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107-670: The Conservative-Democratic Party was established on November 21, 1908, by the separation of a wing from the Conservative Party led by Take Ionescu , having the goal of creating the third ruling party, meant to interrupt the cycle of "governmental rotation" between conservatives and liberals. The electoral base of the party was made up of representatives of the small bourgeoisie (traders, small and medium-sized real estate and movable property owners, industrialists, wealthy peasants, etc.) and liberal professions (lawyers, teachers and doctors. Another important party's supporters led by Take Ionescu

214-577: A Romanian National Committee to campaign for Greater Romania during the Peace Conference . In 1919, his Conservative-Democrats formed an alliance with the People's League , and Ionescu became Foreign Affairs Minister in the second Alexandru Averescu executive, before briefly holding the office of Premier in 1921–1922. During the period, he successfully campaigned in favor of the Little Entente . He

321-514: A common approach; expressing support for Eastern European alliances while commenting on the unresolved dispute involving Romania and the Kingdom of Serbia , Masaryk confided in Stephen Bonsal that: "Solutions are still beyond our immediate reach, but I am confident that we have cleared ground for the co-operation at the Peace Conference ". Despite his intense activism, he was denied a presence in

428-530: A congress in Bucharest in February of that year and, especially through their section in the capital, were successful in several consecutive elections. Upon the separation, Ionescu stated: "I have the deep conviction that Romania needs a conservative party, democratic in its makeup, progressive in its tendencies, but firmly representing the ideas of social conservation . This party must be strong, in order to form

535-517: A counterbalance to the Left , which, fatally and as indicated by the times, will move more and more to the Left". He stressed his principles in opposing Socialism , indicating that he mistrusted its ability to reconcile with "maintaining freedom". Additionally, Ionescu made mention of reforming the census suffrage enshrined in the 1866 Constitution , and expressed support for a single electoral college to replace

642-489: A different number of members, with committees whose headquarters were in the county seat towns, and with the central club located in Bucharest. The leadership of the party was provided by an Executive Committee. The discipline was less strong than that in the Conservative or Liberal Party, local organizations having a significant autonomy. In the political and social economic history of the country, it can be rightly said that

749-514: A eulogistic account of his mentor. It became the target of attacks from both the PNL and the Conservatives, and was faced with the reticence of King Carol I . Nevertheless, Xeni contended, the new grouping profited from Ionescu's popularity with the lower strata of Romanian society, being identified as "one of their own". In this version of events, mainstream politicians allegedly convinced Carol that

856-478: A family of lower middle class origins, the eldest of four male children, he was the son of Ghiță Ioan, an entrepreneur who was facing insolvency, and his wife Eufrosina (or Frosa). Eufrosina was the descendant of Aromanian immigrants, and related to the Wallachian writer Ion Heliade Rădulescu . During Take's childhood, the family moved to Bucharest and later to Giurgiu , where Ghiță Ioan began to accumulate

963-525: A former socialist, of using his two dailies, Adevărul and Dimineaţa , as venues for Takist propaganda, and claimed that this was accomplished "under the mask of independence" (additionally, he stated: "[Ionescu] thus compensated for the weakness of his party, both in men and ideas, through corrupting the press"). In late 1915, Ionescu and most like-minded activists formed a body known as Acţiunea Naţională ("National Action") or Federaţia unionistă ("Unionist Federation"). It found relative support from

1070-937: A fortune after leasing a segment of the customs in the city. This allowed him to send his sons to study abroad; after entering the Saint Sava High School with a scholarship and graduating with honors, Take Ionescu (as he became known in his student days) entered the University of Paris and took a PhD in Law, attending courses together with, among others, the future politicians Raymond Poincaré , Constantin Dissescu , Constantin Arion , Grigore Andronescu , Alexandru Djuvara , and Alexandru Marghiloman . During his high school years, he began contributing to literary magazines and authoring works of verse and especially short stories influenced by

1177-760: A group of political friends, died with him, and nowadays, some of the ideas were taken over by the DAC Paty. [1] Archived 2016-07-17 at the Wayback Machine On November 21, 1922, merging of the Conservative-Democratic Party with the National Party (Iuliu Maniu) was proclaimed. The only party that took over the ideas of economic autonomy and conservative-political democracy was the Dacians autonomous conservative party. "Putting conservative ideas on

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1284-528: A matter for his own conscience. During the period, he befriended the notorious and independent-minded dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale , who later supported his dissident politics. From 1898, he began issuing the French-language newspaper La Roumanie , through which he publicized his own program, commonly referred to as Takism . At the time, contrary to the more cautious policies of his party, he began voicing full support for incorporating Transylvania ,

1391-607: A means to solve the nationality issue, but eventually came to oppose it; in a conversation with the PNL's Constantin Stere , who continued to support the idea, Ionescu declared: "instead of a foreign minister in Vienna , if Romania should join the Habsburgs, I would rather become a waiter in Chicago !". He contemplated a future Balkan federation , and in a 1903 interview, argued that, although such

1498-606: A meeting place for various Conservative politicians (whom Argetoianu repeatedly described as "Conservative wrecks"). Eventually, in 1919, Ionescu's group formed an alliance with the newly created People's League , headed by General Alexandru Averescu . Averescu, who was celebrated for his wartime command of the Romanian Army , shared several viewpoints with the PCD and, according to Argetoianu's ironic version of events, "a great, albeit undisclosed, spiritual affinity: they both belonged to

