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39-448: Rouen Castle ( Château Bouvreuil ) was a fortified ducal and royal residence in the city of Rouen , capital of the duchy of Normandy , now in France . With the exception of the tower wrongly associated with Joan of Arc , which was restored by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century, the castle was destroyed at the end of the 16th century, its stones quarried for other construction. The castle

78-701: A population exceeding 20,000. The city council is based at the Hôtel de Ville . The main schools of higher education are the University of Rouen and NEOMA Business School (former École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen ), Unilasalle (agronomy and agriculture), both located at nearby Mont-Saint-Aignan , and the INSA Rouen , ESIGELEC , ESITech and the CESI , the three at nearby Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray . The main opera company in Rouen

117-553: A tram and a bus system. The tramway branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR ( Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais ) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by TCAR (Transports en commun de l'agglomération rouennaise) , a subsidiary of Transdev . Rouen has its own airport . The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen , Le Havre , Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais , and

156-461: Is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the Museum of Fine Arts , Le Secq des Tournelles museum, and Rouen Cathedral . Seat of an archdiocese , it also hosts a court of appeal and a university . Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of

195-636: Is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances. Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, L'Armada . The city is represented by Quevilly-Rouen football club, currently in the Championnat National . Officially called Union Sportive Quevillaise-Rouen Métropole ,

234-517: Is the prefecture of the region of Normandy and the department of Seine-Maritime . Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , the population of the metropolitan area ( French : aire d'attraction ) is 702,945 (2018). People from Rouen are known as Rouennais . Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of

273-776: The Church of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); the Palais de Justice , which was once the seat of the Parlement (French court of law) of Normandy; the Gothic Church of St Maclou (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its surviving half-timbered buildings. There are many museums in Rouen:

312-621: The Anglo-Norman and Angevin dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War , it was on its soil that Joan of Arc

351-546: The Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less). Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Métropole Rouen Normandie , with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen , Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray , Le Grand-Quevilly , Le Petit-Quevilly , and Mont-Saint-Aignan , each with

390-682: The French Kingdom . He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil , built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre. A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs . Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of

429-584: The Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 14th century. It is located in the Gros Horloge street . Other famous structures include Rouen Castle , whose keep is known as the tour Jeanne d'Arc , where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in the tour de lady Pucelle (since destroyed);

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468-555: The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen , an art museum with paintings by well-known artists such as Claude Monet and Géricault ; the Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire , a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; Musée des antiquités , an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, the Musée de la céramique , the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007, and

507-560: The Plantagenet domains . Rouen did not go quietly: Alain Blanchard hanged English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed after the city surrendered, while Canon and Vicar General of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England. Joan of Arc , who supported a return to French rule,

546-583: The Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty. In North America , according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century London . In Peru ,

585-465: The "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France. 13th century The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan , which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe . The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed

624-498: The "Joan of Arc Tower" , musées départementaux de Seine-Maritime, 2004, 47p 49°26′47″N 1°5′40″E  /  49.44639°N 1.09444°E  / 49.44639; 1.09444 Rouen Rouen ( UK : / ˈ r uː ɒ̃ , ˈ r uː ɒ n / , US : / r uː ˈ ɒ̃ , r uː ˈ ɒ n / ; French: [ʁwɑ̃] or [ʁu.ɑ̃] ) is a city on the River Seine , in northwestern France. It

663-630: The Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens. Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet , who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; two are in

702-620: The Champs de Mars. In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre) is the modern church of St Joan of Arc . This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned Viking boat and a fish shape. Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix , hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished

741-507: The Conqueror moved his residence to Caen . In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government . During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a yeshiva known as La Maison Sublime . Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum. At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population. On 24 June 1204, King Philip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to

780-682: The Earl of Essex . A brief account by an English participant has survived. See 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp. 18–21. The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894. During the German occupation in World War II , the Kriegsmarine had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the Rouen Business School . The city was heavily damaged during

819-612: The Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism , which dominated the curricula of the new universities. In England, King John signed the Magna Carta , beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence. The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into

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858-498: The Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the Harelle . It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more. During the Hundred Years' War , on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after a long siege to Henry V of England , who annexed Normandy once again to

