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91-800: Chetumal , or the Province of Chetumal ( / ˌ tʃ ɛ t ʊ ˈ m ɑː l / che-tuu- MAHL , Yucatec Mayan : u kuchkabal Chetumal , Mayan pronunciation: [u kutʃkaˈbal tʃetuˈmal] ), was a Postclassic Maya state of the Yucatan Peninsula , in the Maya Lowlands . The first settlements in Chetumal were established by Palaeo-indians before 8000 BC, during the Lithic Period of Mesoamerica . The first permanent settlements in Chetumal are believed to have been established by Maya farmers from

182-444: A combined entrada by land and sea southwards. Montejo was to hug the coast with eight to ten men aboard the brigantine or caravel La Gavarra . Dávila was to take a parallel route by land, with the majority of the soldiers. The provincial capital of Chetumal, which had been set as the parties’ rendezvous point, was first reached by Montejo. Unsure of the reception awaiting them, Montejo and his men kidnapped three or four residents under

273-567: A few days, upon their warm reception by residents and Naum Pat, an influential batab or mayor in Cozumel, and thereafter proceeded to the mainland. They explored the immediate area, being well received by the nearby towns of Xelha and Zama , and founded a settlement, christened Salamanca , in October 1527. Their substantial demands for foodstuffs soon grew irksome to locals, upon which Salamanca saw their supplies dwindle. In late 1527 or early 1528, after

364-509: A full intervocalic glottal stop and written as a long vowel with an apostrophe in the middle, as in the plural suffix -oʼob . Some sources describe the plain consonants as aspirated, but Victoria Bricker states "[s]tops that are not glottalized are articulated with lung air without aspiration as in English spill, skill, still." In terms of vowel quality, Yucatec Maya has a straightforward five vowel system: For each of these five vowel qualities,

455-474: A high pitch and fall in phrase-final position but rise elsewhere, sometimes without much vowel length. It is indicated in writing by an acute accent (íi ée áa óo úu). Low-tone vowels begin on a low pitch and are sustained in length; they are sometimes indicated in writing by a grave accent (ìi èe àa òo ùu), though the 2014 INALI orthography uses no accent. Also, Yucatec has contrastive laryngealization ( creaky voice ) on long vowels, sometimes realized by means of

546-403: A large town close to Lake Bacalar . Being well received, Dávila and his men stayed here for three weeks, during which time the diplomatic aid of leading individuals from various provincial towns seems to have convinced the batab or mayor of Bacalar to not oppose the entrada. Consequently, the party continued their march to Bacalar unopposed. An overland march to Chetumal, Dávila soon found out,

637-464: A month to secure communication with the adelantado in the capital of the Can Pech Province, and promised his son in return. Believing his son would be released regardless, the mayor dallied. Upon learning of the mayor's ill faith, Dávila had him and his retinue tortured. To prove "whether the son had more love for the father, than the father had for the son," Dávila now despatched the mayor's son to

728-558: A self-published book by a Yucatec scholar, Santiago Pacheco Cruz (1969). The meaning and origins of "Maya" as the name of the language (versus Mayab) and as the ethnic identity (ethnonym) are complex questions — see etymology and social history of the word as ethnic identity and name of the language in Restall (2004) and Restall and Gabbert (2017). Linguists have added Yucatec to the name in order to clearly distinguish it from all other Mayan languages (such as Kʼicheʼ and Itzaʼ ). Thus,

819-524: A sustained, and successful, programme of conquest in circa 900 AD, resulting in the formation of various provinces, possibly or likely including Chetumal. Mayapan succeeded Chichen Itza as the most powerful city-state in Yucatan during k'atun 8 ahaw , equivalent either to 1080–1104 AD, or to 1185–1204 AD. Its rule lasted thirteen k'atuno'ob , thereby ending either during 1392–1416 AD, or 1441–1461 AD. During circa 1450 to 1500 AD, Pachimalahix I, fifth ruler of

910-574: A total of 24 years. As the Spanish colonists settled more areas, in the 18th century they developed the lands for large maize plantations and cattle farms. The elite lived in haciendas and exported natural resources as commodities. The Maya were subjects of the Spanish Empire from 1542 to 1821. During the colonization of the Yucatán peninsula, the Spanish believed that in order to evangelize and govern

