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86-426: Tensions had been building nationally for nearly a year following the death of Charles V ; on his deathbed he repealed many of the war taxes he had previously imposed. With the re-imposition of the taxes months later, a localized revolt, led by Rouen's guilds , occurred in the city and was followed by many similar such incidents across the kingdom. Charles VI traveled with an army led by his uncle and regent , Philip

172-621: A good man. Other important works commissioned for the royal library were the anonymous legal treatise "Songe du Vergier", greatly inspired by the debates of Philip IV 's jurists with Pope Boniface VIII , the translations of Raol de Presles, which included St. Augustine 's City of God , and the Grandes Chroniques de France edited in 1377 to emphasise the vassalage of Edward III . Charles' kingship placed great emphasis on both royal ceremony and scientific political theory , and to contemporaries and posterity his lifestyle at once embodied

258-575: A king must have the approval of his subjects and must listen to their advice. This view allowed him to approach the Norman nobles and the reformists, and thus Charles of Navarre. The power of Navarre was such that, on 8 January 1354, he murdered with impunity his rival Charles de la Cerda (the king's favourite), and openly avowed this crime. He even obtained, through the Treaty of Mantes , territorial concessions and sovereignty by threatening to make an alliance with

344-530: A larger crisis of the Late Middle Ages . Charles V , King of France died in 1380 and on his deathbed repealed all of the royal taxes at the suggestion of his confessor, to better prepare his soul for the afterlife. France was in the midst of the Hundred Years War with England . The kingdom was entirely dependent upon the royal taxes for the prosecution of the war effort, and their repeal resulted in

430-465: A memorable resistance and ransomed by Charles V, who considered him invaluable. The Black Prince, affected by dysentery , soon withdrew his support from Peter. The English army suffered badly during the retreat. Four English soldiers out of five died during the Castillan Campaign . In 1369, du Guesclin renewed the attack against Peter, defeating him at the decisive Battle of Montiel . Henry stabbed

516-550: A more emotional side; his marriage to Joan of Bourbon was considered very strong, and he made no attempt to hide his grief at her funeral or those of his children, five of whom predeceased him. His reign was dominated by the war with the English and two major problems: recovering the territories ceded at Brétigny and ridding the land of the Tard-Venus (French for "latecomers"), mercenary companies that turned to robbery and pillage after

602-481: A peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie . Charles overcame all of these rebellions, but in order to liberate his father, he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom . Charles became king in 1364. With the help of talented advisers, his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish

688-514: A similar rebellion in 1315. The abbot managed to escape to a nearby castle, but a large part of the abbey was destroyed. The charter was put on a large pole and paraded around the city. It granted significant individual rights to the citizens, but the document was rarely enforced in the normal times. The leaders of the city were rounded up and forced to take an oath and swear to abide by the charter. The riots lasted three days. The Archbishop of Rouen William V de Lestranges, who held feudal rights over

774-591: A third of western France (mostly in Aquitaine and Gascony ) to the English and lowered the King's ransom to 3 million écus . King John was released the following October. His second son, Louis of Anjou , took his place as a hostage. Though his father had regained his freedom, Charles suffered a great personal tragedy at nearly the same time. His three-year-old daughter Joan and infant daughter Bonne died within two months of each other late in 1360; at their double funeral,

860-665: A three-year break, the Hundred Years' War with England resumed in 1355, with Edward, The Black Prince , leading an English-Gascon army in a violent raid across southwestern France. After checking an English incursion into Normandy , John led an army of about 16,000 men to the south, crossing the Loire river in September 1356 with the goal of outflanking the Prince's 8,000 soldiers at Poitiers . Rejecting advice from one captain to surround and starve

946-484: Is a large Gothic Catholic church and former Benedictine monastic church in Rouen . It is named for Audoin ( French : Ouen , English: Owen ), 7th-century bishop of Rouen in modern Normandy , France . The church's name is sometimes anglicized as St Owen's . Built on a similar scale to nearby Rouen Cathedral , the abbey is famous for both its architecture and its large, unaltered Cavaillé-Coll organ , which

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1032-527: The Estates of Languedoc who were meeting to consider granting a new tax, dispersed without making the much needed grant. Phoebus Gaston , Count of Foix , repudiated the lieutenancy of the Duke of Berry over southern France and raised an army set up his own administration after seizing Toulouse . The largely autonomous areas of Provence , Brittany , and Burgundy , where the royal government had no taxing authority, were