1605-665: A member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was attracted to its Radical wing (led by C. A. Rosetti ), wrote extensively for the Liberal newspaper Românul , and became a PNL representative in the Chamber of Deputies following the 1884 election . One year later, while still in office, he left the PNL — this came at a time when opposition forces rallied against the policies of Premier Ion Brătianu , whom Ionescu had originally supported. Initially running as an independent in

1712-644: A new executive comprising several Conservative tendencies and also led by Maiorescu, serving as Minister of Internal Affairs until December 1913. Before Romania intervened in the Second Balkan War and annexed Southern Dobruja , Ionescu attempted to persuade Bulgarian politician Stoyan Danev to accept ceding the region as compensation for incorporating Aromanian -inhabited territories. Later, he reviewed tentative proposals for Romania to occupy Bulgaria itself, and rejected them outright. Ionescu continued to advise caution in respect to his country's policies in

1819-459: A political principle out of venality", and of being "a man of vulgar ambitions and unmeasurable vanity, a politician of no faith, no convictions, who considers political programs to be each a cause to plead". Contending that Take Ionescu aimed to be "on all occasions, on the winning side, courting people in power", Rakovsky believed that his support for the Entente was conjectural: "Until yesterday, [he]

1926-436: A productive social class (arguing that, unlike peasants, "[they] do not consume their own income"), and approved of repressive measures to the point where he initiated the decision taken by his cabinet to resign, to be replaced by that of the PNL's Dimitrie Sturdza . This was also prompted by his fears that Carp and Cantacuzino were going to use his ministry's problems as a means to undermine his political support. During

2033-526: A project and was denied an audience — consequently refusing to be presented with an Ottoman decoration, he was ultimately received and his report was reviewed by the Porte . He sided with the Conservative Nicolae Filipescu , who shared his views on the issue of Transylvania, and provoked a conflict within his grouping at a time when the PNL was strengthening itself by incorporating a large part of

2140-763: A prolonged discussion with Luigi Luzzatti , former prime minister of Italy , who asked Romania to review its policies and allow Jewish Emancipation ( see History of the Jews in Romania ). He ultimately promised Luzzatti that all Jewish veterans of the Second Balkan War were going to be awarded Romanian citizenship, but the policy was overturned by the PNL's Ion I. C. Brătianu executive, coming to power in January 1914. In late summer 1914, while traveling back from London and receiving news of World War I having erupted, Ionescu made

2247-512: A region largely inhabited by Romanians and ruled by Austria-Hungary , into the Kingdom of Romania ; he even made a symbolic conquest by financing the building of a road in the vicinity of Buşteni , on the Transleithanian side of the border. Initially, he welcomed the idea of Romania itself entering the Habsburg monarchy in a federalist project ( see United States of Greater Austria ), as

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2354-1017: A rumor that the outbreak of typhoid fever in Sinaia had gotten out of control. Other politicians attending the Council included several government ministers (Brătianu, Duca, Constantinescu-Porcu, Vasile Morţun , Emil Costinescu , Alexandru G. Radovici , Emanoil Porumbaru , Victor Antonescu , Constantin Anghelescu ), Parliamentary leaders ( Mihail Pherekyde , Constantin Robescu ), former premiers ( Titu Maiorescu , Theodor Rosetti , and Petre P. Carp ), other party leaders ( Nicolae Filipescu and Alexandru Marghiloman ) and former Chamber presidents ( Constantin Olănescu and Constantin Cantacuzino Paşcanu ). Conservatives present voiced their disapproval, with Maiorescu as

2461-656: A second such attempt — this was to be effected in October, and, although more successful than the March episode, it too ended in Charles' expulsion ( see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy ). He began looking for an agreement with Bolshevist Russia over the issue of Bessarabia and the Romanian Treasure , but bilateral relations remained tense. Inside the cabinet, Ionescu successfully promoted Nicolae Titulescu (for

2568-577: A series of highly accurate predictions — he theorized that Italy, the United States , Japan and Romania itself were to be dragged into the conflict, that the Central Powers were to be initially victorious, and that, after a series of setbacks, "we shall get to see Greater Romania with our own eyes". Reportedly, he also foretold a worldwide rise in support for left-wing causes. Ionescu initially supported Romania's neutrality. Nevertheless, unlike

2675-467: A short speech in which he refused to back Ferdinand's decision and wished "for Your Majesty's armies to be defeated", although commenting that he would "give Your Majesty my four sons, because Romanians are brave in the military". In a private conversation with Premier Brătianu, Take Ionescu contended that "[Carp] is Shakespearean in his error. He does not surprise me, given that I never took him seriously to begin with. You have taken him seriously, and this

2782-513: A short story author. Starting his political career as a radical member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he joined the Conservative Party in 1891, and became noted as a social conservative expressing support for several progressive and nationalist tenets. Ionescu is generally viewed as embodying the rise of middle-class politics inside the early 20th century Kingdom of Romania (occasionally described as Takism ), and, throughout

