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44-516: It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians (north) and the River Danube (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of Bucharest and the most important city of Oltenia. The city prospered as a regional trading centre despite an earthquake in 1790, a plague in 1795, and a Turkish assault in 1802 during which it

88-469: A 30 km (18.64 mi) network. Craiova was the first city in the country powered by electricity based on internal combustion engines. In 1900, Craiova held 43.1% of the industrial units in Oltenia, having 924 industrial firms (of which 20 establishments belonged to heavy industry, using 1078 workers). In 1925, the number of heavy industry establishments had increased to 49, and in 1930 the number of workers

132-541: A degree of centralism in the face of boyar privilege , and, despite boyar protests, created an administration which relied on a more professional , salaried apparatus, consisting of ispravnici he himself appointed to office, and who could act as judges; he also merged the traditional personal treasury of princes with that of the Wallachian administrative body, and decided to deny boyar title to families whose members no longer held official appointments. In 1761, due to

176-757: A group of mountain ranges located in southern Romania . They cover the part of the Carpathian Mountains located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers in the west. To the south they are bounded by the Balkan Mountains in eastern Serbia. The Southern Carpathians are the second highest group of mountains in the Carpathian Mountain range (after Tatra ), reaching heights of over 2,500 meters. Although considerably smaller than

220-711: A metamorphic basement and a sedimentary cover, while the Severin Nappe includes only a sedimentary sequence. The Getic Nappe and the Danubian Units sediments include a Palaeozoic sequence (Upper Carboniferous, Lower Permian) and a Mesozoic sequence (Lowermost Jurassic – Middle Cretaceous). The Supragetic Nappe comprises mainly metamorphosed rocks (gneisses, micashists), while the Severin Nappe includes only Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sediments. From east to west, four mountain groups can be identified, separated by different river valleys. The first two groups are steepest on

264-579: A personal rivalry with Grigore II Ghica ; Ioan Neculce noted " Constantin- Voivode went lengths to replace Grigorie-Voivode's rule in Wallachia (...) ", and subsequently " (...) as soon as they were seated on their thrones [during one of Constantine's rules in Wallachia], they began to quarrell and to report each other to the Porte without concealment ". His reigns were distinguished by numerous tentative reforms in

308-613: A team, FC Craiova , that won the unofficial war championship. Later, another team from the city, Universitatea Craiova , became the first Romanian football team to reach the semi-finals of a European tournament, during the UEFA Cup in 1982-83 . Public transportation in Craiova started in September 1948 with only 2 buses, received from Bucharest . The buses connected the Craiova railway station with

352-463: Is served by Craiova Airport , which has recently been modernised. [REDACTED] Media related to Craiova at Wikimedia Commons Southern Carpathians The Southern Carpathians (also known as the Transylvanian Alps ; Romanian : Carpații Meridionali [ k a r ˈ p a ts ij   ˌ m e r i d i . o ˈ n a lʲ ] ; Hungarian : Déli-Kárpátok ) are

396-690: The Alps , they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists. The highest peaks are: Despite the heights, some of the most accessible passages in the Carpathians in Romania are along the rivers, which cross the mountain range (the Olt River ) or form wide valleys (along the Prahova River Valley or along

440-451: The Danube to Brăila , established in 1846. Around 1860 in Craiova there were 4633 buildings, of which 3220 were houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories or workshops. There were also approximately 90 establishments with an industrial character, of which 12 were wind mills , 3 beer factories, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanneries, and 2 were printing houses. Statistics show that Craiova

484-581: The Jiu River Valley). The South Carpathians represent an intricate pile of tectonic nappes, overthrusted from west eastwards during the Austrian (Middle Cretaceous) and Laramian paroxysmal phases, corresponding to various plate fragments. The napes are (from west eastwards): the Supragetic, Getic, Severin and Danubian Units. The Getic Nappe was identified by Murgoci (1905), while the general understanding over