1118-565: The Harelle . It was completed in the 15th century in the Flamboyant style. The foundation of Saint-Ouen Abbey has been variously credited, among others, to Chlothar I and to Clotilde , royal saint and wife of Clovis I , but evidence is scanty. It was dedicated at first to Saint Peter ; when the body of Audoin, Archbishop of Rouen (d. 678), was buried there; the name of St Peter and St Ouen became common and finally St Ouen only. The history of

1204-469: The Jewish section of the city was attacked. Hundreds of Jews were murdered, their children forcibly baptized . The city's royal captain, Maurise de Treseguidy, led his small contingent in an attempt to stem the violence. The mob quickly ran chains across the streets and began to attack the soldiers, who were forced to flee. The government of the city fled along with most of the royal administration and met with

1290-589: The Kingdom of France , because it occupied the Rhône Valley, a major trade route between the Mediterranean and northern Europe since ancient times, putting them in direct contact with Avignon , a papal territory and diplomatic center of medieval Europe . Despite his young age, the dauphin applied to be recognized by his subjects, interceding to stop a war raging between two vassal families, and gaining experience that

1376-580: The Papal Schism , which would divide Europe for nearly 40 years. Charles' last years were spent in the consolidation of Normandy (and the neutralisation of Charles of Navarre). Peace negotiations with the English continued unsuccessfully. The taxes he had levied to support his wars against the English caused deep disaffection among the working classes. The abscess on the King's left arm dried up in early September 1380 and Charles prepared to die. On his deathbed, perhaps fearful for his soul, Charles announced

1462-640: The Provost of Merchants (a title roughly equivalent to Mayor of Paris today). Marcel demanded the dismissal of seven royal ministers, their replacement by a Council of 28 made up of nobles , clergy and bourgeois , and the release of Charles the Bad, who had been imprisoned by John for the murder of his constable. The Dauphin refused the demands, dismissed the Estates-General, and left Paris. A contest of wills ensued. In an attempt to raise money, Charles tried to devalue

1548-611: The Tard-Venus out of France, Charles first hired them for an attempted crusade into Hungary , but their reputation for brigandage preceded them, and the citizens of Strasbourg refused to let them cross the Rhine on their journey. Charles next sent the mercenary companies (under the leadership of du Guesclin) to fight in a civil war in Castile between King Peter the Cruel and his illegitimate half-brother Henry . Peter had English backing, while Henry

1634-592: The papacy , tried to persuade Pope Gregory to remain in France, arguing that "Rome is wherever the Pope happens to be." Gregory refused. The Pope died in March 1378. When cardinals gathered to elect a successor, a Roman mob, concerned that the predominantly French College of Cardinals would elect a French pope who would bring the papacy back to Avignon, surrounded the Vatican and demanded

1720-474: The Bad , John and Charles of Artois , Charles of Alençon , and Philip of Rouvres . The future king was highly intelligent but physically weak, with pale skin and a thin, ill-proportioned body. This made a sharp contrast to his father, who was tall, strong and sandy-haired. Humbert II, Dauphin of Viennois , ruined due to his inability to raise taxes after a crusade in the Middle East, and childless after

1806-607: The Black Prince fled to England, where he died in 1376. By 1375, Charles recovered much of the English territories in France except Calais and Gascony , effectively nullifying the Treaty of Brétigny . In 1376, Pope Gregory XI , fearing a loss of the Papal States , decided to move his court back to Rome after nearly 70 years in Avignon . Charles, hoping to maintain French influence over

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1892-476: The Black Prince refused to answer a summons to Paris to answer the charges, Charles judged him disloyal and declared war in May 1369. Instead of seeking a major battle, as his predecessors had done, Charles chose a strategy of attrition , spreading the fighting at every point possible. The French and Castillan navies destroyed an English fleet at La Rochelle in 1372. Then, du Guesclin launched destructive raids against

1978-625: The Bold , Duke of Burgundy , from Paris. Paris itself revolted shortly after the army left the city. After returning to Paris to deal with the rebels there, the Duke and King traveled with an army to Rouen to end the revolt. The leaders of the Harelle in Rouen feared execution on the scale that occurred in Paris, and resolved to not resist the army. Twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's rights were revoked, it

