Misplaced Pages

#44955

116-679: Situated on the shore of the largest natural lake of glacial origin in France, the Lac du Bourget , this resort is a major spa town ; it has the largest freshwater marina in France. It is the second largest city in the Savoie department in terms of population, with a population of 31,100 as of 2020. It is part of the Chambéry functional urban area . A leading town of the Belle Époque , of international renown, Aix-les-Bains

232-583: A communal centre for social action  [ fr ] , a centre of social security, and a railway station . The Communauté d'agglomération du Lac du Bourget  [ fr ] is also based in Aix-les-Bains. The town hall of Aix-les-Bains has implemented three secondary offices for the town. There is the Sierroz  [ fr ] office, the Marlioz office and finally the la Liberté office. These are

348-514: A rail network in its territory when it was administered by the Dukes of Savoie . Today, the city is connected to Chambéry and Annecy and Culoz . The Turin–Lyon high-speed railway will, in the coming years, bring together the cities of Paris , Lyon , Turin and Milan . Aix-les-Bains station has been a multimodal transport hub since 2007. Located to the west of the town centre on Boulevard de President Wilson , Aix-les-Bains-Le Revard railway station

464-555: A spa town . Aix was organized around this activity, which was initiated by the Romans . The lower part of the town, located on the shores of the lake, was abandoned because of the risk of flooding. The land was cultivated and there were fish farms . The economic activity is mainly on the upper part, and the urban morphology has adapted. It had to take into account living space for services ( racecourse , casino , thermal baths , deluxe hotels , station, hospital and golf , for instance) and

580-478: A French soldier recuperating at Aix waters. It is this name which then appears in all official documents, including the deliberations of the municipal council . In the early 19th century, some literary texts made use of the appellation: Aix en Savoie . However, this name has never been used in administrative documents. Since 1954, the railway station of Aix-les-Bains, at the request of the council, has been called Aix-les-Bains-le Revard. The history of Aix-les-Bains

696-406: A black terminal tail band, more dark areas in the wings, and, in summer, a less fully developed dark hood. Like most gulls, black-headed gulls are long-lived birds, with a maximum age of at least 32.9 years recorded in the wild, in addition to an anecdote now believed of dubious authenticity regarding a 63-year-old bird. Black-headed gulls can be found over much of Europe. It is also found in across

812-506: A black-headed gull. This was the first recorded sighting of the species in Australia. In Richard Adams ' 1972 novel Watership Down , a black-headed gull named Kehaar (who claims his name is the onomatopoeia of waves breaking against the shore) plays a major part in the story. Injured by a farm cat and left behind during the seasonal migrations , Kehaar finds himself stranded on the Downs and

928-416: A chance of survival when compared to female chicks. Black-headed gulls are a sexually size-dimorphic species, so the larger sex is at a disadvantage when the amount of food sources are low. Male birds are more likely to be born in the first egg and female birds are more likely to be born in the third. The position of a female black-headed gull in response to the food available when laying the eggs can predict

1044-499: A château which, even if we do not place with certainty, was probably the location of the actual château. Two hamlets are attested, Saint-Hippolyte, in the immediate vicinity of the town but outside the ramparts, with a small priory at the centre and at its side, now under the Villa Chevalley, a strong House, the maison forte de Saint-Pol [strong House of Saint-Pol], dependent upon the de Savoie family which recent studies date back to

1160-553: A city founded in the 1st century AD, is rarely mentioned in the epigraphic texts, and never known by Roman authors. However, two inscriptions preserved by the Archaeological Museum mention of the Latin Aquae (literally: "Waters" cf. Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) or Aix-en-Provence) and Aquensis (local residents of water), so information is provided about the name of this vicus dependent on the city of Vienne . The historians of

1276-461: A few seconds and is done three times a year. A black-headed gull is able to differentiate an egg shell from an egg by acknowledging its thin, serrated, white, edge. Therefore, the weight of the egg or eggshell does not play a role when determining its value. Other hypotheses have attempted to explain the survival value of black-headed gulls removing their eggshells from the nest, including: Black-headed gulls feed their young by regurgitating onto

SECTION 10

#1732844543045

1392-526: A guttural accent, inspired by a Norwegian Resistance fighter Adams once had known. Kehaar appears in all three screen adaptations of the novel; the character was voiced by Zero Mostel in the 1978 film , Rik Mayall in the 1999 TV series , and Peter Capaldi in the 2018 miniseries . The black-headed gull is the official bird of Tokyo , Japan , and the Yurikamome automated guideway transit in Tokyo Bay

1508-408: A higher hatching success, than pairs nesting at the periphery of the colony. Centrally nesting individuals have also been found to be in better condition and have higher genetic quality. Black-headed gulls display both head-bobbing walking (HBW) and non-bobbing walking (NBW). Head-bobbing walking is expressed by a hold phase and a thrust phase. The hold phase in black-headed gulls occurs mainly during

1624-533: A lower terrace, to the west, was the Arch of Campanus , probably built in the 1st century, and more downstream, a second terrace carried the temple said to be dedicated to Diana , which had replaced a more ancient circular edifice by the 2nd century, which was probably contemporary with the Arch of Campanus. Remains of a necropolis have been cleared north of the temple. The Parc des Thermes , and various other locations scattered in

