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26-692: (Redirected from Chretien ) Chrétien is a given name and surname. In the French language, Chrétien is the masculine form of "Christian", as noun, adjective or adverb. Notable people with the name include: Given name [ edit ] Chrétien de Troyes , 12th-century French poet Chrétien Le Clercq , 17th-century Roman Catholic missionary Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (1759–1845), French merchant-trader, diplomat and scholar Chrétien Urhan (1790–1845), French musician and composer Surname [ edit ] Gilles-Louis Chrétien (1754–1811) inventor of

52-421: A single battle scene, to a prologue, to a minimally cohesive tale with little to no chronological layout. Uitti argues that Yvain is Chrétien's "most carefully contrived romance… It has a beginning, a middle, and an end: we are in no doubt that Yvain's story is over." This very method of having three definite parts, including the build in the middle leading to the climax of the story, is in large part why Chrétien

78-492: A singularly clear mind to bear on his favourite study of medieval French literature. His Vie de saint Alexis (1872) broke new ground and provided a model for future editors of medieval texts. It included the original text and the variations of it dating from the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. He contributed largely to the Histoire littéraire de la France , and with Paul Meyer published Romania , an academic journal devoted to

104-491: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Chr%C3%A9tien de Troyes Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes or at least intimately connected with it. Between 1160 and 1172 he served (perhaps as herald-at-arms, as Gaston Paris speculated) at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne , daughter of King Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine , who married Count Henry I of Champagne in 1164. Later, he served

130-541: Is left to guess about Latin or French literary originals which are now lost, or upon continental lore that goes back to a Celtic source in the case of Béroul , an Anglo-Norman who wrote around 1150. For his Perceval, the Story of the Grail , the influence of the story is clearly tied to the story of Saint Galgano ( Galgano Guidotti ) who died in 1180–1181 and was canonized in 1185: a knight struck by god's vision, planted his sword in

156-513: Is marked by traits of the regional Champenois dialect (which is still fairly similar to the "standard" French of Paris). The immediate and specific sources for his romances are uncertain, as Chrétien speaks in the vaguest way of the materials he used. Geoffrey of Monmouth or Wace might have supplied some of the names, but neither author mentioned Erec , Lancelot , Gornemant and many others who play an important role in Chrétien's narratives. One

182-578: Is seen to be a writer of novels five centuries before novels, as we know them, existed. This article incorporates material from an essay by W. W. Comfort, published in 1914. [REDACTED] Category Gaston Paris Bruno Paulin Gaston Paris ( French pronunciation: [ɡastɔ̃ paʁis] ; 9 August 1839 – 5 March 1903) was a French literary historian , philologist , and scholar specialized in Romance studies and medieval French literature . He

208-499: Is the only one of his four poems based on Ovid 's Metamorphoses that has survived. Two short-lyric chansons on the subject of love are also very likely his, but the attribution of the pious romance Guillaume d'Angleterre to him is now widely doubted. It has also been suggested that Chrétien might be the author of two short verse romances titled Le Chevalier à l'épée and La Mule sans frein , but this theory has not found much support. Chrétien names his treatments of Ovid in

234-581: The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , and in 1896 to the Académie Française ; in 1895 he was appointed director of the Collège de France . He won a reputation as a renowned scholar of Romance literature throughout Europe. In Bonn he had learnt the scientific methods of exact research , but besides being an accurate philologist he was a literary critic of great acumen and breadth of view, and brought

260-713: The Brothers Grimm , the best re-tellers of the genre. He received the German Order Pour le Mérite (civil class) in August 1902. Paris died in Cannes in 1903. Paris endeared himself to a wide circle of scholars outside his own country by his unfailing urbanity and generosity. In France, he trained a band of disciples at the École des Chartes and the Collège de France who continued the traditions of exact research that he established. Among them were Leopold Pannier ; Marius Sepet ,

286-526: The Latin races between the close of the Empire and the arrival of Dante ." Chrétien's writing was very popular, as evidenced by the high number of surviving copies of his romances and their many adaptations into other languages. Three of Middle High German literature's finest examples, Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival and Hartmann von Aue 's Erec and Iwein , were based on Perceval , Erec , and Yvain ;

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312-1055: The physionotrace Henri Chrétien , (1879–1956), French astronomer and inventor Jean Chrétien (born 1934), 20th prime minister of Canada (serving 1993–2003), and former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada (serving 1990–2003) also: Aline Chrétien (1936–2020), his wife Michel Chrétien (born 1936), his brother Raymond Chrétien (born 1942), former Canadian ambassador to the United States, his nephew Jean-Guy Chrétien (born 1946), Canadian politician Jean-Louis Chrétien , (1952–2019), French philosopher Jean-Loup Chrétien (born 1938), French astronaut Paul Chrétien , (1862–1948), French general Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934), French entomologist Todd Chretien (born 1969), contemporary U.S. activist See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Chrétien [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Chrétien at Wiktionary Chrétien (crater) , on