897-542: The Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects. The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden once owned by Scottish banker John Law , dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of Élisa Garnerin 's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. The Paris–Rouen motor race of 1894, Le Petit Journal Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at

936-619: The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $ 40 million. This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder ( contorny ) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis". On the front of

975-562: The Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as Paris . In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel

1014-755: The apex of the High Middle Ages , characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth , while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia . Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in

1053-513: The apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria . From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the Normans overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the local dukes , until William

1092-760: The city at Stade Saint Exupéry. The local team, Huskies de Rouen play in the top French tier, they also play some games in European competition. Rouen was the birthplace of: Rouen is twinned with: During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures by Jean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist Arne Quinze . Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on

1131-467: The club play at the 12.018 capacity Stade Robert Diochon in nearby Le Petit-Quevilly . Rouen Normandie Rugby represent the city in Rugby Union. One of few professional rugby teams from northern France, Rouen Normandie Rugby , currently play in the second-tier Pro D2 . Dragons de Rouen , an ice hockey club, play in the top-tier Ligue Magnus at the Île Lacroix arena. Baseball is also played in

1170-881: The course of the Muslim world , most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom . Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent , while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji . The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably Samudera Pasai . The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories. Europe entered

1209-507: The ducal palace of Rouen in these roles – of the bailliage and vicomté of the king of France, of the English government of the area (1418–1449), of the Exchequer of Normandy (which became the Parlement of Rouen ). It was here that Joan of Arc was imprisoned in December 1430 and tried from 21 February to 23 May 1431. The castle was probably the site of the birth of King Edward IV of England, who

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1248-866: The grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit. Rouen has an opera house , whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French: Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts ). Rouen has an oceanic climate ( Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). Mainline trains operate from Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite to Le Havre and Paris, and regional trains to Caen , Dieppe and other local destinations in Normandy . Daily direct trains operate to Amiens and Lille , and direct TGVs (high-speed trains) connect daily with Lyon and Marseille . City transportation in Rouen consists of

1287-570: The maritime world. Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses , who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it Ratumacos ; the Romans called it Rotomagus . It was considered the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum ( Lyon ) itself. Under the reorganization of Diocletian , Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached

1326-407: The same war on D-day , and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs. Rouen is known for Rouen Cathedral , with its Tour de Beurre ( butter tower ) financed by the sale of indulgences for the consumption of butter during Lent . The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject of a series of paintings by Claude Monet , some of which are exhibited in

1365-524: Was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, Charles VII , recaptured the town in 1449. Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the French Wars of Religion , and underwent an unsuccessful five-month siege in 1591/2 by the Protestant King Henry IV of France and an English force commanded by

1404-664: Was born at Rouen in 1442. Vulnerable to artillery like other medieval fortresses, all but the keep (now known as the Tour Jeanne d'Arc) was dismantled in 1591. Formerly known as the castle's donjon or "Grosse Tour", this tower is part of Philip's 1204 phase. It housed one of the sessions of Joan of Arc's trial on 9 May 1431, one in which she was shown the instruments of torture, to which she replied "Truly, if you have to pull my members and my soul from my body, I shall say nothing else; and if I say something to you, I would always say to you afterwards that you made me say it by force.". She

1443-467: Was built by Philip II of France from 1204 to 1210 following his capture of the duchy from John , Duke of Normandy and King of England. Located outside the medieval town to its north, in a dominant position, it played a military role in the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of Religion . It was the main seat of power, administration and politics in the duchy of Normandy for nearly 400 years, symbolically replacing

1482-480: Was not imprisoned here but in the now-lost Tour de la Pucelle, whose foundations may be seen at 102 rue Jeanne d'Arc. The pointed roof was added in restoration works beginning in the 1870s. During the Second World War the tower was camouflaged and turned into a bunker by the occupying German forces. It is now open to the public. Dominique Léost, Geoff Simkins (translator), The castle of Rouen and its keep known as

1521-496: Was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of bombing in 1944 , it nevertheless regained its economic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which merged with the ports of Le Havre and Paris in 2021 to form the HAROPA Port. Endowed with a prestige established during the medieval era , and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen

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