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122-556: The Cornwall Shinty Club is a shinty club from Cornwall in the UK . Formed in 2012, it is one of few clubs outside the Scottish Highlands . Shinty-like stick games were played in Cornwall as well as across much of England before the end of the 19th century. A number of Cornish newspaper references show that the game was popular into the early 20th Century, with shinty relays included in

244-557: A caman , which is wooden and slanted on both sides. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not come down on an opponent's stick, a practice called hacking. Players may also tackle using the body as long as it is shoulder-to-shoulder. The game was derived from the same root as the Irish game of hurling / camogie and the Welsh game of bando , but has developed unique rules and features. These rules are governed by

366-846: A Land's End v John o' Groats Fixture in St Andrew's in May 2014. Cornwall winning 3-1. Cornwall had a highly successful year in 2015 making a clean sweep in all English competitions as well as having a successful tour of Scotland. Cornwall competed in the London Festival of Shinty in September 2016 but lost their title to London Camanachd On 5 November at Lowender Peran Festival in Newquay, Cornwall played an International Select, winning 7–0. Cornwall Ladies also beat International Select Ladies 4–1. Sunday 30 April 2017 saw Cornwall enter their senior side as well as

488-622: A CSM side to the St Andrews Sixes in Scotland, whilst a number of the Cornish ladies were selected for ESA Ladies in the inaugural Ladies Challenge Cup against Cowal and Bute Ladies the same day. With wins over Dundee University 2s (7-0), St Andrews University 2s (10-0), Aberdour the current Fingal Shield Champions (2-0) and St Andrews Alumni 2s (4–1), the Seniors progressed to beat Dundee University 1-0 in

610-415: A Ceilidh afterwards Cornwall toured Scotland in 2022 to mark the club's 10th anniversary. They played Fort William, Skye Ladies, Ballachulish, Uddingston and Ardnamurchan. [1] Shinty While comparisons are often made with field hockey , the two games have several important differences. In shinty a player is allowed to play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick, called

732-535: A backboard, which stand 50 cm (20 in) from the ground. The backboard runs the full 3.66 m (12.0 ft) width of the goal, while the sideboards are 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) deep. Historically the game developed on natural grass turf. In the early 1970s, synthetic grass fields began to be used for hockey, with the first Olympic Games on this surface being held at Montreal in 1976 . Synthetic pitches are now mandatory for all international tournaments and for most national competitions. While hockey

854-501: A ball. Researchers disagree over how to interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity (the depiction shows two active players, and other figures who may be team-mates awaiting a face-off, or non-players waiting for their turn at play). Billiards historians Stein and Rubino believe it was among the games ancestral to lawn-and-field games like hockey and ground billiards , and near-identical depictions appear in later European illuminated manuscripts and other works of

976-399: A defender comes between the player with possession and the ball in order to prevent them tackling; when a defender's stick comes between the attacker's stick and the ball or makes contact with the attacker's stick or body; and also when blocking the opposition's attempt to tackle a teammate with the ball (called third party obstruction ). When the ball passes completely over the sidelines (on

1098-459: A defender out of the way. Field players may not play the ball with their feet, but if the ball accidentally hits the feet, and the player gains no benefit from the contact, then the contact is not penalised. Although there has been a change in the wording of this rule from 1 January 2007, the current FIH umpires' briefing instructs umpires not to change the way they interpret this rule. Obstruction typically occurs in three circumstances – when

1220-404: A free hit. (In previous versions of the rules, hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit was prohibited). Opponents must move 5 m (5.5 yd) from the ball when a free hit is awarded. A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when

1342-411: A goalkeeper. A match is played over two halves of 45 minutes. With the exception of the goalkeeper, no player is allowed to play the ball with his hands. There are also variants with smaller sides, with some adjustments in the field size and duration of play. As with sports such as football , shinty originally did not have substitutes. These were introduced in the 1960s, progressively expanding to allow

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1464-425: A hybrid variety which require less watering. This is due to the negative ecological effects of the high water requirements of water-based synthetic fields. It has also been stated that the decision to make artificial surfaces mandatory greatly favoured more affluent countries who could afford these new pitches. The game is played between two teams of eleven; 10 field players and one goal keeper are permitted to be on

1586-451: A long distance When the ball is outside the circle they are defending, goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges are only permitted to play the ball with their stick. Further, a goalkeeper, or player with goalkeeping privileges who is wearing a helmet, must not take part in the match outside the 23m area they are defending, except when taking a penalty stroke. A goalkeeper must wear protective headgear at all times, except when taking

1708-405: A manner which is dangerous to other players by taking advantage of the protective equipment they wear. Neither goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges may lie on the ball, however, they are permitted to use arms, hands and any other part of their body to push the ball away. Lying on the ball deliberately will result in a penalty stroke, whereas if an umpire deems a goalkeeper has lain on

1830-575: A maximum of three substitutions per game. As of 2011, a rule change allowed for rolling substitutions to be made at the senior level. In common with many sports, it became formalised in the Victorian Era and the first organised clubs were established in cities such as Glasgow and London where there were thousands of Gaels resident. In 1887, a historic game was played between Glenurquhart Shinty Club and Strathglass Shinty Club in Inverness . This game