2064-696: The Dauphin was said to be "so sorrowful as never before he had been." Charles himself had been severely ill, with his hair and nails falling out; some suggest the symptoms are those of arsenic poisoning. John proved as ineffective at ruling upon his return to France as he had before his capture. When Louis of Anjou escaped from English custody, John announced he had no choice but to return to captivity himself. He arrived in London in January 1364, became ill, and died in April. Charles

2150-517: The Duke in recent months, and grant amnesty to everyone who had been involved in the Parisian revolt. The Duke replied that the King would release the prisoners, but not meet their other demands. Fresh violence immediately erupted in the city. The mob attacked the Chatelet and killed several soldiers who were unable to escape. The prisons of the city were opened and everyone released. During the night, however,

2236-660: The English the edge in peace negotiations following the Battle of Poitiers . The King signed the Treaty of London in 1359 that ceded most of western France to England and imposed a ruinous ransom of 4 million écus on the country. The Dauphin (backed by his councillors and the Estates General ) rejected the treaty, and English King Edward invaded France later that year. Edward reached Reims in December and Paris in March, but Charles forbade his soldiers from direct confrontation with

2322-481: The English while they attempted to reassert their power. Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise ( French : le Sage ; Latin : Sapiens ), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War as his armies recovered much of the territory held by the English and successfully reversed

2408-720: The English, relying on improved municipal fortifications made to Paris by Marcel. He would later rebuild the wall on the Left Bank ( Rive gauche ), and he built a new wall on the Right Bank ( Rive droite ) that extended to a new fortification called the Bastille . Edward pillaged and raided the countryside but could not bring the French to a decisive battle, so he eventually agreed to reduce his terms. This non-confrontational strategy would prove extremely beneficial to France during Charles' reign. The Treaty of Brétigny , signed on 8 May 1360, ceded

2494-524: The English. But in Avignon, the English and French were negotiating a peace that would prevent Charles of Navarre from counting on the support of Edward III. He therefore concluded a treaty with the English in which the Kingdom of France would be partitioned between them. An English landing was planned for the end of the truce, which would expire on 24 June 1355. King John ordered the Dauphin in March 1355 to organize

2580-407: The King and the Duke took the army and again set out for Rouen. The city put up no resistance and opened the gates when the king arrived on March 29. Their leaders feared execution, but most were spared. Only twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's bells were confiscated, the gates of the city symbolically thrown down, a 100,000 franc fine imposed, the city charter was revoked and Rouen

2666-482: The King and the returning army. What military forces remained held onto the Grand Châtelet , a fortified royal building in the city. When the king arrived at the gates of Paris on March 5, the Duke of Burgundy negotiated with leaders of the mob from the city walls. They offered to submit and allow the king to reenter the city if he met three conditions: abolish all royal taxes, release certain individuals imprisoned by

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2752-426: The Prince, a tactic Edward feared, John attacked the strong enemy position. In the subsequent Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356), English archery all but annihilated the French cavalry, and John was captured. Charles led a battalion at Poitiers that withdrew early in the struggle; whether the order came from John (as he later claimed), or whether Charles himself ordered the withdrawal, is unclear. The outcome of

2838-657: The abbey, on record from the 1000, is unremarkable; a list of abbots is in Gallia Christiana XI, 140. The fourth abbot, Nicolas (r. 1042–1092) was the first cousin of William the Conqueror , and supplied ships and men for the Norman Conquest . In 1660 the monastery was united to the Congregation of Saint Maur , and when suppressed, in 1794, the community numbered twenty-four. The abbey buildings were confiscated at

2924-569: The abolition of the hearth tax , the foundation of the government's finances. The ordinance would have been impossible to carry out, but its terms were known, and the government's refusal to reduce any of the other taxes on the people sparked the Maillotin revolt in 1381. The King died on 16 September 1380 and was succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Charles VI . He is buried in the Basilica of St Denis , about five miles north of Paris. Charles' reputation

3010-533: The battle left many embittered with the nobility. Popular opinion accused the nobles of betraying the king, while Charles and his brothers escaped blame – he was received with honor upon his return to Paris. The Dauphin summoned the Estates-General in October to seek money for the defense of the country. Furious at what they saw as poor management, many of those assembled organized into a body led by Étienne Marcel ,

3096-600: The captive Peter to death in du Guesclin's tent, thereby gaining the throne of Castile. Bertrand was made Duke of Molina, and the Franco-Castillan alliance was sealed. Charles V could now resume the war against England under favorable conditions. After the Castillan campaign, the Black Prince was invalid and heavily in debt. His rule in Gascony became increasingly autocratic. Nobles from Gascony petitioned Charles for aid, and when