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528-571: The Köppen climate classification , Craiova has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). This results in a combination of occasional cold winters, but too mild of a climate to contain permanent snow cover, along with long and hot summers. Annually, Craiova experiences 64 days with fog , more frequently in winter than other seasons. The city also experiences 34 days per year with thunder, and 1 day with hail . As of 2021, 234,140 inhabitants live within

572-528: The Nicolae Romanescu Park . The tram was first introduced in 1987, on an 18.4 km (11.43 mi) double-track line, as a result of the state's intention of keeping energy consumption low. The public transport in Craiova today consists of 3 tram lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the RAT Craiova  [ ro ] , a corporation run by City Hall. There are 190 buses and 35 trams serving

616-498: The Tsarist take-over (1828–1834), Craiova experienced significant economic growth. In 1832, there were 595 shops, of which "187 [were] of wood and 398 of stone wall". The city was the commercial centre of Oltenia . It exported cereal, skins, wax, animals, tallow and services to Austria and Turkey . As a consequence of the permanent high demand for exports, Craiova was the site of the first Romanian society for shares in cereal shipping on

660-516: The bans relocated to Bucharest, leaving behind kaymakams to represent them in Craiova. Under Prince Emanuel Giani Ruset , Wallachia's seat was moved to Craiova (1770–1771), viewed as a place of refuge during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 . A large part of the city was burned down by the rebel pasha Osman Pazvantoğlu in 1800. During the Wallachian uprising of 1821 , inhabitants of

704-430: The "Scrisul Românesc" ("The Romanian Writing") publishing house, the "Concordia" macaroni factory, the "Barbu Druga" bread and macaroni factory, the "Semănătoarea" factory and the "Traiul" bread factory. The only branch of industry at the same level of development as other centers of the country was graphic art. The two printing houses "Ramuri" and "Scrisul Românesc" were well-known all over Romania and abroad. Starting in

748-442: The 1960s the city became a powerful industrial center; it developed industry in machinery, tools, aircraft, chemicals, food, light industry, construction materials, electronics, extraction, and energy. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 led to important changes in the economy, with the introduction of a free market and decentralization of the management of all national economic sectors. In industry, an overall drop in production capacity

792-588: The Alpine structure of the South Carpathians was later refined by Codarcea (1940), Codarcea et al. (1961), Năstăseanu et al. (1981), Săndulescu (1984), Săndulescu and Dimitrescu (2004), and Mutihac (1990). The first to apply the global tectonics concepts for the Romanian Carpathians were Rădulescu and Săndulescu (1973). The Supragetic, Getic Nappes as well as the Danubian Units represent units with both

836-571: The North side, and the last two are steepest on the South side. Constantine Mavrocordatos Constantine Mavrocordatos ( Greek : Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian : Constantin Mavrocordat ; February 27, 1711 – November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals between 1730 and 1769. As a ruler he issued reforms in

880-460: The city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 breweries, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanning yards and 2 printing presses ; 57% of the total number of craftsmen of Dolj County lived in Craiova (1,088 craftsmen , 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices ). The period following the Independence War was a time of economic and cultural progress. As a result, at

924-443: The city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded in 2011, making it the 7th most populous city in Romania. Ethnic composition (2011): Ethnic composition (2021): In the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova was characterized by economic growth and the increased presence of trade, commerce, and public services. Similarly to other large urban areas, Craiova became a commercial, administrative and cultural centre. During

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968-480: The city today. Craiova is also a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national Căile Ferate Române network. There are daily trains with service from Craiova to: Bucharest (3 hours), Brașov (6 – 8 hours - via connecting service), Cluj-Napoca (8 – 10 hours - connecting service), Sibiu (4 – 7 hours), Sighișoara (8 – 11 hours - connecting service), Timișoara ( 5 hours) The city