1952-429: A number of school sports days , matches recorded and Scottish shinty developments also recorded. In 1919 The Cornishman newspaper's West Cornwall News section related: 'Scotland is enthusiastic over the revival of shinty. The championship competition is to start this year, and entries are to be received up to 1 November. Kingussie Club was the last winner of the cup. International contests may be arranged. Lord Lovat

2074-628: A particular local variant), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes. Throughout the Middle Ages to the Early Modern era , such games often involved the local clergy or secular aristocracy , and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether. Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving orbs and sceptres (on

2196-457: A penalty stroke. For the purposes of the rules, all players on the team in possession of the ball are attackers, and those on the team without the ball are defenders, yet throughout the game being played you are always "defending" your goal and "attacking" the opposite goal. The match is officiated by two field umpires . Traditionally each umpire generally controls half of the field, divided roughly diagonally. These umpires are often assisted by

2318-422: A player can exit the field, but you must wait until after the penalty corner is complete. Play is not stopped for a substitution (except of a goalkeeper), the players leave and rejoin the match simultaneously at the half-way line. Players are permitted to play the ball with the flat of the 'face side' and with the edges of the head and handle of the field hockey stick with the exception that, for reasons of safety,

2440-558: A re-vamped Northallerton Shinty Club was formed. The club is hoping to draw in a few former players, but wants to focus on raising awareness of the game in Yorkshire and bringing new local players into the game. Shinty was played widely in England in the 19th century and early 20th century, with teams such as London Scots, Bolton Caledonian and Cottonopolis; Nottingham Forest F.C. was established by shinty players. Since 2012 London has hosted

2562-524: A ring two and a half inches (6.4 cm) in diameter. Unlike the Irish camán , it has no blade. The caman is traditionally made of wood, traditionally ash but now more commonly hickory , and must not have any plate or metal attached to it. The caman would be made from any piece of wood with a hook in it, hence caman , from the Scottish and Irish Gaelic word cam , meaning bent or crooked. It can also be called

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2684-565: A second time, following Kintyre's 3–2 win over Ardnamurchan. They beat Kintyre 5–0 in the semi-final before finally surcoming to ESA rivals London Camanchd 1-2 in a closely fought all ESA final showdown. Cornwall ladies Shinty team was formed in 2012. Over that period the team has gone from strength to strength with ladies playing for Cornwall and also playing at a national level as part of the English Shinty Association (ESA) ladies team. The Cornwall ladies team has also played games in

2806-469: A single fixture in the early 1990s. Kingussie's unmatched run of dominance was ended on 2 September 2006 by rivals Newtonmore , who defeated Oban Camanachd 2–0 to ensure that Kingussie could not catch the team at the top of the Premier Division . However, Newtonmore were unable to replace their neighbours as champions, as the first post-Kingussie champions were confirmed as Fort William , who sealed

2928-433: A stick or club. The slant of the face will vary according to the position that the stick is used for. It can be made according to the player's height. Plastic camans are common in the youth variant "First Shinty". A player can play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not bring their stick down on an opponent's stick, which

3050-410: A team over the opposing bye line results in a goal hit from the edge of the D, while a ball played by a team over their own line results in a corner. A ball hit over the sideline results in a shy: a shinty shy involves the taker tossing the ball above his head and hitting the ball with the shaft of the caman, and the ball must be directly overhead when struck. The winner of a game is the team that scores

3172-429: A technical bench including a timekeeper and record keeper. Prior to the start of the game, a coin is tossed and the winning captain can choose a starting end or whether to start with the ball. Since 2017 the game consists of four periods of 15 minutes with a 2-minute break after every period, and a 15-minute intermission at half time before changing ends. At the start of each period, as well as after goals are scored, play

3294-461: A trial period of two years of a summer season from March to October, with a view to moving permanently to summer shinty if the experiment was judged to be a success. Despite opposition from the "Big Two", Kingussie and Newtonmore , and other small groups in the game, an EGM in November 2005 voted by an overwhelming majority (well over the required two thirds) to make summer shinty the basis upon which

3416-433: A very dynamic style of play, it is difficult to simplify positions to the static formations which are common in association football . Although positions will typically be categorised as either fullback, halfback, midfield/inner or striker, it is important for players to have an understanding of every position on the field. For example, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap and end up in either attacking position, with

3538-462: Is a team sport structured in standard hockey format, in which each team plays with 11 players in total, made up of 10 field players and a goalkeeper. Teams must move a hockey ball around a field by hitting it with a hockey stick towards the rival team's shooting circle and then into the goal . The match is won by the team that scores the most goals. Matches are played on grass, watered turf, artificial turf , or indoor boarded surface. The stick

3660-742: Is a shinty club first established in the Victorian era , competing in English and Scottish competitions such as the English League, the Bullough Cup and most recently in the Camanachd Cup in 1994. They went into abeyance in 1995, but were reconstituted in 2005. They played the first officially recognised shinty match outside Scotland in 80 years on 22 July 2006 against the Highlanders . They compete annually in