3182-408: The city attacking buildings where anything of value was thought to be. Churches, businesses, the homes of the wealthy, and government buildings were all looted. The hôtel of the Duke of Anjou was seized and used as a headquarters. The mob began to attack wealthy individuals, government officials, business owners, and moneylenders, beating them to death. The riot quickly degenerated into a pogrom , and

3268-418: The city, was captured and forced to renounce his claims to the city. The Duke of Burgundy recruited a small army from the garrisons in and around Paris and set out for Rouen accompanied by Charles VI and several other high officials. After being gone from the city only two days, they learnt that a far more violent revolt had broken out in Paris, and quickly turned the army to return to the capital. On March 3,

3354-399: The coasts of England, naval reprisals to the English chevauchées . Bertrand du Guesclin, appointed Constable of France in 1370, beat back a major English offensive in northern France with an unnerving combination of raids , sieges , and pitched battles . He notably crushed Robert Knolles at the Battle of Pontvallain . Most of the major English leaders were killed in a few months and

3440-466: The collapse of the war effort for a period of time. Complicating matters was that Charles' successor, Charles VI , was a minor and was under the regency of his three uncles, the Dukes of Burgundy , Berry , and Anjou . Louis, Duke of Anjou was the senior regent, but the three disagreed on policies for France. The plague and war had ravaged the kingdom, and the heavy taxation increased poverty in many parts of

3526-537: The community charter and confirmed the liberties and franchises of Humbert II, which were summed up in a solemn statute before he signed his abdication and granted a last amnesty to all prisoners, except those facing the penalty of death. On 8 April 1350 at Tain-l'Hermitage , the Dauphin married his cousin Joanna of Bourbon at the age of 12. The prior approval of the pope was obtained for this consanguineous marriage (both were descended from Charles of Valois ). The marriage

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3612-409: The councils and estates general of the numerous French principalities, the Duke resolved to reimpose the gabelle , a sales tax on salt, and the aides , a customs duty . The representatives of Paris were summoned before the King on January 16 and individually pressured to approve the imposition of the new tax. Under duress they agreed, but the news only gradually became known to the public. The Duke, as

3698-495: The country. The cities were particularly affected, as people abandoned the countryside for the security of the larger walled cities. England was having similar financial difficulties, and the high taxation led to the Peasants' Revolt there in 1381. By 1382 an agreement for managing the country had been agreed to, with Philip, Duke of Burgundy left to manage the administration. After several failed attempts to have taxation approved by

3784-578: The cross- Channel trade was vital. A brilliant orator, and accustomed to a monarchy controlled by the Cortes of Navarre (the equivalent of the States General), Charles the Bad championed the reform of a state considered too arbitrary, leaving no voice to the nobility or the cities (John the Good governed with a circle of favorites and officers sometimes of humble extraction). Unlike his father, Charles V thought that

3870-550: The crowd, but sent his family away and left the capital as quickly as he could. Marcel's action destroyed support for the Third Estate among the nobles, and the Provost's subsequent backing of the Jacquerie undermined his support from the towns. He was murdered by a mob on 31 July 1358. Charles was able to recover Paris the following month and later issued a general amnesty for all, except close associates of Marcel. John's capture gave

3956-536: The currency; Marcel ordered strikes, and the Dauphin was forced to cancel his plans and recall the Estates in February 1357. The Third Estate presented the Dauphin with a Grand Ordinance , a list of 61 articles that would have given the Estates-General the right to approve all future taxes, assemble at their own volition, and elect a Council of 36 (with 12 members from each Estate) to advise the king. Charles eventually signed

4042-422: The day progressed, the leaders of the mob directed the attack against any building thought to contain public records. All records containing evidence of rents, lawsuits, debts, rights and privileges were destroyed. A mob left the city and attacked the nearby Abbey of St. Ouen where they destroyed the gallows and entered the abbey to recover the city's charter, which had been granted to the city by Louis X after

4128-526: The death of his only son, decided to sell the Dauphiné, which was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire . Neither the pope nor the emperor wanted to buy and the transaction was concluded with Charles' grandfather, the reigning King Philip VI . Under the Treaty of Romans , the Dauphiné of Viennois was to be held by a son of the future king John the Good . So it was Charles, the eldest son of the latter, who became