1012-736: The city, it is impossible to tell which of the two words is the real etymology. The name is probably of Serbian origin, due to historical autochthonous minorities in the area. In Hungarian, the town is either referred to as Királyi , a remnant of the city's Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty , or as Krajova . The German name of the city is Krajowa . [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1475–1718 [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy 1718–1739 [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1739–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED]   Romania 1866–present Craiova, which occupied

1056-458: The country to be supplied with electric power by internal combustion engines . In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of Oltenia ; these numbered 924 industrial companies (including 20 large industrial establishments, employing 1,078 workers). The number of large industrial establishments rose to 40 by 1925. Banking also developed at the beginning of the 20th century (when 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change were already operating). In

1100-617: The end of the 16th century was about 100 villages (182 financial goods). This power gave them a statute of political autonomy so big, that the hospodars ruling at that time were not able to keep in power without an alliance with this powerful dynasty. From the Craiovești family there were chosen a lot of hospodars to rule the country: Neagoe Basarab , Radu de la Afumați , Radu Șerban (1602–1611), Matei Basarab , Constantin Șerban , Șerban Cantacuzino , Constantin Brâncoveanu . In 1395 Craiova

1144-414: The end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova, with its 40,000 inhabitants, had developed small factories (producing chemicals, farming utilities, and construction materials) and textile factories. On October 26, 1896, the Craiova power station entered service (with AEG equipment working at 310 CP, supplying 365 streetlights on 39 streets, forming a 30 km-long network); Craiova was the first city in

1188-450: The exodus of serfs to neighbouring Transylvania , Mavrocordatos allowed them freedom of movement from one boyar estate to another, in exchange for a 10 löwenthaler fee (the effective abolition of serfdom: 1746 in Wallachia, 1749 in Moldavia). At the same time, he imposed a quitrent , a 12 days- corvée , and allowed the boyars a retinue of serfs ( scutelnici ) that were exempted from

1232-596: The first in 1967–1968, followed by Siloz-Valea Roșie in the same years. Later on in the 1980s the Craiovița Nouă, Rovine, 1 Mai, Sărari and Lăpuș-Argeș housing estates are built. After the 1989 Revolution brought the re-establishment of a free market and decentralisation in overall management, several industries became subject to privatisation , while the market opened itself to private initiatives. Industry, although affected by economic changes, remains an important branch, representing circa 70% of Craiova's output. Under

1276-556: The fiscal and administrative systems, partly influenced by those of the Habsburg monarchy during their presence in Oltenia; initiated in Wallachia, they were to be applied consistently in Moldavia as well. He was responsible for the annulment of several indirect taxes , such as the văcărit (the taxation per head of cattle), and replaced them with a single tax of 10 löwenthaler , which could be paid in four annual " quarters ". Faced with

1320-464: The interwar period, Craiova, as the centre of an agricultural region, experienced little further industrialization ; the number of industrial workers remained comparatively small. In 1939, Craiova had 7 industrial units with over 100 workers: the clothing industry companies Oltenia and Scrisul Românesc were well-known all over the country and abroad. The Treaty of Craiova was signed here on 7 September 1940; under its terms, Romania ceded to Bulgaria

1364-534: The laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities , ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs and a more humane treatment of slaves. Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul ) as a Phanariote member of the Mavrocordatos family, Constantine succeeded his father, Nicholas Mavrocordatos , as Prince of Wallachia in 1730, after obtaining boyar support. He

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1408-517: The present-day Dolj County joined Tudor Vladimirescu 's Pandurs in great numbers, contributing to the expedition on Bucharest. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova witnessed economic prosperity, centered on handicraft trades and public services. During Imperial Russian occupation and the early stages of Organic Statute rules (1828–1834), the city increased its economic output; in 1832 there were 595 shops, 197 of which were made barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At

1452-610: The reforms' effects, the Ban of Oltenia moved his seat from Craiova to Bucharest , leaving the region to be ruled by a kaymakam . Mavrocordatos was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russian troops of Catherine II , after his resistance in Galați during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War , on November 5, 1769. He was taken to Iași where he died in captivity. Despite their attempts to have