3782-413: Is a synonym for street hockey , pond hockey or any informal game of hockey. It derives its name from shinty, although a myth there perpetuates that it came from children tying Eaton's catalogues around their legs to protect their shins from flying pucks or slashing. The English Shinty Association (ESA) is the main body for promoting and encouraging the sport of shinty in England. London Camanachd

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3904-410: Is also awarded for offences committed by the attacking side within 15 m of the end of the pitch they are attacking. Set plays are often utilised for specific situations such as a penalty corner or free hit. For instance, many teams have penalty corner variations that they can use to beat the defensive team. The coach may have plays that sends the ball between two defenders and lets the player attack

4026-624: Is also responsible for organizing the Hockey Rules Board and developing the sport's rules . The sport is known simply as hockey in countries where it is the more common form of hockey. The term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States, where hockey more often refers to ice hockey . In Sweden and Finland, the term landhockey and maahockey respectively are used, translating to "ground" hockey in opposition to

4148-469: Is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". The word baculum is the Latin for ' stick ' , so the reference would appear to be to a game played with sticks. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated

4270-450: Is considered dangerous play. Other examples of dangerous play, which will be penalised, are a player, while grounded, playing the ball, or a player recklessly swinging the caman in the air in a way which might endanger another player. Fouls are penalised by a free-hit, which is indirect unless the foul is committed in the penalty area, commonly referred to as "The D". This results in a penalty hit from 20 yards (18 m). A ball played by

4392-502: Is considered third party and the ball automatically goes to the team who only had one player involved in the third party. A match ordinarily consists of two periods of 35 minutes and a halftime interval of 5 minutes. Other periods and interval may be agreed by both teams except as specified in regulations for particular competitions. Since 2014, some international games have four 15-minute quarters with 2 minutes break between each quarter and 5 minutes break between quarter two and three. At

4514-439: Is defined as hacking. A player may tackle an opponent using the body as long as it is shoulder-to-shoulder as in association football (soccer) . A player may only stop the ball with the stick, the chest, two feet together or one foot on the ground. Only the goalkeeper may use his hands, but only with an open palm since he is not allowed to catch it. Playing the ball with the head constitutes a foul whether intentional or not, as it

4636-406: Is made of wood, carbon fibre , fibreglass and carbon, or a combination of carbon fibre and fibreglass in different quantities. The stick has two sides; one rounded and one flat; only the flat face of the stick is allowed to progress the ball. During play, goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body. A player's hand is considered part of the stick if holding

4758-425: Is not permitted to gain control and continue dribbling. The rules do not allow the person who kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, so the ball will automatically be passed on to the opposing team. Conversely, if no advantage is gained from kicking the ball, play should continue. Players may not obstruct another's chance of hitting the ball in any way. No shoving/using your body/stick to prevent advancement in

4880-420: Is now more commonly referred to as the "forehand sweep" where the ball is hit with the flat side or "natural" side of the stick and not the rounded edge. Other rules include; no foot-to-ball contact, no use of hands, no obstructing other players, no high back swing, no hacking, and no third party. If a player is dribbling the ball and either loses control and kicks the ball or another player interferes that player

5002-676: Is now played globally. The governing body is the International Hockey Federation (FIH), called the Fédération Internationale de Hockey in French. Men and women are represented internationally in competitions including the Olympic Games , World Cup , FIH Pro League , Junior World Cup and in past also World League , Champions Trophy . Many countries run extensive junior, senior, and masters club competitions. The FIH

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5124-483: Is of the Camanachd Cup final. Regional newspaper The Press and Journal runs shinty coverage twice a week (Mondays and Fridays). The first-ever shinty match broadcast live on television was the 1964 Celtic Society Cup Final. Although Camanachd Cup finals and internationals have been shown over the years, 2006 marked the first-ever regular TV deal for shinty with matches being shown on the BBC Sports show Spòrs . This

5246-707: Is played in the British Army , with The Scots Shinty Club keeping alive the tradition of the game being played in the Forces. Shinty is also being revived among the Scottish diaspora in North America , where it was originally played in the 18th and 19th century by Scottish immigrants, but died out. More recent teams such as Northern California Camanachd Club (NCCC), Central California Cammanchd (CCC), and Oregon Shinty-Camanachd (OSC) play at Highland games and other venues across

5368-450: Is re-elected chief' (CM24/9/1919 p. 5). In Cornwall, locals played a form of shinty in the streets of Penryn with lumps of coal in the 1960s. The more standard form continued to be played regularly right up until the 1980s in Cornwall, though latterly at fewer venues. It was played intermittently in Cornwall in the mid-1990s, though predominantly by small groups of visitors more accustomed to playing in Scotland. London Camanachd lead

5490-400: Is started with a pass from the centre of the field. All players must start in their defensive half (apart from the player making the pass), but the ball may be played in any direction along the floor. Each team starts with the ball in one half, and the team that conceded the goal has possession for the restart. Teams trade sides at halftime. Field players may only play the ball with the face of