1740-622: A panoramic view of the lake and the Dent du Chat , where birds such as mute swans , mallards , grey herons , black-headed gulls and common moorhens can be found. The esplanade is bounded to the north and to the south by the Grand port and the Petit port respectively, thus constituting the Aix port which is the largest fresh water port in the country with 1,500 mooring rings, having privileged places for boating on

1856-556: A real port. First frequented by boats refuelling the troops of the army of the Alps, equipped with a military store, it is gradually built for export goods and, in particular, from the trinkets of workshops installed at the edge of the Lake. It became known as the Port of Puer. The development of this neighbourhood involved improvement of the avenue du lac [avenue of the lake] and all this activity attracted

1972-436: A relay for the main services of the town. One can perform many administrative procedures but also requests for support and information. These offices are competent at giving, among other things, guidance for employment matters, an accompaniment to inhabitants' projects (mainly from the associative  [ fr ] fabric), health , law , housing, culture, education and recreation. These decentralized local structures allow

2088-576: A strange species of bird while trawling the local sewer ponds. Upon seeing this bird, he contacted the Broome Bird Observatory by telephone to verify the species, however there was conjecture regarding its identity. Kane took photos of the bird and recorded field notes, before sending this information to the Appraisals Committee in Hobart , Tasmania, who were able to confirm that it was indeed

2204-532: A watertight compartment and will be used to make an embankment to widen the roadway of the Garibaldi Boulevard, which runs alongside Le Pêcheur campsite, and to develop sidewalks and parking. The work to the harbour for boats has also brought upheavals to the level of traffic. Petit Port will become a cul-de-sac. Barrier Boulevard, previously connected to the Petit Port Avenue, will no longer be so in

2320-422: Is 37–44 cm ( 14 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 17 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long with a 94–110 cm (37– 43 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) wingspan and weighs 190–400 g ( 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 14 + 1 ⁄ 8  oz). In flight, the white leading edge to the wing is a good field mark. The summer adult has a chocolate-brown head (not black, although does look black from a distance), pale grey body, black tips to

2436-401: Is Latin for "laughing a lot". The black-headed gull displays a variety of compelling behaviours and adaptations. Some of these include removing eggshells from the nest after hatching, begging co-ordination between siblings, differences between sexes, conspecific brood parasitism, and extra-pair paternity. They are an overwintering species, found in a variety of different habitats. This gull

SECTION 20

#1732844543045

2552-456: Is a lake at the southernmost end of the Jura Mountains in the department of Savoie , France . It is the deepest lake located entirely within France, and either the largest or second largest after Lac de Grand-Lieu depending on season. The largest town on its shore is Aix-les-Bains . Chambéry , the capital of Savoie, lies about 10 km south of the lake. The lake is mainly fed by

2668-565: Is a disadvantage to the hosts because the female could end up taking care of the parasitic chicks over her own and therefore neglecting them and reducing their fitness. Another disadvantage for the host is that incubating more chicks than their own takes up more energy. The rate of extra-pair paternity (EPP) has a large variation between populations of black-headed gulls. It is primarily a context-dependent strategy, meaning not all black headed gulls experience this behaviour. The variation between populations of extra-pair paternity can be explained by

2784-515: Is also an industrial city, with a few large companies such as General Electric , the headquarters of the Léon Grosse companies, ABB Cellier , Aixam , as well as a high-quality leather goods factory. In addition to thermal baths and tourism, Aix-les-Bains is known for its national Musilac festival. It has four flowers and two golden flowers at the Concours des villes et villages fleuris , as well as

2900-543: Is directly related to the Lac du Bourget and especially to its hot springs which made it a spa among the most renowned in the world. The historical analysis of the town must be closer to the history of the Savoy, if we are to better understand its evolution and its cultural influences. Below are periods and historical highlights of the commune of Aix-les-Bains. Historians agree that Aix was born from its sources of water to Ancient Rome , on

3016-453: Is found in the deed of the gift of the royal land of Aix ( de Acquis or "acquired") by King Rudolph III of Burgundy to his wife Ermengarde, in 1011. Some texts from the Middle Ages mention of Aquae grationapolis . This suffix simply stating that Aix was part of the diocese of Grenoble . The first known mention of Aix-les-Bains appears in the archives from September 1792, in a letter from

3132-470: Is highly influenced by its interior position within France near several mountain ranges, resulting in quite hot summers and cool to cold winters with frequent temperatures below freezing, especially at night. The surrounding mountains such as mont du Chat or mont Revard have a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Convective rainfall is frequent for much of the year, rendering high precipitation/day quotas. The nearest weather station

3248-463: Is highly urbanized and developed along the northeastern part with the road and the railway track. Many restaurants and nightclubs are located there (mostly on the southeastern side). A nautical complex was built on its shore, this includes a swimming pool and a beach which has an Art Deco -style main entrance dating from 1936. After which is a vast esplanade, allowing walkers to stroll and special events to settle temporarily on this site. It offers

3364-460: Is located at Chambéry Airport , less than a mile south of the lake. Black-headed gull Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 The black-headed gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus ) is a small gull that breeds in much of the Palearctic including Europe and also in coastal eastern Canada . Most of the population is migratory and winters further south, but some birds reside in

3480-444: Is not a pelagic species and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts. The black-headed gull is a bold and opportunistic feeder. It eats insects, fish, seeds, worms, scraps, and carrion in towns, or invertebrates in ploughed fields with equal relish. It is a noisy species, especially in colonies, with a familiar "kree-ar" call. Its scientific name means laughing gull . This species takes two years to reach maturity. First-year birds have