338-549: The 1150s". Foster Guyer argues that specifically Yvain, the Knight of the Lion contains definite Ovidian influence: "Yvain was filled with grief and showed the Ovidian love symptoms of weeping and sighing so bitterly that he could scarcely speak. He declared that he would never stay away a full year. Using words like those of Leander in the seventeenth of Ovid's Epistles he said: 'If only I had

364-524: The Knight of the Lion ; and Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , the latter two written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. Yvain is generally considered Chrétien's most masterful work. The last romance commonly attributed to Chrétien, Perceval, the Story of the Grail , was written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished. It is dedicated to Philip, Count of Flanders , to whom Chrétien may have been attached in his last years. He finished only 9,000 lines of

390-528: The Moon [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrétien&oldid=1212103558 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

416-665: The Three Welsh Romances associated with the Mabinogion ( Peredur, son of Efrawg , Geraint and Enid , and Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain ) are derived from the same trio. Especially in the case of Peredur , however, the connection between the Welsh romances and their source is probably not direct and has never been satisfactorily delineated. Chrétien also has the distinction of being

442-462: The court of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders . As proposed by Urban T. Holmes III , Chrétien's name, meaning literally "Christian from Troyes", might be a pen name moniker of a Jewish convert from Judaism to Christianity, also known as Crestien li Gois . Chrétien's works include five major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets. Four of these are complete: Erec and Enide ( c.  1170 ); Cligès ( c.  1176 ); Yvain,

468-651: The first writer to mention the Holy Grail ( Perceval ), Camelot ( Lancelot ), and the love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot ( Lancelot ), subjects of household recognition even today. There is a specific Classical influence in Chrétien's romances, the likes of which (the Iliad , the Aeneid , the Metamorphoses ) were "translated into the Old French vernacular during

494-535: The ground that immediately solidified (kept in Abbey San Galgano ). However, Chrétien found his sources immediately at hand, without much understanding of its primitive spirit, but appreciating it as a setting for the ideal society dreamed of, although not realized, in his own day. And Chrétien's five romances together form the most complete expression from a single author of the ideals of French chivalry . Though so far there has been little critical attention paid to

520-468: The introduction to Cligès , where he also mentions his work about King Mark and Iseult . The latter is presumably related to the legend of Tristan and Iseult , though Tristan is not named. Chrétien's take on Tristan has not survived, though in the introduction of Cligès, Chrétien himself says that his treatment of Tristan was not well received, possibly explaining why it does not survive. Chrétien's works are written in vernacular Old French , although it

546-627: The study of Romance literature. In 1877 Gaston Paris was invited to Sweden for the 400th anniversary of the Upsala University , where he was made an honorary doctor. Before returning home he also visited Kristiania ( Oslo ) to take part in a celebration of the Norwegian philosopher Marcus Jacob Monrad . At the University of Oslo Gaston Paris also held a lecture about the two folktale collectors, Asbjørnsen and Moe , which he believed to be, besides

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572-473: The subject, it is not inaccurate to say that Chrétien was influenced by the changing face of secular and canonical law in the 12th century. This is particularly relevant for his Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , which makes repeated use of the customary law prevalent in Chrétien's day. William Wistar Comfort praised de Troyes' "significance as a literary artist and as the founder of a precious literary tradition [which] distinguishes him from all other poets of

598-409: The wings of a dove/to fly back to you at will/Many and many a time I would come'." Chrétien has been termed "the inventor of the modern novel ". Karl Uitti argues: "With [Chrétien's work] a new era opens in the history of European story telling… this poem reinvents the genre we call narrative romance; in some important respects it also initiates the vernacular novel." A "story" could be anything from

624-736: The work, but four successors of varying talents added 54,000 additional lines in what are known as the Four Continuations . Similarly, the last thousand lines of Lancelot were written by Godefroi de Leigni , apparently by arrangement with Chrétien. In the case of Perceval , one continuer says the poet's death prevented him from completing the work; in the case of Lancelot , no reason is given. This has not stopped speculation that Chrétien did not approve of Lancelot ' s adulterous subject (in which case he seems unlikely to have invented Lancelot). There are also several lesser works, not all of which can be securely ascribed to Chrétien. Philomela

650-614: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901, 1902, and 1903. Gaston Paris was born under the July Monarchy at Avenay ( Marne ), the son of Paulin Paris (1800–1881), an important French scholar of medieval French literature . In his childhood, Gaston learned to appreciate Old French romances as poems and stories, and this early impulse for the study of Romance literature

676-529: Was placed on a solid basis by courses of study at the University of Bonn (1856), in the German Confederation , and at the École Nationale des Chartes , at the time under the rule of the Second French Empire . Paris taught French grammar in a private school, later succeeding his father as professor of medieval French literature at the Collège de France in 1872; in 1876 he was admitted to

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