5612-476: Is still played on traditional grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions, it has been replaced by synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the western world. There are three main types of artificial hockey surface: Since the 1970s, sand-based pitches have been favoured as they dramatically speed up the game. However, in recent years there has been a massive increase in the number of "water-based" artificial turfs. Water-based synthetic turfs enable

5734-482: Is usually white, but there is no statutory colour, black being a common colour for Kyles Athletic, and fluorescent balls now being available. Plastic balls or soft balls are often used in youth competitions such as the variant "First Shinty". The ball is played using a caman , which is a stick about 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet (1.1 m) long with two slanted faces. The stick has a wedge shaped head, roughly triangular in cross section, which must be able to pass through

5856-591: The Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament commenced within ten years. Entering the Olympics in 1928, India won all five games without conceding a goal, and won from 1932 until 1956 and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won Olympics gold in men's hockey in 1960, 1968 and 1984. In fact, all but three of Pakistan's 11 Olympics medals so far have been in field hockey, including three gold, three silver and two bronze medals. In

5978-463: The Camanachd Association . A composite rules shinty–hurling game has been developed, which allows Scotland and Ireland to play annual international matches. Another sport with common ancestry is bandy , which is played on ice. In Scottish Gaelic the name for bandy is "ice shinty" ( camanachd-deighe ) and in the past bandy and shinty (and shinney ) could be used interchangeably in

6100-494: The Irish Hockey Association reported that the gender split among its players was approximately 65% female and 35% male. In its 2008 census, Hockey Australia reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female. Most hockey field dimensions were originally fixed using whole numbers of imperial measures . Metric measurements are now the official dimensions as laid down by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) in

6222-486: The Rules of Hockey . The pitch is a 91.4 m × 55 m (100.0 yd × 60.1 yd) rectangular field. At each end is a goal 2.14 m (7 ft) high and 3.66 m (12 ft) wide, as well as lines across the field 22.90 m (25 yd) from each end-line (generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yard lines) and in the center of the field. A spot 0.15 m (6 in) in diameter, called

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6344-580: The Scottish Gaelic sìnteag . However, there was never one all-encompassing name for the game, as it held different names from glen to glen, including cluich-bhall ('play-ball' in English ) and in the Scottish Lowlands , where it was formerly referred to as hailes , common / cammon ( caman ), cammock (from Scottish Gaelic camag ), knotty , carrick and various other names, as well as

6466-452: The University of St. Andrews have risen to prominence. Clubs compete in various competitions, both cup and league, on a national and also North/South basis. While the top Premier Division has been played on a Scotland-wide basis since 1996, the lower leagues are based on geography. Many clubs run second teams that also compete in these leagues against clubs with only one senior side. Shinty

6588-454: The 14th through 17th centuries, showing contemporary courtly and clerical life. In East Asia , a similar game was entertained, using a carved wooden stick and ball, prior to 300 BC. In Inner Mongolia , China , the Daur people have for about 1,000 years been playing beikou , a game with some similarities to field hockey. A similar field hockey or ground billiards variant, called suigan ,

6710-556: The 2018 Commonwealth Games, held on the Gold Coast in Brisbane , the hockey games for both men and women were played in four 15-minute quarters. In December 2018, the FIH announced rule changes that would make 15-minute quarters universal from January 2019. England Hockey confirmed that while no changes would be made to the domestic game mid-season, the new rules would be implemented at the start of

6832-663: The 2019–20 season. However, in July 2019 England Hockey announced that 17.5-minute quarters would only be implemented in elite domestic club games. The game begins with a pass back from the centre-forward usually to the centre-half back from the halfway line. The opposing team cannot try to tackle this play until the ball has been pushed back. The team consists of eleven players, usually aligned as follows: goalkeeper, right fullback, left fullback, three half-backs and five forwards who are right wing, right inner, centre forward, left inner and left wing. These positions can change and adapt throughout

6954-586: The ESA ladies side will be entering the Ladies Shinty Challenge Cup with many Cornwall ladies featuring strongly in the squad. The Cornwall ladies team has been formed by players with varied sporting backgrounds such as hockey and camogie. 20–21 May 2017 saw Cornwall Ladies Shinty host their first Ladies Tournament at the Dracaena Centre, Falmouth as Ladies from Ireland, Scotland and England assemble, with

7076-691: The East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. In recent years, it has become increasingly played on the West Coast and in the Midwest. In other countries, participation is fairly evenly balanced between men and women. For example, in the 2008–09 season, England Hockey reported 2,488 registered men's teams, 1,969 women's teams, 1,042 boys' teams, 966 girls' teams and 274 mixed teams. In 2006,

7198-585: The English Shinty Championship in Bristol for the last few years and have performed at a high standard every time they have competed. The team have also been entered into several national Shinty tournaments such as at the London, Lowander Peran and St. Andrews Shinty Festivals. In 2015 the Cornish ladies travelled to Scotland as part of a Shinty tour and played against numerous Scottish ladies teams which helped

