and a right of way on horseback or leading a horse, with or without a right to drive animals along the way." Although Section 30 of
972-506: The Countryside Act 1968 permits the riding of bicycles on public bridleways, the act says that it "shall not create any obligation to facilitate the use of the bridleway by cyclists". Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, especially in winter. Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback pursuant to the Countryside Act 1968 . In London's Hyde Park
1026-810: The Netherlands a bridleway ( ruiterpad ) is a special sand path for equestrians, largely free from other traffic, so that a rider does not inconvenience other users and vice versa. They are indicated with a sign and are both narrow and wide. Traffic is sometimes permitted on wide paths. It is possible to ride some sections of the Trans Canada Trail , especially in Quebec The United States has few if any formal designations for bridle paths, though horses are generally allowed on most state and federal trails, roads and public routes except where specifically restricted. Often, horses under saddle are subject to
1080-680: The Germanic Holda , and Greek Artemis and Athena . It is often connected with fate, as the Greek Fates and the Norse Norns work with yarns that represent lives. In Christianity, the apocryphal Gospel of James portrays the Virgin Mary as engaged in spinning thread for the Temple Curtain when the angel Gabriel tells her that she is going to bear Jesus . Most modern illustrations of
1134-616: The Wissahickon Creek ) and New York City 's Central Park Some trails managed by the U. S. Forest Service and other governmental entities may restrict access of horses, or restrict access during certain times of the year. For example, horses are allowed on the American Discovery Trail , which crosses the country, but only on specific sections of the Appalachian Trail . Access to trails and pathways on private land
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#17328581002241188-414: The difference between grasped and in hand spindles or merging this category into others, such as Franquemont's approach of classing them as supported spindles. Grasped spindles remain held in the hand using finger or wrist movements to turn the spindle. French spindles are "twiddled" between the fingers of one hand while some types of Romanian spindles are grasped in the fist and turned through rotation of
1242-415: The fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty have the princess pricking her finger on the distaff of a modern flyer spinning wheel ; this version of the wheel was either not invented or not as commonly used across Europe when the major versions of the story were commonly told. The Perrault and Brothers Grimm editions have her pricking her finger on a spindle, and some versions of the story have her pricking it on
1296-456: The fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing. To hand weave a 12-pound (5.4 kg) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding. So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into
1350-426: The handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had. Carding and spinning might be the only income for that household, or part of it. The family might farm a few acres and card, spin and weave wool and cotton. It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner, and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver. The process was continuous, and done by both sexes, from
1404-578: The jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered water frame . The spinning jenny helped to start the factory system of cotton manufacturing. The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720. Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of "Blackburn greys," cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India. They were usually sent to London to be printed. At
1458-544: The large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768. This was a centre for the hosiery industry, and knitted silks, cottons and wool. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James. He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street. On 12 July 1770, he took out
1512-509: The main method of traveling to mountain villages in Lesotho . In England and Wales a bridle path now refers to a route which can be legally used by horse riders in addition to walkers, and since 1968, by cyclists. A "ride" is another term used for a bridleway: "a path or track, esp. one through a wood, usually made for riding on horseback" ( Oxford English Dictionary ). In the US, the term bridle path
1566-503: The same regulations as pedestrians or hikers where those requirements differ from those for cyclists. In most states, horses are classified as livestock and thus restricted from areas such as the right of way of the interstate highway system , though generally permitted to travel along the side of other roadways, especially in rural areas. Urban bridle paths exist in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park (most notably Forbidden Drive along
1620-579: The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Although bridleways are shown on Ordnance Survey maps, only the definitive map of the area (controlled by the county council) lists every legal bridle path. In total there are over 76,000 separate bridleway routes with
1674-406: The shaft or they may be removable. Whorl shapes vary greatly and can include ball-shaped, disk-shaped and cross shaped whorls. The shape and mass distribution of the whorl affects the momentum it gives to the spindle while it is spinning. For example a center weighted whorl will spin very fast and short, while a rim-weighted disk-shaped whorl will spin longer and slower. Whorls can be located near
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1728-399: The spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realised there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row. The name is variously said to derive from this tale. The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters, but none named Jenny (neither was his wife). A more likely explanation of the name
1782-421: The time, cotton yarn production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread. The idea
1836-695: The tip on one's thigh, on the ground, on a table, or in a small bowl while rotating. Supported spindles come in a great variety of sizes, such as the very large, ~30" Navajo spindle , the small, extremely fast, metal takli for spinning cotton, and the tiniest Orenburg spindles (~20 cm, 15gm) for spinning gossamer lace yarns. Grasped spindles are also known as: hand spindles, in the hand spindles, in hand spindles and twiddled spindles; there appears no consensus on nomenclature for this category of spindles though there have been various attempts at creating an agreed nomenclature including dividing this category of spindles into two, such as Crowfoot's attempts to define
1890-399: The top of the shaft to fix the thread to. Options include a simple length of shaft to tie the thread around, a shaped notch or bulb, or a hook. A whorl is a weight that is added to many types of spindles and can be made out of a large variety of materials including wood, metal, glass, plastic, stone, clay or bone. Whorls may be decorated or left plain, and they may be affixed permanently to