1001-724: A trying period of near-famine and disease, the Spanish moved northwards. With Naum Pat’s intercession, they were well received throughout the Ekab Province . They entered Chauaka , capital of the Chikinchel Province , in spring of 1528. A battle ensued, which Montejo won, thereby forcing Chikinchel to sue for peace. They next headed to Ake , where the Battle of Ake was likewise won by Montejo, after which they headed back to Salamanca, reaching it mid- or late summer 1528. Here, they were provisioned from Santo Domingo , whereupon they embarked on

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1092-505: A war of attrition. By early 1544, local opposition was so inconsequential as to convince the Pachecos to establish a town, christened Salamanca , in the ruins of Bacalar. The victory proved pyrrhic, as the entrada resulted in very significant depopulation of the Waymil and Chetumal Provinces, thereby ensuring the permanent poverty of Salamanca . Chichen Itza is known to have (coercively) sponsored

1183-562: Is also taught at: Free online dictionary, grammar and texts: Juan de Grijalva Juan de Grijalva ( Spanish: [xwan de ɣɾiˈxalβa] ; c. 1490 – 21 January 1527) was a Spanish conquistador , and a relative of Diego Velázquez . He went to Hispaniola in 1508 and to Cuba in 1511. He was one of the early explorers of the Mexican coastline, and was killed by natives in Honduras on 21 January 1527. In 1518, Grijalva became one of

1274-535: Is believed to have been organised as a confederation of provinces, called the League of Mayapan, each of which was overseen by a kalwak or governor. Chetumal's form of government as a sovereign province is presumed to have (i) remained significantly the same throughout its sovereign period, and (ii) not been significantly different from that of nearby provinces with a halach winik or governor , like Ceh Pech , Mani , and Sotuta . Chetumal's head of state and government

1365-549: Is carried by the CDI 's radio stations XEXPUJ-AM ( Xpujil, Campeche ), XENKA-AM ( Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo ) and XEPET-AM ( Peto, Yucatán ). The 2006 film Apocalypto , directed by Mel Gibson , was filmed entirely in Yucatec Maya. The script was translated into Maya by Hilario Chi Canul of the Maya community of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, who also worked as a language coach on

1456-427: Is high in the developmental hierarchy, and features like [fricative], [apical], or [fortis] are found to be later acquired. Like almost all Mayan languages, Yucatec Maya is verb-initial. Word order varies between VOS and VSO, with VOS being the most common. Many sentences may appear to be SVO, but this order is due to a topic–comment system similar to that of Japanese. One of the most widely studied areas of Yucatec

1547-422: Is large. This province [of Chetumal] was also rich in cacao. This captain [A. Pacheco], with his own hands committed outrages: he killed many with the garrote , saying, "This is a good rod with which to punish these people," and, after he had killed them, he said, "Oh how well I finished them off." Tying them to stakes, he cut the breasts off many women, and hands, noses, and ears off the men, and he tied squashes to

1638-661: Is presumed to have affected Chetumal severely. The reports likewise prompted the Governor of Cuba , who had commissioned the Hernández expedition, to petition and be granted letter patent authorising his conquest of the Maya states on behalf of the Charles I of Spain . The newly-minted adelantado , however, did not proceed with the conquest of Yucatan. On 8 December 1526, the Salamancan conquistador Francisco de Montejo , who had participated in

1729-454: Is still the mother tongue of a large segment of the population in the early 21st century. It has approximately 800,000 speakers in this region. There were an additional 2,518 speakers of Yucatec Maya in Belize as of the 2010 national census. Recently, scholars in the fields of history and anthropology have raised ethical and political questions about the continued use of the label "Yucatec Maya" to

1820-455: Is the semantics of time in the language. Yucatec, like many other languages of the world ( Chinese , Kalaallisut , arguably Guaraní and others) does not have the grammatical category of tense . Temporal information is encoded by a combination of aspect , inherent lexical aspect ( aktionsart ), and pragmatically governed conversational inferences. Yucatec is unusual in lacking temporal connectives such as 'before' and 'after'. Another aspect of