2889-609: A single political group of democratic persuasion, stressing Conservative accomplishments (such as selling state land to peasants and confiscating mainmorte estates), while aiming to persuade the PNL to back electoral reform. During his stay in Paris, while the main Conservative Party disintegrated, the PCD had itself suffered a major crisis; according to Ionescu's rival and one-time political partner Constantin Argetoianu , Ionescu's temporary residence on Calea Victoriei subsequently became

2996-558: A solution was "impossible for the moment", it "could perhaps be accomplished some day". Additionally, Ionescu supported the Vlach cause in the Ottoman -ruled regions of the Balkans, and supported the recognition of a " Kutzovlach ethnicity ". In this last instance, he caused a diplomatic incident when, during a 1905 official trip to Istanbul , he attempted to present Sultan Abdul Hamid II with such

3103-625: A view that the new policy was " demagogy ", intended to bring the PCD into government ("Let all perish, as long as Mr. Take Ionescu succeeds!"), and contrasted Ionescu's claim to represent popular interest with his refusal to accept land reform and universal suffrage . Similar views were expressed by the notorious socialist and Zimmerwald pacifist Christian Rakovsky , leader of the Social Democratic Party . Writing to his main collaborator Leon Trotsky in May 1915, he accused Ionescu of "making

3210-588: A wider network of agitators. In addition, he virulently opposed PNL legislation that imposed a minimum wage for work on estates, a maximum income for leaseholders, and set aside grazing land for communal ownership. He argued that such demands went against regulations on the free market and property. When a compromise was eventually reached regarding land prices and the land which was available for leasing to anyone other than communes, he defended it in front of opposition from within his own party, while pointing out ways in which professional leaseholders could avoid

3317-489: Is that of an unconditional ally of the democracies. We must not drive a bargain. We should and can rely on the appreciation of our allies when the victory is won". According to the PNL's Ion G. Duca , Brătianu, who was the main target of Acţiunea Naţională' s criticism, "wrapped himself in an atmosphere of silence and played the sphinx ". With Thoma Ionescu, Rector of the University of Bucharest , campaigning among academics, and with Take Ionescu maintaining contacts with

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3424-399: Is your own fault". The country subsequently suffered a series of defeats and all its southern areas were occupied by the Central Powers ( see Romanian Campaign ). Ionescu followed Romanian authorities into refuge to the provisional capital of Iaşi , being hosted by C. Konya, a well-known pharmacist whose house was near the local university . Ionescu's house on Bucharest's Atena Street

3531-523: The 1922 elections . While visiting Italy in summer 1922, Take Ionescu contracted typhoid fever , and died at a sanitarium on Rome 's Via Toscana (according to sources, he had contracted the disease while in Naples , having eaten an infected oyster, and fell ill while crossing into Sicily ). The final diagnosis was "typhic ulcerous aortitis and internal abdominal angina ". The unusual circumstances of his illness provoked scientific interest, and, during

3638-537: The Balkans , and argued that Romania should not offend any of the three other kingdoms in the region (Bulgaria, Greece , and Serbia ). Xeni argued that, In Ionescu's view, the Balkan Wars announced a conflict on a much larger scale. His attitude on Balkan issues brought him the friendship of Greek Premier Eleftherios Venizelos . In November 1913, Ionescu left for Athens with King Carol's approval, mediating between

3745-487: The Finance portfolio) and Dimitrie Greceanu (for Public Works ), but had to accept the former's resignation in late 1920, after Titulescu cited irreconcilable differences in political ideology (declaring himself to be much more left-wing than his party's chief) and reproached Ionescu the fact that he had intervened in financial affairs. The Averescu executive, maneuvered by Brătianu and meeting with stiff opposition from

3852-477: The German Empire , Austria-Hungary's main ally, was gripped by the influence of Prussian " corporalism ". Xeni recounted that Ionescu had displayed a degree of sympathy with King Carol's position, contending that the monarch was not entirely opposed to joining the Entente in its war effort. According to one of the PCD's main opponents, the writer and journalist Tudor Arghezi , Ionescu changed his priorities on

3959-546: The Romanian National , Peasants' and Democratic Nationalist parties, was ultimately brought down by Take Ionescu himself, through his resignation from office on 11 December 1921. This came as the project for land reform provoked a standoff in Parliament, after the PNL persuaded King Ferdinand that Averescu had to resign, and Ionescu agreed to induce an artificial crisis for the general to hand over his mandate. Ionescu

4066-476: The Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party . Around 1907, seeking party leadership, he came to oppose the other main Conservative leaders Cantacuzino and Petre P. Carp — the latter represented the party's Junimea faction, which had just re-entered the main Conservative Party after an independent existence under the name of Constitutional Party ; Ionescu also repeatedly clashed with

4173-665: The Triple Entente , he rallied politicians and intellectuals in support for the idea of Romania entering World War I . When this was accomplished through the 1916–1918 campaign , Ionescu joined the Ion I. C. Brătianu government in Iași as Minister without portfolio . After his country was defeated by the Central Powers and signed the Treaty of Bucharest , he left for Paris and London , organizing

4280-703: The election of 1888 , being elected in Craiova , he switched to conservative politics (generally associated with the landowner circles), and joined the Conservative Party in 1891. A leading figure of the Conservatives for the following years, he held several ministerial positions after 1891: he was Minister of Religious Affairs and Education in the Lascăr Catargiu cabinet (1891–1895) and again under Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (April 1899 – January 1900), as well as Minister of Finance (January–July 1900; 1904–1907) in both Cantacuzino cabinets. In 1899, Ionescu took