1944-421: The top, middle or bottom of the spindle shaft. Whorl location can affect the stability of the spindle, with bottom whorl spindles being considered more stable. The cop is not initially an intrinsic part of the spindle; however, as it is formed it plays a part in the spindle anatomy. Once a length of yarn or thread is spun it is wound around the spindle shaft or whorl to form a cop or a ball. As more yarn or thread
1998-552: The tradition. Suspended spindles are so named because they are suspended to swing from the yarn after rotation has been started. Drop Spindles are a popular type of suspended spindle and get their name because the spindle is allowed to drop down while the thread is formed, allowing for a greater length of yarn to be spun before winding on. Suspended spindles also permit the spinner to move around while spinning, going about their day. However, there are practical limits to their size/weight. Most supported spindles continue to rest with
2052-419: The user more control of the weight of the yarn. The various types of supported spindles range due to the difference in styles of spinning and yarn weight. Navajo spindles have longer shafts that should reach from the ground to the top of the thigh. The spun yarn is wound above the whorl. In Icelandic Viking times, the people used a high whorl lap spindle to spin wool into yarn. The high whorl lap spindle has
2106-447: The whorl. Spindles can also be used for plying : intertwining two or more single strands of yarn together in order to create a stronger, more balanced, more durable yarn. While hand spindles vary, there are some similarities in the parts that make up a spindle. Spindle shafts can be made out of a variety of materials such as wood, metal, bone or plastic. They may have very little shaping or be dramatically shaped enough to form part of
2160-402: The whorl. Shafts may be left plain or decorated with painting or carving. The shaft is how the spinner inserts twist through turning it between the fingers or rolling it between the hand and another part of their anatomy, such as their thigh. The thickness of the shaft affects how fast the spindles spins, with narrower shafts causing a spindle to spin faster. Many spindles will have a point at
2214-483: The whorl. The whorl, where present, may be located near the top, bottom or center of the spindle. For example a top-whorl drop spindle will have the whorl located near the top of the shaft underneath a hook that allows the spindle to suspend as it is being spun. The newly spun yarn is wound below the whorl and forms a ‘cop’. Depending on the location of the whorl and style of the spindle, the cop can be conical, football or ball shaped and it can be wound above, below or over
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2268-530: The wool. When winding the spun yarn on to the arms it usually is put over and under the arms on the spindle. Even though it turns much more slowly than winding onto a regular spindle, it creates a center pull ball of yarn. The Scottish drop spindle is called fairsaid , farsadh , or dealgan . Top whorl spindles commonly have a disc on the top of the shaft with a hook at the top. Bridle path A bridle path , also bridleway , equestrian trail , horse riding path , ride , bridle road , or horse trail ,
2322-536: The woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico; muslins, neckcloths and fustians were exempted. It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited. The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds (1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool
2376-492: The wrist. While spindle types are divided into these three main categories, some traditional spinning styles employ multiple or blended techniques. For example the Akha spindle, a short spindle with a large center-whorl disc, is supported by the hand of the spinner during drafting of cotton fibre, but during the adding of extra twist to stabilize the yarn, the spindle is dropped to rest on the yarn. A familiar sight from history books
2430-472: The yarn one desires to spin. The origin of the first wooden spindle is lost to history because the materials did not survive. Whorl-weighted spindles date back at least to Neolithic times; spindle whorls have been found in archaeological digs around the world. Possible remains of spindle whorls were found in a Natufian village at Nahal Ein Gev II archeological site, Israel, from 12000 years ago. A spindle
2484-417: The yarn soft. A typical bottom whorl spindle has the spun single ply yarn above the whorl instead of below it like top whorl drop spindles. Bottom whorl spindles are the preferred spindle for plying yarn. Turkish drop spindles have a low whorl spindle that have two arms that intersect to make a cross. Like other drop spindles it is spun and then it hangs while the wool is being drafted and the twist travels up
2538-474: The youngest to the oldest. The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale. A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth ( Putting-out system ). The weaver organised the carding, spinning and weaving to the master's specification. The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and
2592-493: Was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning. The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny, and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution . Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering
2646-402: Was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end. A set of eight rovings was attached to a beam on that frame. The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together. These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner's left hand thus extending the thread. The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn
2700-513: Was imported. In England, before canals , railways , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos, broadcloth or cotton-wool was by packhorse . Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year, carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag. Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant, taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns, and with them would go sample books . Before 1720,
2754-413: Was learned he had sold several in the past. The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn, making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel, and this
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#17328581002242808-583: Was limited by the need to card by hand. It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810. The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing , being the basis of the Slubbing Billy. The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the jenny in the machine's name is that one of his daughters (or his wife) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working normally, with
2862-462: Was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This caused grey cloth (calico that had not been finished – dyed or printed) to be imported instead, and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns. Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to London to be finished. Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels. Again
2916-464: Was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds (900,775 kg) of cotton-wool was imported into England, and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India Company from Hindustan (as India was then called), became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament
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