4214-450: The defense of Normandy , which required raising the necessary taxes. The task was difficult because of the growing influence of Charles the Bad, who had acquired a status similar to that of a "Duke" under the Treaty of Mantes. He was likely to ally with Edward III and could at any time open the gateway to Normandy to the English. The Dauphin avoided war by reconciling Navarre with the king, which

4300-630: The duties of kingship, and his descent into madness in 1392 put his uncles back in power. By 1419, the country was divided between Armagnac and Burgundian factions and Henry V was conquering the northern part of France. The hard-won victories of Charles V had been lost through the venality of his successors. On 8 April 1350 Charles married Joanna of Bourbon (3 February 1338 – 4 February 1378), leaving: With his reputed mistress Biette de Cassinel , he had no known issue. With an unknown mistress, he had: Church of St. Ouen, Rouen Saint-Ouen Abbey , ( French : Abbaye Saint-Ouen de Rouen )

4386-486: The election of a Roman. On 9 April, the cardinals elected Bartolomeo Prigamo, Archbishop of Bari , and a commoner by birth, as Pope Urban VI . The new pope quickly alienated his cardinals by criticising their vices, limiting the areas where they could receive income and even rising to strike one cardinal before a second restrained him. The French cardinals left Rome that summer and declared Urban's election invalid because of mob intimidation (a reason that had not been cited at

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4472-508: The first Dauphin. At the age of twelve, he was suddenly vested power while in Grenoble (10 December 1349 to March 1350). A few days after his arrival, the people of Grenoble were invited to the Place Notre-Dame, where a platform was erected. Young Charles took his place next to Bishop John of Chissé and received the oath of allegiance of the people. In exchange, he publicly promised to respect

4558-562: The malcontents. He was supported by his relatives and allies: the House of Boulogne (and their kin in Auvergne ), the barons of Champagne loyal to Joan II of Navarre (heir of Champagne , had it not merged into the crown of France ), and by the followers of Robert of Artois , driven from the kingdom by Philip VI. He also had the support of the University of Paris and the northwestern merchants where

4644-454: The military losses of his predecessors. Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. To pay for the defense of the kingdom, Charles raised taxes. As a result, he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Étienne Marcel ; and with

4730-441: The mob faded away and leaders of the city's guilds took control of the situation. They too refused to open the gates and offered to negotiate with the King. The King and his army seized posts overlooking the city and stopped river traffic into the city, cutting off its primary source of food. The Duke of Burgundy summoned a large army of retainers from his domains, and the Dukes of Brittany and Anjou sent forces to assist in suppressing

4816-440: The monetary changes needed to support the royal finances. The royal clan had to cope with opposition from all sides in the kingdom. The first of these was led by Charles II of Navarre , called "the Bad", whose mother Joan II of Navarre had renounced the crown of France for that of Navarre in 1328. Charles II of Navarre was the eldest of a powerful lineage. Ambitious of attaining the crown of France, he managed to gather around him

4902-501: The most significant ones commissioned for the library were those of Nicole Oresme, who translated Aristotle 's Politics , Ethics , and Economics into eloquent French for the first time (an earlier attempt had been made at the Politics , but the manuscript is now lost). If the Politics and Economics served as a manual for government, then the Ethics advised the king on how to be

4988-466: The nave, creating a brighter interior than is typical of Gothic churches. Despite the use of Flamboyant tracery in the aisles , triforium , and clerestory , the nave maintains a conservative appearance through the use of compound piers , trumpet bases, and capitals which helps maintain harmony throughout the edifice. The west façade was never completed during the Middle Ages . The present structure

5074-446: The nobility of the day. While he was in many ways a typical medieval king, Charles V has been praised by historians for his pragmatism, which led to the recovery of the territories lost at Brétigny . His successes, however, proved ephemeral. Charles' brothers, who dominated the regency council that ruled in the king's name until 1388, quarrelled among themselves and divided the government. Charles VI, meanwhile, preferred tournaments to

5160-482: The only parts of the country to avoid a revolt. Tax collection became impossible which in turn made raising a substantial army to deal with the revolution nearly impossible, forcing the royal council to compromise. The King agreed to repeal the taxes and offered amnesty to all those involved, but they were required to submit to mediation. After regaining admittance to Paris, the leaders of the Parisian revolt were rounded up and executed. With control of Paris reestablished,