4387-452: The existing bipartite system until then. At the elections held in February 1911, although he was in the coalition with the liberals, P.C.D. obtained only 20 mandates. Always in alliance with the Liberals, brought more difficulties to the Conservative Party, forcing it on 14 October 1912 to share the power with P.C.D. On this occasion, Take Ionescu, C. Dissescu, Al. Bădărău and N. Xenopol formed

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4494-606: The Averescu cabinet. Argetoianu indicated that the PCD had not been part of the original cabinet makeup due to Averescu's maneuvers: reportedly, the general presented his group as the main candidate in the elections, and allowed the Conservative-Democrats to have a share in government only after he was validated by the popular vote. Expanding on this issue, Argetoianu stated: "Take Ionescu hoped to achieve popularity through his activity in Paris and thus impose himself either at

4601-548: The Central Powers in 1918 — soon after, Ionescu received approval to leave for Paris and London. While passing through Ploieşti , his native city, he was reportedly booed by a crowd of opponents. After the Armistice with Germany , which signaled a change in fortunes, he began actively campaigning for the international recognition of Romania's union with Transylvania as advanced by the Romanian National Party , creating

4708-527: The Central powers. On 7 August 1916, the matter was communicated to political leaders in a Crown Council held at Cotroceni Palace in Bucharest; Ionescu, who was visiting Sinaia together with the American military attaché Halsey E. Yates , rushed back to the capital after being invited by Constantinescu-Porcu. Being advised to maintain secrecy over the proceedings, he hid the reasons for his return by starting

4815-420: The Conservative Party. It was more a mere dissension of the Conservative Party. His whole activity was carried out and was practically led by Take Ionescu, who wanted to create a third ruling party. The initial electoral successes of P.C.D. were spectacular, winning between 1908 and 1910 almost all partial parliamentary elections. King Carol I, however, brought to power Conservative Party, and had no wish to change

4922-535: The Ionescu's supporters. although apparently it was a new party, in fact, the Conservative Democratic Party under the leadership of Mr. Take Ionescu became nothing more than the old Conservative Party, made up of the great and immortal Lascar Catargiu, ... in its modern evolutionary form, enlarged and fortified by the new generation of youth . The P.C.D. was established because of disagreements inside of

5029-457: The N. Filipescu by subordinating the issue of internal reforms to solving the issue of Romanian political unity, anticipating universal vote, expropriation in state-guaranteed titles, and so on. Externally, he firmly supported Romania's entry into war with the Entente. In June 1917, P.C.D. voted in the Parliament to revise the constitution by granting the universal vote of a large expropriation following Take Ionescu's deal with Ion I.C. Bratianu. In

5136-598: The National Romanian Council, grouping politicians from several regions, many of whom had opposed the separate peace (these included the Transylvanians Octavian Goga and Vasile Lucaciu ), and supporting an anti-Hungarian alliance of Balkan states that played a part in creating the Little Entente . In December, Ionescu met with Venizelos and the Czechoslovak leader Tomáš Masaryk to discuss

5243-642: The Ottoman envoy Mehmed Talat Pasha , a member of the Young Turks , and the Greek executive. He was received in triumph, and managed to seal a deal between the two states, receiving in return public thanks from both governments, as well as the honorary citizenship of Athens . Since the treaty was disadvantageous to defeated Bulgaria, Ionescu was allegedly the target of an assassination attempt (reportedly foiled by an ethnic Aromanian). By early 1914, Ionescu became involved in

5350-465: The PCD had an agenda to depose the ruling House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , and had depicted Ionescu as "a ' Belzebuth ' who was supposed to be removed from public life". The PNL notably accused the Conservative-Democrats of having been instigated and financed by Mochi Fischer , one of the main leaseholders, whose land in Flămânzi had been the original center of agitation during the 1907 events. Among

5457-544: The PNL minister Alexandru Constantinescu-Porcu , the Entente supporters were becoming increasingly influential by 1915. In late 1914, they successfully replaced the leadership of the Cultural League with a panel of Acţiunea Naţională members. Eventually, after the Bucharest agreement was sealed, recognizing Romanian demands in front of the Entente, Brătianu approved of entering the conflict and agreed to declare war on

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5564-663: The Romanian delegation to the Conference, owing to his renewed conflict with Prime Minister Brătianu. This followed a major disagreement in policy, after the National Liberals decided not to accept all Allied resolution on principle, and instead to renegotiate Romania's position on the international stage. In December 1919, answering to concerns that he was leading a risky path, Brătianu spoke out in Parliament against what he saw as demeaning "the role [the Romanian people] should have in

5671-530: The Senate. However, it was reduced to just three Chamber seats in the 1922 elections , which also saw it lose representation in the Senate. Ionescu's death in June 1922 led to the collapse of the party, and it subsequently merged into the Romanian National Party on 21 November. The electorate consisted mainly of lawyers, professors, officials, traders, doctors, small and medium-sized real estate and movable property owners, wealthy peasants. The party's internal structure consisted of regional club organizations with