7320-614: The English Shinty Championships against Cornwall, Oxford, Devon and Bristol as well as playing shinty–hurling matches and organising sporadic friendlies against visiting teams. On 28 December 2010 Ireland held its first dedicated shinty match in Westmeath, with players who have played the Compromise rules Shinty/Hurling . A Cornwall Shinty Club was established in 2012, playing their first game on 21 April 2012 against London;

7442-557: The English language. Hurling , an Irish pastime for at least 2,000 years similar to shinty, is derived from the historic game common to both peoples. Shinty/hurling appears prominently in the legend of Cúchulainn , the Celtic mythology hero. A similar game is played on the Isle of Man known as cammag , a name cognate with camanachd. The old form of hurling played in the northern half of Ireland, called "commons", resembled shinty more closely than

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7564-470: The International Federation of Women's Hockey Association (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH. The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975. By

7686-806: The Littlejohn Vase – and in New Year fixtures, the most prestigious of which is the Lovat Cup , played between Beauly and Lovat. For more information, see Shinty league system League shinty was originally organised on a regional basis, with distinct competitions for the North District and at one time, two separate leagues for Argyll (the Dunn League) and the Southern League, for clubs in Glasgow and Edinburgh and

7808-644: The Netherlands, and Germany have dominated at the Olympics and World Cup stages. Women's field hockey was first played at British universities and schools. The first club, the Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887. The first national association was the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to

7930-515: The Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics. In the United States, field hockey is played predominantly by girls and women. There are few field hockey clubs, most play taking place between high school or college sides. The sport

8052-586: The Semi-final, before finally succumbing to Aberdour in the final (1-3). The CSM team played well, narrowly missing out on progression to the knock-out stages. 2018 saw Cornwall saw Cornwall's Student team CSM win the Oxford 6s, beating 2 strong London sides as well as sides from Dundee University and the hosts Oxford. They lost out narrowly to London 1-2 at the London Festival of Shinty in Oct 2018. 2019 saw Cornwall Cornwall enter

8174-503: The South. In recognition of shinty's shared roots with hurling, an annual international between the two codes from Scotland and Ireland is played on a home and away basis using composite rules . In recent years, the Irish have had the upper hand, but the Scots won the fixture narrowly in 2005 and again in 2006, this time at Croke Park , Dublin , albeit with the Irish fielding weaker players from

8296-733: The USA. Local papers, such as the West Highland Free Press , The Buteman , the Oban Times and the Dunoon Observer and Argyllshire Standard , have in-depth shinty reports. The Inverness-based media reduce shinty coverage to one summary of the whole weekend's action, as do national newspapers, such as the Sunday Herald and the Sunday Post . The only significant national press coverage

8418-463: The United States where hockey more often refers to ice hockey . In Sweden, the term landhockey is used, and to some degree in Norway , where the game is governed by Norges Bandyforbund . The first known club was formed in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London , but the modern rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex cricket clubs as a winter activity. Teddington Hockey Club formed

8540-439: The ancient Greeks, Romans and Aztecs all played hockey-like games. In Ancient Egypt , there is a depiction of two figures playing with sticks and ball in the Beni Hasan tomb of Khety, an administrator of Dynasty XI . In Ancient Greece , there is a similar image dated c.  510 BC , which may have been called Κερητίζειν ( kerētízein ) because it was played with a horn ( κέρας , kéras in Ancient Greek ) and

8662-458: The annual "London Shinty Festival", which has been attended by Cornwall, London, Oxford Shinty Club , St Andrews university ladies team, and the Scots. It is an open tournament held in late September after the Shinty season is finished to allow any travelling teams the opportunity to attend. Since 2013, a combined English Shinty Association side has entered the Bullough cup, being beaten in 2013 by Tayforth and then in 2014 by Ballachulish. Shinty

8784-690: The aristocratic and clerical side), and to ancient military training exercises (on the popular side); polo (essentially hockey on horseback) was devised by the Ancient Persians for cavalry training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region. The word hockey itself has no clear origin. One belief is that it was recorded in 1363 when Edward III of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games". The belief

8906-403: The ball accidentally (e.g. it gets stuck in their protective equipment), a penalty corner is awarded. * The action above is permitted only as part of a goal saving action or to move the ball away from the possibility of a goal scoring action by opponents. It does not permit a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges to propel the ball forcefully with arms, hands or body so that it travels

9028-478: The ball and to use their stick, feet, kickers, leg guards or any other part of their body to stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. Similarly, field players are permitted to use their stick. They are not allowed to use their feet and legs to propel the ball, stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. However, neither goalkeepers, or players with goalkeeping privileges are permitted to conduct themselves in

9150-402: The ball may not be struck 'hard' with a forehand edge stroke, because of the difficulty of controlling the height and direction of the ball from that stroke. The flat side is always on the "natural" side for a right-handed person swinging the stick at the ball from right to left. Left-handed sticks are rare, as International Hockey Federation rules forbid their use in a game. To make a strike at

9272-433: The ball to be transferred more quickly than on sand-based surfaces. It is this characteristic that has made them the surface of choice for international and national league competitions. Water-based surfaces are also less abrasive than sand-based surfaces and reduce the level of injury to players when they come into contact with the surface. Following the 2018 FIH Congress it was decided that new surfaces being laid should be of

