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36-447: The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water-wheel . Richard Arkwright , who patented the technology in 1769, designed a model for the production of cotton thread, which was first used in 1765. The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas Highs by clockmaker John Kay , who

72-501: A spinning wheel . As the textile industry expanded its markets and adopted faster machines, yarn supplies became scarce especially due to innovations such as the doubling of the loom speed after the invention of the flying shuttle . High demand for yarn spurred invention of the spinning jenny in 1764, followed closely by the invention of the spinning frame, later developed into the water frame (patented in 1769). Mechanisms had increased production of yarn so dramatically that by 1830

108-405: A marketing system emerged. In 1738, John Kay started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard, the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output. This invention is commonly called the flying shuttle . It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds. Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs, it

144-456: A new method of spinning flax, by which much finer and better yarn was produced, than by any other process previously adopted. He announced this invention not only as new, but as his own; the results of his experiments were published in many provincial and London papers; and he granted to several flax-spinners, the right of using his invention, for which he obtained a patent. The public will now hear, perhaps with some astonishment, that all this noise

180-530: A patent (no. 962) on his invention, the Spinning Jenny—a machine for spinning, drawing and twisting cotton. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3,000. He at first demanded £7,000, and stood out for £4,000, but the case eventually fell apart when it

216-427: A strengthening twist is added by a bobbin-and-flyer mechanism. The spacing of the rollers has to be slightly greater than the fiber length to prevent breakage. The nip of the roller pairs prevents the twist from backing up to the roving. Too large to be operated by hand, the spinning frame needed a new source of power. Arkwright experimented with horses, but decided to employ the power of the water wheel , which gave

252-448: A stronger thread than the spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves . The frame utilised the draw rollers invented by Lewis Paul to stretch, or attenuate, the yarn . The roller spinning process starts with a thick 'string' of loose fibres called a roving , which is passed between three pairs of rollers, each pair rotating slightly faster than the previous one. In this way it is reduced in thickness and increased in length before

288-429: Is derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the spinning jenny, the water frame could spin only one thread at a time until 1779, when Samuel Crompton combined the two inventions into his spinning mule , which

324-511: The factory system of cotton manufacturing. The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720. Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of "Blackburn greys," cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India. They were usually sent to London to be printed. At the time, cotton yarn production could not keep up with demand of

360-596: The 1774 English ban on textile workers leaving and memorizing details of its construction; he left for New York in 1789. Moses Brown and Slater partnered to create the Slater Mill in Pawtucket in 1793, the first water-powered machine to make thread in America. Spinning frame In 1760 England, yarn production from wool, flax and cotton was still a cottage industry in which fibres were carded and spun by hand using

396-453: The cottage yarn industry in England could no longer compete and all spinning was carried out in factories . Richard Arkwright employed John Kay to produce a new spinning machine that Kay had worked on with (or possibly stolen from) another inventor named Thomas Highs . With the help of other local craftsmen, including Peter Atherton , the team developed the spinning frame, which produced

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432-516: The dry and wet spinning of flax . His inventions were also patented in England in 1815, in the name of Horace Hall. Little is known about Horace Hall, it is a possible pseudonym. Undoubtedly if he had taken out his patent in England in 1815, the year of the Battle of Waterloo , in a French name there would not have been a lot of enthusiasm for it; possibly even suspicion. In the British Isles, James Kay

468-494: The factory system as he combined water power, the water frame, and continuous production with modern employment practices. The water frame played a significant role in the development of the Industrial Revolution – first in England, but soon also in continental Europe after German entrepreneur Johann Gottfried Brügelmann managed to find out details of the technology, which had been kept very secret; disclosure of details

504-458: The fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing. To hand weave a 12-pound (5.4 kg) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding. So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into

540-427: The handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had. Carding and spinning might be the only income for that household, or part of it. The family might farm a few acres and card, spin and weave wool and cotton. It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner, and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver. The process was continuous, and done by both sexes, from

576-494: The invention the name ' water frame '. For some time, the stronger yarn produced by the spinning frame was used in looms for the lengthwise warp threads that bound cloth together, while hand powered jennies provided the weaker yarn used for the horizontal filler ( weft ) threads. The jennies required skill but were inexpensive and could be used in a home. The spinning frames required capital but little skill. In France, Philippe Henri de Girard patented spinning frames for both