5246-467: The ordinance, but his dismissed councillors took news of the document to King John, imprisoned in Bordeaux . The King renounced the ordinance before being taken to England by Prince Edward. Charles made a royal progress through the country that summer, winning support from the provinces, and winning Paris back. Marcel, meanwhile, enlisted Charles the Bad, who asserted that his claim to the throne of France

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5332-460: The rebellion. News of the revolts in Rouen and Paris spread across France, and many other places followed suit. Amiens , Dieppe , Falaise , Caen , Orléans , and Rheims were all seized by rebels who followed the pattern established by Rouen and Paris. The cities were looted, the wealthy persecuted, the Jews proscribed, and public records destroyed. More revolts occurred across the south of France, and

5418-591: The reflective life advised by Aristotle and the model of French kingship derived from St. Louis , Charlemagne , and Clovis which he had illustrated in his Coronation Book of 1364, now in the British Library . Charles V was also a builder king, and he created or rebuilt several significant buildings in the late 14th century style including the Bastille , the Louvre Palace , Château de Vincennes , and Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , which were widely copied by

5504-504: The royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages, which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed. Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War to Charles' advantage, and by the end of Charles' reign, they had reconquered almost all

5590-425: The son of Prince John and Princess Bonne of France. He was educated at court with other boys of his age with whom he would remain close throughout his life: his uncle Philip, Duke of Orléans (only two years older than himself), his three brothers Louis , John , and Philip , Louis of Bourbon , Edward and Robert of Bar , Godfrey of Brabant, Louis I, Count of Étampes , Louis of Évreux , brother of Charles

5676-403: The streets. The mob was drawn largely from the poorest section of the city and was referred to as "la merdaille" (meaning approximately "shit-stinking rabble") by a local chronicler. The initial target of the mob was the wealthy, the town's councillors, the churches, and the tax farmers. Few people were killed, but there was widespread destruction. The mob looted every major building in the city. As

5762-485: The tax farmers began to collect the new tax in Paris. Violence began in the market of Les Halles . About five hundred men attacked collector's booths, beating several collectors to death. The mob quickly grew into the thousands and attacked the Place de Grève in search of weapons. They located a large store of iron mallets; Jean Froissart coined the term "maillotins", so naming their revolt. The newly armed mob spread out across

5848-476: The territories ceded to the English in 1360. Furthermore, the French fleet, led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War . Charles V died in 1380. He was succeeded by his son Charles VI , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France. Charles was born at the Château de Vincennes outside of Paris,

5934-540: The time of the French Revolution and were subsequently occupied by the Town Hall of Rouen. The church is 137 m in length under 33 m high vaults . The central crossing is surmounted by an unusual lantern-style tower similar to that at Ely Cathedral in England . The tower was completed in the Flamboyant style. The well-preserved stained glass of the nave dates to the 15th and 16th centuries, and features jewel tones among panels of clear and frosted white glass. These materials allow more light to filter into

6020-404: The time of the election) and elected Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII that September. The French cardinals quickly moved to get Charles' support. The theology faculty of the University of Paris advised Charles not to make a hasty decision, but he recognised Clement as Pope in November and forbade any obedience to Urban. Charles' support allowed Clement to survive as pope and led to

6106-421: The treaty was signed. In achieving these aims, Charles turned to a minor noble from Brittany named Bertrand du Guesclin . Nicknamed "the Black Dog of Brocéliande ", du Guesclin fought the English during the Breton War of Succession and was an expert in guerrilla warfare . Du Guesclin also defeated Charles II of Navarre at the Battle of Cocherel in 1364 and eliminated his threat to Paris. In order to lure

6192-471: The war effort. Over the course of the next year the Duke of Burgundy set forth a plan to strengthen the government's position and gradually arrested and executed their opponents. It was not until 1387 that the last of the issue of taxation was finally resolved, in favor of the king. The collapse of government revenues hastened the government to negotiate the Truce of Leulinghem , a long truce lasting several years with

6278-410: The work of Nicole Oresme (who translated Aristotle 's moral works into French) and Giles of Rome . Philippe de Mézières , in his allegorical "Songe du Vieil Pèlerin", attempts to persuade the dauphin (later King Charles VI) to follow the example of his wise father, notably in piety, though also to pursue reforming zeal in all policy considerations. Of great importance to Charles V's cultural program