5778-453: The congress held in 1908, was revised several times: in 1910, and then, in 1913 when the Liberals' proposal to revise the constitution was accepted, including the expropriation and extension of the right to vote, and in 1919 when it was adapted to the new post-war political realities. The party was indissolubly linked to its leader Take Ionescu, who led it throughout his life. First, the party progressed very fast, when it succeeded to win

5885-475: The country in order to plead in various cases. His oratorical talent won him the moniker Tăkiţă gură de aur , "Tăkiţă the golden mouthed", based on a pet form of his colloquial name and the title commonly associated with eloquence ( see John Chrysostom ). He became President of the Bar association in Ilfov County (at a time when it included Bucharest), in which capacity he welcomed the first-ever Romanian woman lawyer, Sarmiza Bilcescu (1891). Originally

5992-401: The crisis due to the new state of mind of the population demanding radical reforms and because Take Ionescu remained in Paris, by October 1919, and the other leaders did not take up the re-shape the program and organization of the party, at a time when the universal vote regime required the mobilization of the electoral body. Being in the alliance with the People's League, did not participate in

6099-452: The democratic ground of the country" – after Take Ionescu's expression – was understood, in the practice of political life, in the adoption of oscillatory solutions between the liberal and the conservative. The entire program was subordinated to the political context, suffering many changes and nuances. The first time the program was formulated at the Congress of P.C.D. on 3 February 1908, and then, on 24 November 1910. On 14 November 1913, when

6206-411: The early 1920s, it was discussed in medical circles as the "Take Ionescu disease". Returning from the League of Nations in Geneva , Brătianu paid a visit to the moribund Ionescu, and reportedly acknowledged the merits of his Balkan projects ("You were right, Mr. Ionescu. Having witnessed the chaos in Geneva, I had [instead] the opportunity of seeing of just how much help the creation and solidarity of

6313-404: The economy and balancing its balance of payments. Take Ionescu Take or Tache Ionescu ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtake joˈnesku] ; born Dumitru Ghiță Ioan and also known as Demetriu G. Ionnescu ; 25 October [ O.S. 13 October] 1858 – 21 June 1922) was a Romanian centrist politician, journalist, lawyer and diplomat, who also enjoyed reputation as

6420-402: The end of the same year, Ionescu had mysteriously changed in mind: he voted in favor of complicating naturalization procedures for Jews and, as Education Minister, stripped Şăineanu of his honorary teaching position within the University of Bucharest . A supposed atheist , he was criticized by the opposition for favoring an increased role for the Romanian Orthodox Church, and replied that it was

6527-565: The events, he questioned traditional Conservative stances, stressing that there existed a large gap between the ruling class and the mass of the people. Identifying him as the person behind his return to power, Sturdza publicly thanked Ionescu during his investiture ceremony, to the enthusiasm of the Chamber. With 33 other politicians from both political camps (among them Carp, Constantin Stere , Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu , Ion G. Duca , Alexandru Djuvara , Constantin Alimănişteanu , Ion and Alexandru G. Radovici , Dinu and Vintilă Brătianu ), he

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6634-632: The first large Romanian budget and introduced a new tax system, based on progressivity and global income. After the fall of the Averescu government, the power gap that was created on December 17, 1921, Take Ionescu took over the government, called an ephemeral government, which by the votes of the members of the Assembly was resigned a month later. This government was represented by the most important conservative-democratic leaders of that time: I. Cămărăşescu, Gh. Derussi, Stelian Popescu, Gh. Mironescu, M. Vlădescu, M. Oromolu, C. Xeni and others. On June 21, 1922, Take Ionescu died, and his party, which became mainly

6741-445: The first post-war program (October 22, 1919), the Democratic conservatives provided "a sincere alliance without reluctance" with France and the United Kingdom, an ever-closer union with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Greece. In domestic politics, he supported the unification of state life, equal treatment for national minorities, equality of religious confessions, essential rights for workers, appealing to foreign capital to restore

6848-409: The government headed by Titu Maiorescu (the Peace Government of Bucharest). Within it, the Democratic conservatives became known by the endeavor to bring back a political atmosphere of mutual trust in the Balkans. In years of neutrality, P.C.D. was next to the conservative group of N. Filipescu, who was driving force for the country entering into the war alongside the Entente. During this collaboration,

6955-423: The government, within the coalition governments, together with the conservatives, and in 1916–1918 with the liberals, and in 1919–1920, with the League of Nations . The only time when the Conservative Democratic Party been a lone in the government was December 17, 1921 – January 19, 1922, when the presidency of the Council of Ministers was ensured by Take Ionescu. The death of Take Ionescu on June 21, 1922, led to

7062-491: The great riot of the peasants in 1907 played a special role, which places it beside the crucial moments in the history of the Romanian people. Since these days of the riot, in fact, the break-up from the Conservative Party of the fraction that then followed Take Ionescu and become the Conservative Democratic Party. Take Ionescu a charismatic and influential leader of the Conservative Party's bourgeois environment. In early 1908, P.P. Carp carried out some actions to deprive him of