612-544: The large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768. This was a centre for the hosiery industry, and knitted silks, cottons and wool. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James. He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street. On 12 July 1770, he took out

648-431: The name of Mr. Horace Hall. Kay's patent was invalidated, in 1839, on the grounds it was too similar to Horace Hall's; A decision upheld on appeal, in 1841. Spinning jenny This is an accepted version of this page The spinning jenny is a multi- spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution . It

684-400: The spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realised there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row. The name is variously said to derive from this tale. The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters, but none named Jenny (neither was his wife). A more likely explanation of the name

720-464: The textile industry, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread. The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end. A set of eight rovings

756-415: The thread wound onto the spindle. A pressing wire (faller) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle. In the 17th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product. Cotton processing was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds (900,775 kg) of cotton-wool

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792-537: The woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico; muslins, neckcloths and fustians were exempted. It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited. The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds (1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool

828-475: The youngest to the oldest. The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale. A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth ( Putting-out system ). The weaver organised the carding, spinning and weaving to the master's specification. The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and

864-432: Was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning. The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny, and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution . Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering

900-399: Was attached to a beam on that frame. The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together. These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner's left hand thus extending the thread. The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve, and the thread to be spun. When the bars were returned,

936-477: Was hired by Arkwright. Being run on water power, it produced stronger and harder yarn than the " spinning jenny ", and propelled the adoption of the modern factory system. Another water-powered frame for the production of textiles was developed in 1760 in the early industrialized town of Elberfeld , Prussia (now in Wuppertal , Germany ), by German bleach plant owner Johann Heinrich Bockmühl. The name water frame

972-856: Was imported into England, and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India Company from Hindustan (as India was then called), became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This caused grey cloth (calico that had not been finished – dyed or printed) to be imported instead, and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns. Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to London to be finished. Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels. Again

1008-515: Was imported. In England, before canals , railways , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos, broadcloth or cotton-wool was by packhorse . Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year, carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag. Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant, taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns, and with them would go sample books . Before 1720,

1044-456: Was initially credited with the invention of this device. On 2 December 1826 shortly after Kay's patent was awarded, Philippe Henri de Girard wrote to the Editor of The Manchester Guardian complaining about and pointing out he had been the inventor. The following is an extract from his letter: A few months ago, a gentleman of the name of Kay , excited a strong sensation in the trade, by announcing

1080-471: Was invented in 1764–1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered water frame . The spinning jenny helped to start

1116-414: Was learned he had sold several in the past. The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn, making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel, and this

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1152-586: Was limited by the need to card by hand. It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810. The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing , being the basis of the Slubbing Billy. The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the jenny in the machine's name is that one of his daughters (or his wife) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working normally, with

1188-509: Was made for a discovery long since published on the continent, and even patented in England twelve years ago. This new process of spinning, announced by Mr. Kay, is the same which I invented fourteen years since, and which is established, with great success, in France, Saxony, and Germany. A patent was taken out in England, in the month of May, 1815, by my partners in Paris, Messers. Cachard and Lanthois, in

1224-626: Was more effective. The water frame was originally powered by horses at a factory built by Arkwright and partners in Nottingham. In 1770, Arkwright and his partners built a water-powered mill in Cromford , Derbyshire. In 1771, Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill at Cromford , Derbyshire , on the River Derwent , creating one of the first factories that was specifically built to house machinery rather than just bring workers together. It

1260-401: Was one of the first instances of the working day being determined by the clock instead of the daylight hours and of people being employed rather than just contracted. In its final form, combined with his carding machine, it was the first factory to use a continuous process from raw material to finished product in a series of operations. Arkwright played a significant role in the development of

1296-485: Was punishable by the death penalty. Brügelmann managed to build working water frames and used them to open the first spinning factory on the continent , built in 1783 in Ratingen and also named "Cromford", from where the technology spread over the world. The factory building today hosts a museum, which is the world's only place to see a functioning water frame. Samuel Slater brought the water frame to America, circumventing

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