9394-431: The ball with a left-to-right swing the player must present the flat of the 'face' of the stick to the ball by 'reversing' the stick head, i.e. by turning the handle through approximately 180° (while a reverse edge hit would turn the stick head through approximately 90° from the position of an upright forehand stroke with the 'face' of the stick head). Edge hitting of the ball underwent a two-year "experimental period", twice

9516-651: The community green in Flax Bourton . This was the first Shinty Shop Challenge Cup. The match ended 1–1. Cornwall competed at the St. Andrew's Sixes in 2012 losing out to the eventual winners Glasgow Island. In September 2012 they took part in the London Shinty Festival. The first AGM in December 2012 saw the establishment of Mabe and The Combined Universities of Cornwall Shinty Clubs in Cornwall. These two clubs currently form

9638-628: The competition was designed to ensure the final was between the North and South. The Macaulay Cup still preserves a guaranteed North/South Final. There are national equivalents for the Camanachd Cup for intermediate and junior teams. There are regional cups for both senior and junior teams; the MacTavish Cup is the senior cup for the North and the Glasgow Celtic Society Cup is the one for

9760-440: The course of the game depending on the attacking and defensive style of the opposition. When hockey positions are discussed, notions of fluidity are very common. Each team can be fielded with a maximum of 11 players and will typically arrange themselves into forwards, midfielders, and defensive players (fullbacks) with players frequently moving between these lines with the flow of play. Each team may also play with: As hockey has

9882-489: The development of their squad. In 2016 the Cornwall Shinty Ladies beat a strong London side for the first time since their creation which showcased the true development of the team in the last few years and the talent that is emerging from within Cornwall. In addition to playing for Cornwall, many local ladies have been selected for the ladies ESA team to play in Scotland against different Scottish oppositions. In 2017,

10004-424: The diameter of a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. The seam is raised. It is very similar to a hurling sliotar in that it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching. The permitted circumference is between seven and a half and eight inches (19 and 20 cm) and weight between two and a half and three ounces (71 and 85 g). The ball

10126-447: The early 1970s, artificial turf began to be used. Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of field hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the Indian dribble developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani domination because artificial turf was too expensive in developing countries . Since the 1970s, Australia,

10248-456: The early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA. Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to

10370-428: The free hit is taken. As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker. These free hits are taken in-line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play). When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of

10492-545: The game would proceed. There have been teething problems since the move to summer shinty, with a couple of teams being culpable for the season running over into November and December. Season 2010 saw the league season finished by the first weekend in October, almost on schedule. Shinty does still get played during the winter, in University Shinty which has teams compete for the second most valuable trophy in Scottish sport –

10614-469: The games of hurling ( Ireland ) and knattleikr ( Iceland ), both team ball games involving sticks to drive a ball to the opponents' goal, date at least as far back as the Early Middle Ages . By the 12th century, a team ball game called la soule or choule , akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance version of hockey or rugby football (depending on whether sticks were used in

10736-421: The goals, the penalty and centre spots (along with their associated arcs/circles of 5 yards or 5 metres radius), and corner arcs at the corners of the rectangular pitch of 2 yards or 2 metres radius. The goals, at opposite ends of the field, measure 12 feet (3.66 m) wide and 10 feet (3.05 m) high and a net is affixed to catch the ball when a goal is scored. The ball is a hard solid sphere of around half

10858-454: The late Victorian era as a means of formulating common rules to unite the various different codes and rules which differed between neighbouring glens. Its first meeting was held in Kingussie in 1893. The Camanachd Association maintained its initial structure for much of its first century. The 'Future of Shinty' Report published in 1981 led to a complete restructuring of the way in which shinty

10980-609: The match finished a draw. They also entered the St Andrew's Sixes tournament in 2012. Following this, in December 2012, two more Cornish clubs were created; the first being the Combined Universities of Cornwall and the second being Mabe. These two teams put forward their best players to play for the Cornwall Shinty Club. There was a team in Northallerton in the 1970s, which competed in six-a-sides; and on 1 August 2012

11102-494: The midfield and strikers being responsible for re-adjusting to fill the space they left. Movement between lines like this is particularly common across all positions. This fluid Australian culture of hockey has been responsible for developing an international trend towards players occupying spaces on the field, not having assigned positions. Although they may have particular spaces on the field which they are more comfortable and effective as players, they are responsible for occupying

11224-556: The modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube. The Hockey Association was founded in 1876. It lasted just six years, before being revived by nine founding members. The first international competition took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0), and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900. Field hockey was played at the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920. It

11346-570: The more standard ice hockey variant. A popular variant is indoor field hockey , which differs in a number of respects while embodying the primary principles of hockey. According to the International Hockey Federation (FIH), "the roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity". There are historical records which suggest early forms of hockey were played in Egypt and Persia c.  2000 BC , and in Ethiopia c.  1000 BC . Later evidence suggest that