7169-755: The highest and most legitimate of ambitions". At the time, he deplored Eleftherios Venizelos ' deposition from the office of prime minister (October 1915). Following Carol's death and Ferdinand I 's ascension to the throne, his pro-Entente activism intensified. He was at the forefront of a major grouping of various public figures who, despite differences in politics, supported an alliance with France and Britain , including Nicolae Filipescu , Constantin Istrati , Octavian Goga , Vasile Lucaciu , Barbu Ştefănescu-Delavrancea , Nicolae Iorga , Simion Mândrescu , Ioan Cantacuzino , Nicolae Xenopol , N. D. Cocea , Constantin Mille , as well as Take Ionescu's brother Thoma. Their adversary Christian Rakovsky accused Mille,

7276-488: The hope of returning to power". On the other side of the political spectrum, Ionescu remained at odds with the Conservative leader Petre P. Carp ; in 1915, referring to his policies, Carp remarked: "Talent does not justify all avatars, just as beauty does not justify all forms of prostitution". Seeking a settlement with Hungary over the territorial issue, Ionescu traveled to Budapest on one occasion, meeting with Miklós Bánffy : vehemently stating his goal of incorporating

7383-439: The letter of the law. Additionally, one of Ionescu's proposals, regarding the establishment of an agricultural bank ( Casa Rurală ) won support from both parties. He broke away from the Conservative Party and founded the Conservative-Democratic Party ( Partidul Conservator-Democrat , PCD) in early 1908. This followed a move by mainstream Conservatives to marginalize the pro-Ionescu faction. The Takists organized themselves at

7490-446: The liberals proposed the revision of the Constitution, P.C.D. has accepted the widening of the electoral body but within two colleges, has called for the strengthening of the Senate and proportional representation. The party representatives agreed with the expropriation, understood it as a "purchase", based on "the previous and fair" benefits. In September 1914, the P.C.D. gave up all his reserves and Take Ionescu concluded an alliance with

7597-421: The main Conservative group, his PCD soon began intense advocacy of joining the war effort against the Central Powers , calling for Romania to incorporate the Austro-Hungarian -ruled regions of Transylvania , Banat , and Bukovina (Ionescu argued that Romania could not exist unless "we are straddling the Carpathians "). Defining the Austrian monarchy as "a sad nothingness", Ionescu expressed his opinion that

7704-676: The matter of marriage, he decided it was best if he were to marry her in Britain . They sealed their union in a common law marriage in Brighton , and later through an Eastern Orthodox religious ceremony in London (November 1881). The couple were to settle in Bucharest, but made frequent visits to Bessie's native country for the rest of her life. Upon his return, he opened a highly successful law practice on Bucharest's Costa-Foru Street (later known as Atena Street), and frequently traveled to various areas of

7811-402: The most vocal opponent: Maiorescu and Brătianu notably engaged in a separate debate about whether Transylvanians had called on Romania to intervene — the former argued that no such call had been voiced, while Brătianu contended that he had support from over the border (Ionescu seconded this claim). As most of the political leaders present at te meeting approved of the change in policy, Carp gave

7918-519: The new monarch, but his policies were rejected by the PNL cabinet of Ion I. C. Brătianu — although the latter force supported the Entente, it decided not to enter the war until the Entente powers were to recognize Romanian rule in Transylvania, Bukovina, and the Banat, as well as provide the country with military assistance. In contrast, Ionescu's attitude, as paraphrased by Stephen Bonsal , was: "Our role

8025-595: The other Constitutional leader, the influential literary critic Titu Maiorescu . Constantin Xeni, his future collaborator, argued that "the boyar wing of [the Conservative Party] had made life impossible for this son of an obscure bourgeois from Ploieşti". Despite such differences in opinion, Ionescu initially stood by the Conservative establishment during the Peasants' Revolt of 1907 . He held up estate leaseholders as

8132-470: The parliamentary elections of November 1919, and in 1920 obtained only 17 seats. In June 1920, Take Ionescu, D. Grecianu and N. Titulescu entered the Averescu government, more as political figures than the representatives of their own party. First of all, the Romanian post war external policy personnel was appointed, being, among others, the main creator of the Little Entente. In his turn, N. Titulescu made

8239-746: The party disappearance, which at that time was rather a group of friends than a true political formation. On November 21, 1922, the party officially ceased its activity when its merging by absorption, with the National Party led by Iuliu Maniu was announced. The most important leaders of the party were Take Ionescu , Nicolae Titulescu , Alexandru Bădărău , Constantin Dissescu, Toma Cămărăşescu, Gheorghe Derussi , Stelian Popescu , Gheorghe Mironescu , Mihail Vladescu , Mihail Oromolu , Nicolae Xenopol or Constantin Xeni. The Conservative-Democratic Party has also attracted leading intellectuals such as Professor Thoma Ionescu or writer Ion Luca Caragiale . Over

8346-497: The period, promoted a project of Balkan alliances while calling for measures to incorporate the Romanian-inhabited Austro-Hungarian regions of Transylvania , Banat and Bukovina . Representing his own faction inside the Conservative Party, he clashed with the group's leadership in 1907–1908, and consequently created and led his own Conservative-Democratic Party . An Anglophile promoting an alliance with

8453-501: The points of contention between the PCD and the PNL were the 1908 expulsion of the socialist activist and România Muncitoare leader Christian Rakovsky (based on an order which the PCD considered illegal) and the unsuccessful 1909 reform advanced by Minister of Education Spiru Haret (which, among other things, prevented academics who taught Law from practicing, and created new university chairs, raising suspicions that these had been purposely designed to accommodate PNL members). At