3596-658: Is served by the TGV , which puts the town within three hours of Paris. Aix is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) north of Chambéry , by rail. Chambéry-Savoie Airport , formerly Aix-les-Bains/Chambéry, is located at the south of the town of Aix-les-Bains, in the commune of Voglans , a few metres from the south shore of the Lac du Bourget . It serves many countries including the UK ( Manchester , Birmingham , Edinburgh ), Denmark ( Copenhagen , Billund ), Sweden ( Gothenburg ) and, internally, Paris Orly from 2013. There are many winter flights due to

Aix-les-Bains - Misplaced Pages Continue

3712-405: Is such that its agglomeration merges gradually with that of Chambéry . The area of the commune is 12.62 square kilometres (4.87 sq mi), which is large for the department. The town is traditionally divided into two, the lower town that occupies the banks of the lake to the west and the upper town, where the town centre is located, overlooking the Lac du Bourget. The town was first built on

3828-428: Is taken in by a warren of European rabbits . He later becomes their friend and ally, and helps to save the rabbits from danger many times; instincts eventually force him to return to his colony, but he promises to visit the rabbits each winter. True to Adams' stated intentions of trying to keep the animals' behavior close to reality, Kehaar is characterized as intelligent, gregarious, noisy, messy, and impatient. He has

3944-427: Is urbanized almost in its entirety, it becomes increasingly more difficult to build larger houses to accommodate families who don't live in the city. The edge of the lake and the hills are beginning to be saturated where there is a sprawl from the surrounding communities. It is worth noting the presence of much accommodation within former large luxury hotels, ruins from the Belle Époque , now gone. Several projects of

4060-508: The City of Art and History label. Aix-Les-Bains is located in the southeast of France, 107 kilometres (66 mi) east of Lyon . The town is located in a corridor between the mountain of Mont Revard , the first natural rampart of the Massif des Bauges to the east and the Lac du Bourget , the largest natural lake of France to the west. Thus, the city extends mostly on a north–south axis. Its extension

4176-535: The Jura mountains , Bauges and Bornes Massif . Aix-Les-Bains is located on the major transport axis between Chambéry and Annecy . The northern branch of the A41 motorway passes to the east of the town, allowing direct access to Annecy and then later, by the continuity of the A40 , into the city of Geneva . Two junctions (13 and 14) serve the commune, one to the south, the other to

4292-533: The Revolution accomplished, the privileges of the local nobility were abolished, and this especially helped the town from paying the Lord Marquess of Aix the large sum of money which it owed him for the redemption of seigneurial rights (the town had no charter of franchise). Furthermore, freedom of established trade gave new impetus to the creation of an economy based on the exploitation of the springs as soon as peace

4408-505: The pashas and qaids , pushed France to take care not to rush this transition and initiate this change, smoothly. The destiny of the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Morocco was drawn during this conference at Aix-les-Bains. Officially, negotiations made it possible to reach an agreement to give birth to an independent state. Morocco was finally proclaimed independent during the declaration of La Celle-Saint-Cloud on 6 November 1955. In 2005, there

4524-640: The 13th century until the following century. Formerly, it was called "Lac de Châtillon" (Ripa laci de Castellione in the 13th century), in reference to the castle and the eponymous seigneury. It is mentioned in particular in the donation made by the Count of Savoy Amédée III in 1125, for the foundation of the abbey of Hautecombe , "on the shore of the lake of Châtillon" (supra ripam loci de Castellione). Lake Bourget features an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), like most places in Western Europe . In spite of this, it

4640-411: The 13th century. A second important village appears, Saint Simond (Saint Sigismond) with it having a church and a cemetery, established as a parish, and a dependent of Saint-Hippolyte. The texts suggest the existence of other villages including a certified record from 1561, during the general census of the population for the salt tax. At that time, there were about 1095 inhabitants of Aix, 46% living in

4756-502: The 16th century, the ancient church suffered a devastating fire. The Aix people requested the help of Claude de Seyssel in order to rebuild. He was a seigneurial family member of the town, and was raised to the episcopal dignity. He was the Bishop of Albi , and an especially special advisor to the King of France Louis XII . He is also the author of a number of treaties. With support from De Seyssel

Aix-les-Bains - Misplaced Pages Continue

4872-586: The 19th century were sometimes subjected to read fanciful names which are without historical foundation, some of which still appear in some books. These include Aquae allobrogium , Aquae gratianæ (an inscription which adorned the façade of the National Baths from 1934 to 1968, and to commemorate the Emperor Gratian , who was assassinated not far away, in Lyon , in 383) and Allobrogum Aquae Gratianæ . The name Aquae

4988-483: The 1st century AD, a vicus , with a board of decemlecti (a council of ten members), and was administratively part of Vienne . Some citizens lived there with, apparently, quite important resources to offer to the gods, a sacred wood , a vine or to build a funeral arch for the case of the Campanii family. During their excavations, archaeologists have discovered a large thermal complex, in close proximity to its sources. On