6364-471: Was at least as good as that of King Edward III of England , who had used his claim as the pretext for initiating the Hundred Years' War . Marcel used the murder of a citizen seeking sanctuary in Paris to make an attack close to the Dauphin. Summoning a group of tradesmen, the Provost marched at the head of an army of 3,000, entered the royal palace, and had the crowd murder two of the Dauphin's marshals before his eyes. Charles, horrified, momentarily pacified

6450-407: Was constructed between 1846 and 1851 in a Neo-Gothic style that bears little resemblance to the original Late Gothic designs. The church contains a large four- manual pipe organ built in 1890 by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll . This instrument is considered to be one of the most important organs in France, and is notable for its powerful 32' Contre-bombarde. The organ stands unaltered and thus is one of

6536-512: Was crowned King of France in 1364 at the Cathedral of Reims . The new king was highly intelligent, but closed-mouthed and secretive, with sharp eyes, a long nose and a pale, grave manner. He suffered from gout in the right hand and an abscess in his left arm, possibly a side-effect of an attempted poisoning in 1359. Doctors were able to treat the wound but told him that if it ever dried up, he would die within 15 days. His manner may have concealed

6622-417: Was customary at the time, appointed tax farmers to collect the tax. The first violence to break out as a result of the re-imposition of the taxes occurred in Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom. On February 24, a group of men led by draper Jean le Gras, began sounding the great bells of the city's commune. Another group of men seized and closed the gates of the city, and a large mob quickly filled

6708-558: Was delayed by the death of his mother Bonne of Luxembourg and his grandmother Joan the Lame , swept away by the plague (he no longer saw them after he left for the Dauphiné). The dauphin himself had been seriously ill from August to December 1349. Gatherings were limited to slow the spread of the plague then raging in Europe, so the marriage took place in private. The control of Dauphiné was valuable to

6794-520: Was described by Charles-Marie Widor as "a Michelangelo of an organ". With the cathedral and the Church of Saint-Maclou , Saint-Ouen is one of the principal French Gothic monuments of the city. The current church building was originally built as the abbey church of Saint-Ouen for the Benedictine Order, beginning in 1318 and interrupted by the Hundred Years' War and sacked and badly damaged during

6880-431: Was his vast library, housed in his expanded Louvre Palace , and described in great detail by the nineteenth-century French historian Leopold Delisle . Containing over 1,200 volumes, it was symbolic of the authority and magnificence of the royal person, but also of his concern with government for the common good . Charles was keen to collect copies of works in French, in order that his counsellors had access to them. Perhaps

6966-400: Was of great significance for posterity, especially as his conception of governance was one that courtiers wished his successors could follow. Christine de Pizan 's biography, commissioned by Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy , in 1404, is a source of most of the intimate details of the king's life of which we are aware, but also provides a moral example for his successors. It draws heavily on

7052-507: Was put under the administration of a royal governor. The government was unable to reimpose the taxes needed to continue the war effort in the short term, and considerable effort had to be put forth to reassert authority in all the cities were revolts had occurred. The king refused to call a meeting of the Estates General , but numerous local councils were summoned to meet in Compiègne , where minor taxation concessions were made to partially fund

7138-505: Was put under the rule of a royal governor, and a fine of 100,000 francs was imposed. Despite the victory, the King was unable to re-enforce the taxation that prompted the revolt, and spent most of the next two years putting down similar tax revolts around the kingdom that followed the example of Rouen. The Harelle was one of many popular revolts in late medieval Europe , including the English peasants' revolt of 1381 one year earlier, all part of

7224-445: Was sealed with a ceremony at the court on 24 September 1355. Edward III was offended at the latest betrayal of Charles of Navarre, and the promised landing did not occur. King John was considered by many as a rash ruler, much in the same style as the feudal kings who came before which by then was becoming outdated, who alienated his nobles through arbitrary justice and elevated associates that were sometimes considered questionable. After

7310-404: Was supported by the French. Du Guesclin and his men were able to drive Peter out of Castile in 1365 after the capture of the fortresses of Magallón and Briviesca and the capital Burgos . The Black Prince , now serving as his father's viceroy in southwestern France, took up Peter's cause. At the Battle of Nájera in April 1367, the English defeated Henry's army. Du Guesclin was captured after

7396-500: Was very useful to him. Charles was recalled to Paris at the death of his grandfather Philip VI and participated in the coronation of his father John the Good on 26 September 1350 in Reims . The legitimacy of John the Good, and that of the Valois in general, was not unanimous. His father, Philip VI, had lost all credibility with the disasters of Crécy , Calais , the ravages of the plague , and

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