1496-560: The site of the Dacian and Roman city Pelendava , was formerly the capital of Oltenia. Its ancient bans , the highest ranking boyars of the Wallachian state, were initially those of the Craiovești family. The bans had the right of minting coins stamped with their own effigies – the origin of the Romanian word ban as used for coins. The economic power of the Craiovești family at

1540-548: The state tax (and owed taxes only to their liege lord ). On these reforms as experienced in Moldavia, Neculce expressed his view that " were he not to have this heavy retinue of his father's, with all those insatiable people, and were he not prone on removing his cousin Grigore-Voivode from Wallachia, there would not have been such plunder in the country ". He forbade owners of slaves from separating married Gypsies belonging to different masters The prince attempted to impose

1584-545: The territory of Southern Dobruja , which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War . In the early 1960s, under the Communist regime , the city became a centre for the automotive and engine building industries, as well as for aerospace manufacturing , chemical industry , food industry , construction , electrical engineering , mining and the electrical power industry . The construction of housing estates also begins at this time, with Brazda lui Novac being one of

1628-724: The time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the Austrian and Ottoman Empires . Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the 1848 Wallachian revolution . Wallachia's last two rulers, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the Bibescu family. Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools and 60 factories and workshops. In all,

1672-473: Was 5530. The banking industry was also present; at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change. In the inter-war period , the city, situated in an eminently agricultural area, was considered to be industrialising too slowly in comparison with other urban areas of Romania. In 1939, there were only 7 industrial units with over 100 workers in Craiova: the "Oltenia" clothing factory,

1716-473: Was burned. Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Șimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece, and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into the city. There are two possible etymologies for Craiova: Old Slavonic kral ("king"), which has been borrowed in Romania as crai and Slavonic krajina ("border" or "edge"). Since no source prior to 1475 mentions

1760-599: Was deprived in the same year, but again ruled the principality five more times from 1731 to 1733, from 1735 to 1741, from 1744 to 1748, from 1756 and 1758 and from 1761 to 1763. He managed to regain control over Oltenia (the Banat of Craiova ) through the Treaty of Belgrade from 1739 after the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–39 . He ruled Moldavia four times from 1733 to 1735, from 1741 to 1743, from 1748 to 1749 and in 1769. He entered

1804-698: Was founded on 24 April 2015 in Craiova by Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia . Greece later joined to the organization in 2017. The first school in Craiova was founded in 1759 by Constantin Obedeanu. In the spring of 1826 Obedeanu's school took the name Școala Naţională de Limba Română which means National School of Romanian Language . This was the second Romanian high school after Saint Sava high school in Bucharest (founded in 1818). Universities: The first football teams in Craiova appeared in 1921, Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. They merged in 1940, forming

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1848-508: Was home to 57.7% of the total number of craftsmen in Dolj County (1088 craftsmen, 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices). Towards the end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova had small factories and workshops with chemical products, agricultural machines, graphic design, tanneries, textiles, construction materials, among others. On 26 October 1896, Craiova's power plant (using AEG equipment) began operations, supplying 365 lamps on 39 streets in

1892-473: Was noted, caused by an inability to anticipate the impact of change and the economic shocks that followed the change of system. Nevertheless, industry continues to represent the largest sector of the city's economy (70%). The Craiova Municipal Council, chosen at the 2020 local election , is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition: The Craiova Group , inspired by the Visegrád Group ,

1936-775: Was probably the scene of a victory won by the Wallachian Prince Mircea I of Wallachia over Bayezid I , Sultan of the Ottomans ( see Battle of Rovine ). Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region of Wallachia and Romania at large. During the 1718–1739 Habsburg occupation of Oltenia (see Banat of Craiova ), Craiova's status declined due to economic pressures and increased centralism , partly leading to an increase in hajduk actions, in parallel with protests of Craiovan boyars . In 1761, under Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos ,

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