11468-403: The most goals. A team scores a goal "when the whole of the ball has passed over the goal-line and under the cross-bar". A goal can only be scored with the caman; there is no goal when the ball "has been kicked, carried or propelled by hand or arm by a player of the attacking side." A goal cannot be scored directly from a free-hit. Teams consist of 12 players (men) or 10 players (women), including

11590-404: The name of many games in Scotland. The objective of the game is to play a small ball into a goal, or "hail", erected at the ends of a 140-to-170-yard-long (128 to 155 m) by 70-to-80-yard-wide (64 to 73 m) pitch. The game is traditionally played on grass, although as of 2009 the sport may be played on artificial turf. The pitch also has marks indicating a 10-yard (10 m) area around

11712-403: The newly formed English Shinty League, with wins over Devon and Development to date, they competed again at the 3 Sisters 6s Tournament at Musselborough, The Shinty Shop Challenge Cup (English Nationals) at Bath and a strong showing at St Andrews 6s May 5, 2019, where they beat Kintyre 4–1, St Andrews University 1st 2–0 and St Andrews Alumni 4–0 to progress to the semi-finals, where they met Kintyre

11834-418: The opposing team's goal. There are no set plays unless your team has them. Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit). The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against. The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, the ball must be flicked or scooped to lift from

11956-432: The other team. Penalty for this is the opposing team receives the ball and if the problem continues, the player can be carded. While a player is taking a free hit or starting a corner the back swing of their hit cannot be too high for this is considered dangerous. Finally there may not be three players touching the ball at one time. Two players from opposing teams can battle for the ball, however if another player interferes it

12078-546: The penalty spot or stroke mark, is placed with its centre 6.40 m (7 yd) from the centre of each goal. The shooting circle is 15 m (16 yd) from the base line. Field hockey goals are made of two upright posts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar, with a net positioned to catch the ball when it passes through the goalposts. The goalposts and crossbar must be white and rectangular in shape, and should be 2 in (51 mm) wide and 2–3 in (51–76 mm) deep. Field hockey goals also include sideboards and

12200-405: The pitch at any one time. The remaining players may be substituted in any combination. There is an unlimited number of times a team can sub in and out. Substitutions are permitted at any point in the game, apart from between the award and end of a penalty corner; two exceptions to this rule is for injury or suspension of the defending goalkeeper, which is not allowed when playing with a field keep, or

12322-591: The pool of players available for selection for Cornwall. Cornwall Shinty Club applied for affiliate club membership of the Camanachd Association in January 2013 and again participated in The Shinty-Shop Challenge Cup 2013. Six of the Cornish Ladies squad participated in the inaugural English Ladies team against St Andrews Ladies in the London Festival of Shinty. The Club was asked to be a central part of

12444-618: The popular Lowender Peran Festival in Perranporth in October 2013, to celebrate the revival of the sport in the Southwest and the start of the Bulldog Shinty League, the first shinty League south of Scotland in the 21st century. The start of the Bulldog Shinty League also marked the start of 3 new Cornish sides: Exeter University , Falmouth University and Camborne School of Mines Shinty Clubs. Cornwall faced Caithness Shinty Club in

12566-421: The proclamation in 1720, and the word hockey remains of unknown origin. The modern game developed at public schools in 19th century England. It is now played globally, particularly in parts of Western Europe, South Asia, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States, primarily New England and the mid-Atlantic states. The term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and

12688-750: The resurgence from the 1980s onwards, though Cornwall and then wider England, fielding sides in the St Andrews Sixes, though both teams were predominantly made up of ex-university and armed forces players. The current club was formed in The Thirsty Scholar in Penryn on 15 March 2012, with the Committee made up of a group of archaeologists and archaeological students, chaired by Matt Mossop, a former St Andrews University and Scottish Universities player. Cornwall had their first match against London Camanachd in April 2012 at

12810-457: The second tier Christy Ring Cup . Scotland made it four in a row when they won in 2008. Canadian Gaelic -speaking pioneers in Nova Scotia adapted shinty, which was traditionally a winter sport , to the much colder Canadian climate by wearing ice skates while playing on frozen lakes. This led to the creation of the modern winter sport known as ice hockey . The game of shinny in Canada

12932-422: The sideline is still in), it is returned to play with a sideline hit, taken by a member of the team whose players were not the last to touch the ball before crossing the sideline. The ball must be placed on the sideline, with the hit taken from as near the place the ball went out of play as possible. If it crosses the back line after last touched by an attacker, a 15 m (16 yd) hit is awarded. A 15 m hit

13054-424: The space nearest them. This fluid approach to hockey and player movement has made it easy for teams to transition between formations such as: "3 at the back" , "5 midfields" , "2 at the front" , and more. When the ball is inside the circle, they are defending and they have their stick in their hand, goalkeepers wearing full protective equipment are permitted to use their stick, feet, kickers or leg guards to propel

13176-523: The standardised form of hurling of today. Like shinty, it was commonly known as camánacht and was traditionally played in winter. It is still played regularly on St Stephen's Day in St John's . The origins of the name shinty are uncertain. There is a theory that the name was derived from the cries used in the game; "shin ye", "shin you" and "shin t'ye", other dialect names were shinnins , shinnack and shinnup , or as Hugh Dan MacLennan proposes from