5104-736: The Deputy Mayor Dominique Dord 's municipal team. This new district, developed by the Society for the Development of the Savoy was named Aix–du Lac . A 36 metres (118 ft)-wide promenade was built, between Barrier and Garibaldi Boulevards, named Allée promenade des bords de lac . This is essentially the opening of a road with a narrow lane of traffic in both directions. The rest will be dedicated to pedestrians, cyclists and trees. This lane will host "high environmental quality" accommodation and nearby businesses that will benefit residents of

5220-502: The French side, the delegation consisted of Edgar Faure , Pierre July  [ fr ] , Robert Schuman and other members of the government. In addition to these were invited guests, from all walks, capable of giving advice on the status of Morocco and independence. Faithful allies of the protectorate and the Moroccan traditional chiefs were also invited. Thus, they could also negotiate in

5336-502: The Lac du Bourget watershed is occupied by the spa town of Aix, which borders on the shore. The lake is primarily fed to the south by the waters of the Leysse , and to the east, by those of the Tillet  [ fr ] and the Sierroz  [ fr ] , both from the Aix territory. Native fish can be admired in the aquarium of Aix. The shore, which is occupied by Aix and Tresserve ,

5452-587: The Laridae" (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers, "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" 37: 686-699) and earlier references, extensive changes to the taxonomy of gulls was undertaken and many species of gull were removed from the genus Larus, including the black-headed gull The new genus name Chroicocephalus , replacing Laurus , is taken from the Ancient Greek words khroizo , "to colour", and kephale , "head". The specific name ridibundus

5568-526: The Middle Ages and until the end of the 18th century, in the only existing Roman pool, outdoors, or at home where the spa water was brought by hand. The King of France Henry IV highly appreciated his Aix bath, according to Jean Baptiste Cabias. In 1737, to protect the hot springwater seepage from the stream running through the city, a major project was scheduled by the General Commissariat. This changed

5684-467: The Middle Ages that the stately Château of Aix was rebuilt. The ceiling of the Great Hall of the ground floor is dated to 1400. The magnificent staircase of honour was built around 1590. On 9 April 1739, a huge fire broke out in the town centre and destroyed 80 homes, nearly half of the town. Reconstruction was made with appeal for subsidies from the king, who imposed an alignment plan whose implementation

5800-558: The Palearctic to Japan and east China. Small numbers also breed in northeastern Canada and can be seen in winter in northeast North America as far south as Virginia , often with the similar-looking Bonaparte's Gull and also in some Caribbean islands. Recorded as a very rare transient gull in the Carolina coast. Eggshell removal is a behaviour seen in birds once the chicks have hatched, observed mostly to reduce risk of predation. Removing

5916-575: The Roman period. If hot springs were originally the reason for choosing the location, other factors, such as the quality of the site, may have been decisive. The already poor knowledge of Aix history from Roman times is further obscured due to the lack of sources regarding the end of the Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages . We are left to conjecture by studying the destruction from the barbarian invasions that have left traces of fires on Gallo-Roman villas of

SECTION 50

#1732844543045

6032-568: The activities of the vicus? The mystery is still present. The only clues come from the archaeological map of the remains by archaeological services of the DRAC , and for archaeologist Alain Canal to conclude, "Paradoxically, if Aix has delivered many documents illustrating the age of the site and the quality of the monumental town planning from the beginning of the Roman Empire , we have no precise knowledge about

6148-487: The area, such as at Arbin. The fact remains that the Roman Baths of Aix fell to ruins from the fifth century and traces of urban development are lost. Aix-les-Bains is again mentioned in sources from the 9th century, in 867, and in 1011 through charters. In the latter, King Rudolph III of Burgundy donated the villa of Aix, called a royal seat, with its settlers and its slaves to his wife Ermengarde who, in turn, pass them to

6264-477: The bishopric of Grenoble. This Charter tells us that Aix is a small town with a church and agricultural areas. Bishop Hugues of Grenoble then donated it to the monastery of Saint-Martin de Miserere, at the beginning of the 12th century. The church erected a new priory under the name of Sainte Marie. At the end of the 12th century, the cartulary of Saint Hugues reveals the existence of two other parishes, Saint-Simond with its church and that of Saint-Hippolyte (in

6380-448: The black-headed gull are considered a delicacy by some in the UK and are eaten hard boiled. The collection of black-headed gull eggs is heavily regulated by the UK government. Eggs may only be taken by a small number of licensed individuals at six sites between 1 April and 15 May each year and only a single egg may be taken from each nest. No eggs are permitted to be sold after 30 June. As the gulls tend to lay in late April and early May,

6496-458: The central square (Place Carnot) and Rue des Bains. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Aix people and the medical world had begun to become aware of the value of the hot springs of Aix, through the writings of the dauphinois physician Jean Baptiste Cabias, who was followed in this area by other renowned doctors. Indeed, since ancient times the exploitation of sources of hot water had never been completely forgotten. Bathing took place in Aix in

6612-538: The city of Fez (Fez-CRT) and the tourist office. Since the departmental elections in 2015 , Aix-les-Bains is divided into two cantons , both involving other communes. These are the Canton of Aix-les-Bains-1 and the Canton of Aix-les-Bains-2 . The legislative constituency on which the Aix people depend is the First constituency of the Savoy . It is bounded by the redistricting law No. 86-1197 of 24 November 1986, and includes

6728-419: The current area of Mouxy) also with a small priory . Urban geography begins to clarify: One can imagine the small town, contained in its walls, which nobody knew when was built. The central point of the town is the priory, near the ancient Roman temple. This centre could also have been the administrative centre since at least the 13th century. Aix was a seigneurie subservient to the de Seyssel family , who had