8560-620: The political formation of Nicolae Iorga. On December 11, 1916, Take Ionescu's party entered the war government through four representatives, and Nicolae Titulescu joined in July 1917. In June 1918, Take Ionescu arrived in Paris, where he headed the National Council of Romanian Unity. After the Unification, the party (first called as Conservative Democratic, then Democrat, after that became Nationalist Conservative or Unionist Conservative) experienced

8667-419: The power. Thus, on January 9, 1908, he called the conservative leaders to elect a new conservative committee, knowing that Take Ionescu was not in the country. Despite the Ionescu's sent by the telegraph requests to postpone the meeting for a later date, P.P. Carp, organized the meeting at the date set, and changed composition of conservative leadership so that, of the 20 members of the committee, only two were

8774-422: The property of former German ambassador, Hilmar von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen , after he had left Bucharest earlier in the same year). He was brought to office as a Vice- Premier and Minister Secretary of State ( Minister without portfolio ), in a War Cabinet headed by the PNL's leader Brătianu, serving between July 1917 and January 1918. According to Xeni, Ionescu's advocacy of an Entente alliance had made him

8881-478: The regions into the Kingdom of Romania , he was answered that Austria-Hungary intended to extend its influence to the Black Sea (Ionescu recounted: "we agreed that we could never agree"). Ionescu kept close contacts with Entente politicians, and notably with the prominent French Radical-Socialist Georges Clemenceau , who described him as "a great European, albeit Romanian down to his marrow, having for his country

8988-481: The reptilian class". The alliance went through two stages: early in the year, the PCD signed an electoral pact with Averescu's grouping — the People League's Argetoianu, who led the talks, later indicated that he had sabotaged all possibility of an actual merger, believing it to be detrimental to his grouping; in autumn, the newly returned Ionescu met with the general to discuss a project for increased cooperation. At

9095-434: The second Carp government, and opposed by King Carol (as it threatened to draw support for constitutional changes). Repeatedly calling on Carp to include PCD ministers in his executive, Ionescu sided with Brătianu in May 1911, during the scandal erupting over Bucharest's tram system (when the Conservatives uncovered that the former Mayor of Bucharest , Vintilă Brătianu , had contracted some of his fellow Liberals to complete

9202-514: The side of Jewish scientist Lazăr Şăineanu , endorsing his naturalization in front of opposition from the antisemitic faction among the National Liberals, and helped bring the matter for renewed discussion in the Senate . He also helped the scholar earn credentials by overseeing his conversion from Judaism to the Romanian Orthodox Church , and serving as his godfather . However, by

9309-498: The style of Gérard de Nerval and including the time travel story Spiritele anului 3000 ("The Spirits of the Year 3000"). While in Paris , Ionescu fell in love with an Englishwoman named Bessie Richards, whom he met a charity event, and to whom he dedicated his PhD thesis ( La recherche de la paternité naturelle , "Research into Natural Parenthood"). After consulting international law on

9416-412: The target of intense criticism, at a time when the territory still controlled by Romanian authorities was suffering major hardships, and replied that "war had to be made". At the same time, he and the premier agreed on the principles of electoral and land reform to be carried out in a future Romania, as the Conservatives appeared destined to lose appeal. Romania ultimately signed a peace treaty with

9523-540: The three wealth-based ones in existence at the time. The PCD was soon joined by Ion Luca Caragiale , who characterized Take Ionescu as "An indefatigable and wise patriot ", by the future diplomat Nicolae Titulescu , by the doctor Constantin Istrati , the writer Barbu Ştefănescu-Delavrancea , the journalist Nicolae Xenopol , the former mayor of Iaşi Gheorghe Lascăr , the landowners Constantin Cantacuzino Paşcanu and Alexandru Bădărău , as well as by Xeni, who left

9630-508: The time, Argetoianu indicated, Ionescu viewed himself as a favorite of the Allied governments, and, while maintaining close relations with Averescu, refused to discuss a fusion. Reportedly, Averescu unsuccessfully offered Ionescu the League's presidency in exchange for being recognized as the main candidate for the premiership. The PCD leader changed his attitude as it became apparent that Averescu, who

9737-468: The time, he became known as an Anglophile , and according to Xeni, adopted British manners in his private life, while being one of the few speakers of fluent English in his country. As a model for his own party, Take Ionescu cited the precedent set by Lord Randolph Churchill and his Tory Democracy in Britain. In late 1911, the PCD began talks for an alliance with the National Liberals, directed at

9844-428: The top , in spheres of the [Royal] Palace, or at the bottom , in the popular masses. Unfortunately for him, he found no vacant spot either up or down. At the top, Brătianu remained adamantly, as always, the person of trust, and at the bottom Averescu's popularity, with its fetishistic character, allowed no one to present even the most limited of challenges. Take Ionescu, for all his merits and for all his intelligence,

9951-462: The two conservative branches approached more and on May 22, 1916, a period that would lead to the highlight of more people, merged. After the death of N. Filipescu, Take Ionescu took over by himself the ruling of the merged party (called the Conservative Party until 1918, coexisting with the other party, of Al Marghiloman, who also called the Conservative). National-Conservatism was later represented by