13298-439: The stick. If the back side of the stick is used, it is a penalty and the other team will get the ball back. Tackling is permitted as long as the tackler does not make contact with the attacker or the other person's stick before playing the ball (contact after the tackle may also be penalised if the tackle was made from a position where contact was inevitable). Further, the player with the ball may not deliberately use his body to push

13420-415: The stick. If the ball is "played" with the rounded part of the stick (i.e., deliberately stopped or hit), it will result in a penalty (accidental touches are not an offence if they do not materially affect play). Goalkeepers often have a different design of stick; they also cannot play the ball with the round side of their stick. The modern game was developed at public schools in 19th-century England and it

13542-514: The surrounding areas. Over time, there have been moves to amalgamate leagues and, since the 1980s, a push for national competition at the highest levels. In the modern era of league shinty, Kingussie have been unsurpassed in their domination of the sport; according to the Guinness Book of Records 2005, Kingussie is world sport's most successful sporting team of all time, winning 20 consecutive league championships and going four years without losing

13664-403: The terms still used to refer to it in modern Gaelic, camanachd or iomain . Shinty was once a popular game in lowland Scotland, as shown by its name shintie , a term which took that form around 1700, displacing the earlier shinnie – of which there is a written record about 100 years earlier. Shinnie may also derive from shin in English, with the affix -ie , a common termination to

13786-537: The title on 30 September 2006, having won their games in hand over Newtonmore. Kingussie regained the title in 2007. Since 2010, Newtonmore have been the dominant league force. Cup shinty has always been seen as being more important than league shinty, and the premier national competition remains the Scottish Cup or the Camanachd Association Challenge Cup, the Camanachd Cup for short. Until 1983

13908-461: The usual games, but 2012 saw several games filmed live on BBC Alba. The sport is featured on BBC Radio nan Gaidheal by the programme, Spòrs na Seachdain, although English-language radio interest is usually restricted to the big events in the year. Commentary on the Camanachd Cup Final is provided in both English and Gaelic. Field hockey Field hockey (or simply hockey )

14030-478: The usual length of an "experimental trial" and is still a matter of some controversy within the game. Ric Charlesworth, the former Australian coach, has been a strong critic of the unrestricted use of the reverse edge hit. The 'hard' forehand edge hit was banned after similar concerns were expressed about the ability of players to direct the ball accurately, but the reverse edge hit does appear to be more predictable and controllable than its counterpart. This type of hit

14152-531: Was attended by thousands of people and was a major milestone in developing a set of common rules. This fixture was to be repeated on 12 January 2007 in Inverness as the opening centrepiece of the Highland 2007 celebrations in Scotland, but was postponed due to a waterlogged pitch. The modern sport is governed by the Camanachd Association ( Scottish Gaelic : Comann na Camanachd ). The association came into being in

14274-637: Was dropped in 1924, leading to the foundation of the Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon (FIH) as an international governing body by seven continental European nations; and hockey was reinstated as an Olympic game in 1928. Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970. The two oldest trophies are the Irish Senior Cup , which dates back to 1894, and the Irish Junior Cup , a second XI-only competition instituted in 1895. In India,

14396-411: Was largely introduced in the U.S. by Constance Applebee , starting with a tour of Seven Sisters colleges in 1901 and continuing through Applebee's 24-year tenure as athletic director of Bryn Mawr College . The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of Title IX , which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's games programmes comparably. Hockey has been predominantly played on

14518-721: Was organised and managed. That led to the move away from a dependence on volunteers to govern the sport, to the Association's first salaried employees. There are shinty clubs in Aberdeen , Aberdour ( Fife ), Edinburgh , Glasgow , Perth , Cornwall , Oxford and even London . University Shinty is a popular section of the sport, with almost all Scotland's main universities possessing a team. Historically, Glasgow University , Aberdeen University and Edinburgh University have vied for supremacy, but in recent years, Strathclyde University , Robert Gordon University , Dundee University , and

14640-782: Was played in China during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644, post-dating the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty ). A game similar to field hockey was played in the 17th century in Punjab state in India under name khido khundi ( khido refers to the woolen ball, and khundi to the stick). In South America, most specifically in Chile , the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called chueca , which also shares common elements with hockey. In Northern Europe ,

14762-615: Was then followed by the STV show An Caman . 2009 saw the Camanachd Association sign a deal with BBC Alba to broadcast all national finals as well as the Marine Harvest Festival. The MacAulay Cup and Camanachd Cup final were also shown on BBC Two . There is also an increasing amount of shinty on the internet, with various clips garnering attention on video sites such as YouTube . 2011 was a sparse year for TV coverage outside of

14884-481: Was traditionally played through the winter , based around the tradition of the "Iomain Challainn", where New Year was marked by a game between neighbouring parishes. The summer was left free for seasonal work and friendly tournaments. The Winter season always ran over, however, and many teams would find themselves finishing the previous season only weeks before the next one would start. In 2003, shinty clubs voted for

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