6844-452: The demolition of the old town centre, as a result of this imposing construction, people began to clear the surrounding houses to create the place. This first thermal establishment became an important factor of development. Throughout this period and until the Revolution, the town hosted a roughly stable number of approximately 600 patients each year, the majority of them French. Consecutively,

6960-488: The development of the town at this side of the walls, along the road to Geneva. In 1792 the French revolutionary troops, under the command of Montesquiou , were in Savoy. The civilian use of the spa then stalled. The baths were requisitioned by the armies of the Republic, which sent the wounded soldiers for convalescence. However, it was also an opportunity to publicise Aix to the greatest number. Aix became Aix-les-Bains. With

7076-580: The development of urban cycling . Traffic at peak hours is particularly difficult, especially in the summer with the influx of tourists . The portion of the D1201 road along the lake, in the direction of Chambéry, is particularly sensitive to this increase in road traffic. The same problem happens with the Rue de Genève, the Boulevard President Wilson and the Rue de Chambéry. To the north, it is similarly so on

SECTION 60

#1732844543045

7192-473: The dissemination of information on municipal projects as well as the future projects where the inhabitants can, if necessary, have the opportunity to be able to express their opinion. Politically, Aix-les-Bains is a town of the right , the electors have voted mostly right for municipal elections since 1979. The former mayor of the municipality from 1985 to 2001, Gratien Ferrari  [ fr ] , although having been elected with centrist policies succeeded

7308-402: The east, in the continuity of the Aix heights, the commune of Pugny-Chatenod is followed by the commune of Mouxy towards the southeast. Further to the southeast, Aix shares the boundaries of its territory with the neighbouring commune of Drumettaz-Clarafond . It follows south to the communes of Viviers-du-Lac and Tresserve . Finally, in the west, there are two communes bordering Aix, across

7424-449: The east, which form its shores. Lac du Bourget was made famous by several romantic poems of Alphonse de Lamartine , including Le Lac , as well as by descriptions by Xavier de Maistre , Honoré de Balzac , and Alexandre Dumas . Named Lacus de Burgeto in 1313, its name "Le Bourget" comes from the eponymous castle, which became the main residence of the Counts of Savoy from the middle of

7540-415: The eggs are only available to purchase for 3 or 4 weeks per year. Observations on the behavior of black-headed gulls show that black-headed gulls individuals synchronize their vigilance activity with other black-headed gulls neighbors. Synchronization in black-headed gulls groups is dependent on the distance between the black-headed gulls members. On 19 October 1991, local Broome birder Brian Kane saw

7656-461: The eggshell acts as a way of camouflage to avoid predators seeing the nest. The further away egg shells are from the nest, the lower the predation risk. Black-headed gull eggs experience predation from different species of birds, foxes, stoats, and even other black-headed gulls. Although mothers show some form of aggressiveness when a predator is near, in the first 30 minutes, wet chicks can be easily taken by other black-headed gulls after hatching when

7772-480: The emergence of an activity called the Savoie Hexapôle area and also enables the development of a commercial area serving all of the southern sector of the Aix area. The ZAC des Bords du Lac , under construction, will extend over about 15 hectares (37 acres) at the location of, among others, the former municipal campground of Sierroz  [ fr ] . This very controversial project is yet to be launched by

7888-587: The first buildings along this busy avenue, outside of the centre and of the existing villages. The negotiations for the independence of Morocco were held in Aix-les-Bains. At the conference of September 1955, the President of the French Council , in the person of Edgar Faure , publicly summed up the compromise proposed in Morocco, in the expression "Independence within interdependence" . Until then, Moroccan territory

8004-487: The first or second are usually the parasitic eggs. Most of the egg dumping occurs within the beginning of the egg laying period. The parasitic eggs being laid in another conspecific's nest increases the chance of hatching and may occur because of nest desertion or a nest being taken over by another bird. Multiple eggs in a nest from different mothers may also result from intra-specific nest parasitism, joint female nesting, and nest takeover. Intra-specific nest parasitism

8120-439: The following administrative divisions: The cantons of Aix-les-Bains-1, Aix-les-Bains-2, La Motte-Servolex and part of Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin. Aix-les-Bains hosts several administrations and public services on its territory, such as a post office , a police headquarters, municipal police, national police, a gendarmerie , a national employment agency (renamed Pôle Emploi ), a tax office, municipal kennel, homeowner associations,

8236-541: The future, as the municipality decided to postpone the flow of traffic on the Garibaldi Boulevard, this boulevard will become the new main road to get to the Barrier Boulevard through the small streets which form the way of Biatres and, with a fusion of greenery, a new axis between the business district and the Sierroz campsite. The Boulevard du port aux filles will become a one-way street, except for buses. Aix-les-Bains,

8352-546: The ground, rather than into each chick one at a time. The parents tend to accommodate their regurgitation amounts for how intense the nest begging is, from both an individual chick or a group of chicks begging together. Chicks who are siblings, have learned this behaviour and begin synchronizing their begging signals to decrease the costs as an individual and increase the benefits as a whole. The rate of parental food regurgitation to chicks increases with begging intensity. The amount and response of begging signals differs throughout