10058-425: The vast majority of the partial elections held between 1908 and 1910, ahead of the detached Conservative Party from which it split. However, King Carol I refused to recognize this new political reality and abandon the system of liberal-conservative alternative at the government, and thus, never entrusted the task of forming the government to the Conservative-Democratic Party. In 1912–1914, the party has participated in

10165-669: The very day King Carol convoked a Crown Council which confirmed neutrality policies (3 August 1914). In this version of events, the Conservative Democrat commented upon the necessity of supporting the Entente Powers just as he was leaving Peleş Castle ; Arghezi commented with irony that: "before reaching the street, Mr. Take Ionescu had reviewed his ideas several times. [...] It would seem that Mr. Take Ionescu's ideas are stillborn , just like premature babies, born before their time and dead before having an age". He also expressed

10272-450: The work in question). The matter escalated when Carp faced Parliament with a proposal for legislative changes, and publicly questioned Ion I. C. Brătianu's morality. The conflict prolonged itself over the following months, and ended with the fall of the Carp government and its replacement with a transitional one, headed by Maiorescu. Eventually, in October 1912, Ionescu aided in the creation of

10379-401: The world". Following Bessie Ionescu's death in a horse-riding accident, Ionescu married Alexandrina Ecaterina Woroniecki in 1919 (she was also known as Adina Olmazu ). Also in that year, he published a volume of French-language essays and memoirs; going through an English edition, it was first published in Romania in 1923. He returned to his country in autumn 1919, with a design to form

10486-449: The years, the party had following publications: "Order" (January 27, 1908 – January 30, 1913), "The Action" (31 January 1913 – 14 November 1916), "The Event" November 1916 – December 1, 1918) and "Romania mea" (December 2, 1918 – June 22, 1922). The party was established on 3 February 1908 by Take Ionescu . In the 1920 elections it won 17 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and four seats in

10593-523: Was a member of a short-lived Parliamentary Committee charged with finding a solution to the agrarian issue; created in June, it was dissolved by the cabinet later in the same month. Soon after this, Sturdza and Ionescu engaged in a publicized argument, with Sturdza accusing him of having provoked the revolt through excessive taxation; reacting to this allegation, Ionescu rested the blame with antisemites inciting public sentiment against Jewish leaseholders, and with

10700-698: Was actively promoting the Romanian and Little Entente causes, seeking to sway public opinion in Allied countries. Through Constantinide, Ionescu was informed that Charles , former Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , had decided in favor of secretly returning to Budapest and taking back one of his thrones; the information, according to Constantinide, was passed to him by an Austrian officer in Hungary 's service, who had decided to betray his superiors. The information proved accurate, but Ionescu reportedly dismissed similar news, received some time after, of Charles' planning

10807-497: Was appointed prime minister by Ferdinand, was set to win the elections, and, according to Constantin Argetoianu, had to allow Averescu the upper hand in the deal. The PCD came to power following the landslide victory in the 1920 election (when the PCD won 17 seats in addition to the People Party's 206). Take Ionescu was again brought to a cabinet position between 1920 and 1921, replacing Duiliu Zamfirescu as Foreign Minister in

10914-623: Was doomed to continue his career as a trailer and hung on to Averescu, as his collaborator". The appointment came at a time when his Little Entente project had already been fulfilled, and extended, from the Romanian perspective, through the alliance with the Second Polish Republic ( see Polish–Romanian alliance ). According to journalist Noti Constantinide , who visited him during his stay in Aix-les-Bains (March 1921), Ionescu, whom he called "the most intelligent person I ever met",

11021-527: Was ransacked and partly vandalized by German troops — Constantin Argetoianu recounted that this was accomplished "methodically", and constituted "an exception" to the German administration's "scrupulous respect for private property". According to Take Ionescu himself, his lodging had been destroyed on special orders from August von Mackensen in December 1916 (he also contrasted this action with his promise to protect

11128-507: Was the brother of renowned surgeon and political activist Thoma Ionescu , who was his collaborator on several political projects. Take Ionescu is also remembered for promoting Nicolae Titulescu , who went on to have a successful career as a diplomat and politician, and for his friendships with the dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale and the Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos . Born in Ploiești into

11235-498: Was the man who continuously tied friendships with the Germans [...]. Anticipating victory for the Allies , [he] has now become their man, and, finding it difficult to return to his old sympathies, he threatens that, in case Russia were to fail, he would expatriate himself to America , the Romanian people having lost, in the eyes of such a " patriot ", all interest once he would no longer have

11342-508: Was the state officials and the "urban intellectual proletariat" – high school graduates who could not be absorbed by an insufficiently developed labor market. The core of the new party's political program was, as its only president, Take Ionescu, said, "putting conservative ideas on the democratic ground of the country." In practice, this political vision materialized in the adoption of contextual solutions, oscillating between conservative and liberal ideas. The party's political program, adopted at

11449-448: Was ultimately prime minister for one month, from 17 December 1921, until 19 January 1922. In this capacity, he oversaw the marriage agreement between King Alexander I of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Princess Maria . He resigned after a motion of no confidence , which Ferdinand hoped to see bringing Averescu back to power, but was instead faced with a new PNL majority, formed after

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