8468-580: The heights in order to avoid the many floods of the lake until it was regulated by the dam of the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR) between the Rhône and the natural spillway of lake, the Canal de Savières . The average altitude of the city is about 320 metres (1,050 ft) while the lower part of it is only around 224 metres (735 ft), at the level of the lake. 560 square kilometres (220 sq mi) of

8584-521: The lake extends 18 km in length, and ranges between 1.6 km and 3.5 km in width. The lake's average depth is 85 m, and its maximum depth in 145 m. The lake is meromictic . Unlike ordinary lakes, its deep water does not mix annually with water closer to the surface. The lake is bordered by the steep summits of the Mont du Chat and the Chaîne de l'Épine on the west, and Bauges Mountains on

8700-452: The lake, with boats having a summer or annual allocation. The festival of yachting takes place each year. This event has old boats coming from all horizons, a professional market, demonstrations and shows. The slopes above the lake that culminate in the Tour de l'Angle Est, which overlooks the town and lake at a height of 1,562 m (5,125 ft). The western shore of the lake is narrower as

8816-592: The lake. These are Bourdeau , La Chapelle-du-Mont-du-Chat . One of the specific limits of the municipal territory of the commune of Aix-les-Bains, on its western side, is the existence of the boundary imposed by the Lac du Bourget. This limit of the territory is shared with five other municipalities, these being Bourdeau, Brison-Saint-Innocent, La Chapelle-du-Mont-du-Chat, Tresserve and Viviers-du-Lac. Aix-les-Bains, like Chambéry , has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb), with strong continental influences due to its position: far inland and near several mountain ranges , like

8932-406: The main residences are owned by their occupants, 45.2% are occupied by tenants. 1,837 are HLM rent-controlled housing, or 15.7% of the area in 1999, the city did not meet the provisions of article 55 of the law on solidarity and urban renewal  [ fr ] of December 2000, which laid down a 20% minimum rate of social housing in the most important municipalities. It further noted that

9048-452: The milder westernmost areas of Europe . The species also occurs in smaller numbers in northeastern North America , where it was formerly known as the common black-headed gull. The black-headed gull was previously placed in the genus Larus but in agreement with the NACC and SACC, and based on Pons et al. (Pons, J.-M.., A. Hassanin, and P.-A. Crochet. 2005. "Phylogenetic relationships within

9164-488: The mountains along its edge are closer to the lakeshore, although lower than those on the eastern side. The lake drains out of its northern end into the River Rhône about 5 kilometres (3 miles) to the north. The municipality of Aix-les-Bains is bordered by nine communes. To the north, the municipality adjoins the territory of Brison-Saint-Innocent . To the northeast, Aix is bordered by the commune of Grésy-sur-Aix . Then, to

9280-438: The municipality are underway in the downtown area, on the western shore of the lake as well as mainly to the south. This is to establish new areas of commercial activity to attract new business to the Aix economic area. The establishment of new residential areas is also scheduled. In collaboration with the municipalities of Méry and Drumettaz-Clarafond , through concerted urban development, the town of Aix-les-Bains contributes to

9396-513: The neighborhood and buildings under construction. In 2013, one of the major projects of the municipal council was the restoration of the course of the River Tillet  [ fr ] and the creation of a harbour for boats at the Petit Port near this river leading into the Lac du Bourget. The work amounts to 7 million Euros . By rearranging the small harbor, the city wants to take advantage of

9512-575: The neighbouring communes. Little by little, one speaks beyond a city of Aix-les-Bains as such, but the Aix area encompassing an urban plan, with the nearby communes such as Tresserve , Grésy-sur-Aix , Mouxy , Méry , Drumettaz-Clarafond , Sonnaz , as well as other communes. This phenomenon also applies to Chambéry , which is located south of Aix-les-Bains and is considered as the Chambéry area. The urban morphology of these two local watersheds tends to draw them inexorably closer together. In order to reconcile

9628-411: The nestling period. Usually, there are 3-5 begging events/hour, each lasting around one minute. High intensity begging behaviour appears at the end of the first week in the nest, but the coordination between multiple chicks emerge during the last week of the nestling period. The more siblings present, the more they coordinate their begging while decreasing the number of begging. Male chicks have less of

9744-573: The north. On the secondary network, the RD 991  [ fr ] road crosses Aix and joins Viviers-du-Lac and Chambéry to the south. To the west, the D1201  [ fr ] road heads towards the south-west and the Lac du Bourget towards the commune of Le Bourget-du-Lac and, through the centre, the D991 road. Aix-les-Bains is also accessible by train . It was one of the earliest European municipalities to host

9860-510: The number of vacant dwellings was quite high in 1999, accounting for 11.4% of the area. The OPAC  [ fr ] of the Savoie , with more than 1,657 social homes in the commune, manages the assets of about 2,500 homes, through its antenna Aix-les-Bains. This includes 1,600 of Aix-les-Bains, located in the Sierroz-Franklin neighbourhood among others. Homes with four rooms account for 46% of

9976-422: The offspring's characteristics. Conspecific brood parasitism is a behaviour that occurs when females lay their eggs in another female's nest, of the same species. It can reduce the cost of incubation and nestling young by passing it on to another bird. Black-headed gulls usually lay three egg clutches, and the first two are normally larger than the third. The third egg normally has the lowest survival rate, while

10092-435: The order of this town." As a synthesis, the history of the period can be reduced to the occupation of the town centre site from the 1st century BCE, followed by a gradual development of the area between the 1st and 2nd centuries. Occupation seems to be made from the progressive construction of the thermal complex, around which radiated monumental buildings presented on a system of terraces, which had evolved several times during

10208-564: The other axes, which can be more constrained because of the proximity of the Massif des Bauges and its winding climbs, meeting the more anarchic requirements of the moment without taking the urban fabric into overall account. The town includes various neighborhoods such as Chantemerle, Boncelin, around the railway station, the Sierroz, la liberté, the lakeside, Marlioz, Lepic, Franklin Roosevelt and many others. With urban expansion and population growth Aix-les-Bains constantly extends, similarly to

10324-537: The outgoing mayor André Grosjean  [ fr ] with whom he was one of the majority on the same municipal council . Similarly, Robert Barrier was a man of the centre-right. However, in the years 1920–1930, the city was the stronghold of the left in Savoy, carried by the workers in the Aix area. Lac du Bourget Lac du Bourget ( French: [lak dy buʁʒɛ] ; English Lake Bourget ), also locally known as Lac Gris ( [lak gʁi] ; English: Grey Lake ) or Lac d'Aix ( [lak d‿ɛ] ),

10440-446: The overall housing stock, with three-roomed homes at 27.4%, and two rooms at 17.5%. Small housing accounts for about one-tenth of Aix housing (studios: 9.1%). These accommodations are well staffed and equipped, particularly because of the geographic location at the heart of the Alps , since 93.9% have central heating and 58.5% have a garage or a parking space . With the fact that the town

10556-412: The parents of the wet chick are distracted. Black headed gulls also carry away other objects that do not belong in the nest. The removal of eggshells and other objects is important not only in the incubation period but also during the first few days after the eggs hatch. However, the removal process seems to increase as time goes on. The removal is done by both the male and female parents, normally lasts

10672-404: The people were able to build a collegiate church, with a chapter of twelve canons, commissioned by a dean , whose appointment was returned to the count . A church was built on the nearby square of the cemetery, which included a choir of flamboyant Gothic style. If the choir belonged to the collegiate church, the nave belonged to the parishioners and presented a more plain appearance. Besides,

10788-461: The poorly constructed roof collapsed in 1644. Among the side chapels, one was reserved for the De Seyssels of Aix, in which is buried their dead. The collegiate church, fully a parish church after the Revolution , was demolished in 1909, after the construction of the new church. This church was known to house a relic of the true cross, which had been worshipped from a distance. It is also at the end of

10904-404: The population increased, reaching 1700 inhabitants in 1793. In 1783, to enhance the lives of the patients, the council of the municipality built a landscaped public promenade: le Gigot currently known as Square Alfred Boucher. It was then lined with chestnut trees and was drawn by architect Louis Lampro. Aside from private gardens, this is the first act of urban green space , which gave a boost to

11020-656: The presence of the parties concerned. They were given precedence, if possible, to the disappointment of the Istiqlal Party. Although these negotiations held in Aix-les-Bains played an important role in the march towards the independence of Morocco, the fact remains that France had previously taken care to largely prepare for this transition. Indeed, the French State was convinced of the need to allow independence to this North African territory. However, with many economic interests at stake and many business relationships, notably

11136-465: The primary wing feathers, and red bill and legs. The hood is lost in winter, leaving just two dark spots. Immature birds have a mottled pattern of brown spots over most of the body, and a black band on the tail. There is no difference in plumage between the sexes. It breeds in colonies in large reed beds or marshes, or on islands in lakes, nesting on the ground. Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It

11252-478: The proximity of the winter sports resorts. Three low-cost carrier airlines offer regular flights. In 2002, the airport recorded a record attendance with 3,600 aircraft movements year-round, dealing with more than 10,000 passengers per weekend, mainly in winter. In the town centre , the car is the most common mode of transport in Aix-les-Bains, despite the efforts made by the Association Roue Libre for

11368-409: The remains of a Celtic habitat. The first occupation of the site has been dated by Alain Canal to the first century BCE, however there is nothing to suggest these remains were a fixed habitat. We are left with the remains in public institutions and it would be difficult to draw a sketch of ancient Aquae . The administrative situation of the place is known by epigraphy, which teaches us that Aix was, in

11484-503: The river Leysse (and other small rivers), and it drains towards the river Rhône through the Canal de Savières , an artificial channel. It is a Ramsar site . The extinct bezoule was found only in this lake. The lake was formed during the last period of global glaciation in the Alps (Würm glaciation) during the Pleistocene epoch. It has a surface area of 44.5 square kilometres (4,450 hectares). The long and narrow north-south axis of

11600-456: The single support phase and is when the bird balances its head to equal the environment. Head-bobbing walking occurs during a seeking type foraging by walking through water and includes benefits such as enhancing motion and pattern detection and gathering depth information from motion parallax during the thrust phase. Non-bobbing walking occurs when black-headed gulls are displaying a waiting behaviour while foraging on flat surfaces. The eggs of

11716-599: The situation by decontaminating the River Tillet, which is heavily polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The municipality and the CALB  [ fr ] chose for a solution to store the PCB-contaminated soil on-site. The waste transport solution to a specialized treatment center was not successful. Among the comments from various stakeholders in the project, it was said: "It (the contaminated soil) will be placed in

11832-450: The summer, the town is served for short trips by a small train travelling on the roads. It runs between the esplanade of the lake, the beach and town centre. The life of Aix-les-Bains is located largely on its heights where its downtown, the economic heart, and its thermal baths (the National Baths of Chevalley and the Baths of Marlioz) are located. Indeed, the history of the town has made it

11948-587: The surrounding geography . Aix-les-Bains includes grand boulevards which are the Robert Barrier Boulevard, Boulevard Lepic , Russia Boulevard/President Wilson Boulevard, the Boulevard of Dr. Jean Charcot/Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boulevard. These boulevards are wide and open unlike the streets of downtown, which are narrower, and

12064-527: The town centre for shopping. For travellers preferring public transport , two main bus routes and sixteen additional routes serve the metropolitan area. Two routes are also available to access the side of Mont Revard and the Chapel of the Mont du Chat. Ondea (trade name of the network operated by the company Keolis ) was tasked by the CALB  [ fr ] to manage transit services. It employs 55 people. During

12180-506: The town, contain numerous and very varied remains, such as remains of the necropolis and pottery, etc. However, there is no centrepiece which would have led to extensive archaeological excavations. Otherwise, we know nothing of the Gallo-Romans of the Aquae vicus, in scope or in the provision of the habitat. Where did the "Romans" live? Where were their farms, the villages of their staff; What were

12296-625: The urban development of the Aix and Chambéry areas, the joint association of the Métropole Savoie  [ fr ] has been implemented. The mission is to follow the pattern of territorial coherence (SCOT) of the Combe de Savoie, Chambéry and the Lac du Bourget. Aix-les-Bains had 20,317 homes in 2017, of which 15,491 (76.2%) were main residences. 18% of the main residences were built before 1945, and 30% were built after 1990. 22.4% of all houses are detached houses and 76.4% are apartments . 52.7% of

12412-548: The urban distribution of the town centre, since it was necessary to dig a new bed for the Moulins stream, outside the walls. They also had to rebuild the four mills of the Marquis of Aix, until then in the town centre, along the new channel (currently Montée des moulins, Hill of Mills ). It is the Duke of Chablais , son of King Victor Amadeus III , to whom Aix owes its renaissance because it

12528-515: The variation it has on the advantages and disadvantages it has on a female, as well, as the variation in pressure on a females choice. The differences in the rate of EPP may be determined by multiple different factors: life history traits, ecological factors or different behavioural strategies of males. Egg-laying can be earlier in Black-headed Gulls nesting in the centre of the colony, with central pairs tending to lay larger eggs, which have

12644-409: The village; Saint Simond had 125 inhabitants, Puer had 91 people, Chaudhary had 87 people and Lal had 86 people, with the rest of the hamlets, about a dozen, sharing the rest. (Marlioz having escaped from the sources). This geography of the habitat seems frozen until the end of the 19th century. In Aix, the nearby Abbey of Hautecombe owned a large area at the heights of Saint Simond. At the beginning of

12760-480: The way out of the town in the direction of Albens and Annecy on the Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny. However, traffic has tended to improve with urban development promoting the emergence of roundabouts at the expense of the traffic light, allowing a better flow of traffic. In addition, in the town centre, two car parks can accommodate vehicles, although the number of parking spaces remains low in

12876-417: Was a vacation destination for nobility and the wealthy. Although the thermal baths are no longer the main attraction in Aix, the area continues to draw visitors for water sports and activities. The town has partially compensated for the loss of visitors coming for spa treatments by developing tourism. It hosts up to 200,000 general visitors annually, between tourists and people seeking mineral bath therapy. It

12992-410: Was entrusted to the engineer Garella. This plan went further than a simple plan of reconstruction since it provided a true alignment of streets, and imposed some rules of urbanism as, for example, the construction of houses of two floors and a ground floor; it also prohibited thatched roofs. However, it was very limited in its scope since it concerned only the burned area or the main street (Rue Albert I),

13108-403: Was he who, after having tasted the benefit of sources and found it to be poorly housed, suggested the construction of a thermal establishment to the king. By royal appointment on 11 June 1776, King Victor Amadeus III commissioned Robiland to draw up plans for a bathing establishment. It was built from 1779 to 1783, under the direction of the engineer, Capellini. This date also marks the beginning of

13224-558: Was legally a French protectorate and Sultan Mohammed V was in forced exile. The negotiations were held in the presence of numerous personalities and French and Moroccan organizations. At the talks, Moroccan side tabled the Democratic Independence Party (PDI) as well as the Istiqlal Party , represented by Mehdi Ben Barka , Omar Benabdeljalil , Abdelhadi Boutaleb , Abderrahim Bouabid and also M'hamed Boucetta . On

13340-472: Was regained. Then we see the development of boarding houses, hotels, cabarets and restaurants. On the other hand, the Revolution left its marks on church property, such as the abandonment of the collegiate church, destruction of the bell tower and the church furniture. It was at the lakeside where one could find new development. The small Puer harbour breakwater , built under the Ancien Régime in 1720 became

13456-404: Was the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the negotiation of the agreements of the independence of Morocco. For this occasion, a fountain with a pool was made in Moroccan zellige . Maalems craftsmen  [ fr ] came specially from their spiritual home to complete this work in the parc de verdure of Aix-les-Bains. The project was supported by the regional council of tourism of

#44955