1911-599: The Belize Tourism Industry Association held a public re-enactment of the Guerrero-Kan wedding at Santa Rita, Corozal . Public re-enactments have been held on 22 March 2014, 5 February 2015, 20 February 2016, 6 July 2017, 19 May 2018, and 29 March 2019. Nero was not more cruel than this man [Alonso Pacheco]. He passed forward [from the Cochuah Province] and reached a province called Chetumal, which

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2002-563: The British Museum , George Gustav Heye Center , National Museums Liverpool , and Middle American Research Institute , with the British Museum receiving the first known collection of Maya jades . It has been suggested that his work prompted the first legislative protections for antiquities in colonial Belize in 1894, and their subsequent strengthening in 1897, 1924, and 1927. After Dr. Gann, archaeological work in Chetumal languished until

2093-512: The Merida -based polymath Juan Francisco Molina Solís in 1896. This was followed by the 1943 and 1957 publications of the Carnegie Mayanist , Ralph L. Roys . The latter of these has become the authoritative text on the subject, and is most commonly cited as the first of its kind, being significantly more rigorous and complete than preceding works. Despite this progress, Chetumal remained one of

2184-574: The Roman alphabet ) were written by Maya notaries between 1557 and 1851. These works can now be found in the United States, Mexico, and Spain in libraries and archives. A characteristic feature of Yucatec Maya, like other Mayan languages, is the use of ejective consonants : /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /kʼ/ . Often referred to as glottalized consonants, they are produced at the same place of oral articulation as their non-ejective stop counterparts: /p/, /t/, /k/ . However,

2275-516: The commons , which included all municipal land, as private land ownership either did not exist or was forbidden. It is not clear whether non-municipal land within the province was likewise held in common. At least since circa 1450, the provincial capital was a major port of call for the peninsular coasting trade from the Ulua River or the Bay Islands to the Ekab Province . It was, at least towards

2366-474: The glottalized plosives /pʼ tʼ kʼ ɓ/ and is followed by an identical consonant, the final consonant may dispose of its point of articulation and become the glottal stop /ʔ/. This may also happen before another plosive inside a common idiomatic phrase or compound word . Examples: [majaɓˈtʼàːn] ~ [majaʔˈtʼàːn] 'Yucatec Maya' (literally, "flat speech"), and náak’- [náːkʼ-] (a prefix meaning 'nearby') + káan [ká̰ːn] 'sky' gives [ˈnáːʔká̰ːn] 'palate, roof

2457-628: The "first ever Mayan telenovela ," premiered in August 2013. Jesús Pat Chablé is often credited with being one of the first Maya-language rappers and producers. In the 2018 video game Shadow of the Tomb Raider , the inhabitants of the game's Paititi region speak in Yucatec Maya (while immersion mode is on). The modern bible edition, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

2548-505: The (future) territory of Chetumal. At least twenty-five settlements in the area are known to have survived, most likely by reorienting economic activity towards the Chichen Itza-driven coasting trade . There is, nonetheless, evidence of limited social upheaval. Chichen Itza , established by Itza settlers in circa 750–800 AD, was the most powerful city-state in the Yucatan peninsula until circa 1050–1100 AD. It appears to have started

2639-603: The 1964–1970 Altun Ha Expedition of the Royal Ontario Museum . The project was pushed for by the Archaeological Commissioner of colonial Belize, A. H. Anderson , and led by David M. Pendergast . The substantial corpus generated quickly prompted a renaissance of archaeological work in Chetumal, which has continued to the present day. Historical work on the Postclassic Maya states was first published by

2730-459: The Acalan, led a military force to the Chetumal capital, and exacted tribute. Further details on this event remain obscure, though given the reputed commercial pre-eminence of the provincial capital at the time, it has been suggested that Pachimalahix I rather raided the city to settle trade-related damages, rather than actually having exacted tribute. The first Spaniard known to have arrived in Chetumal

2821-653: The Adelantado commissioned Gaspar Pacheco to conquer Chetumal and Waymil. Pacheco enlisted twenty-five to thirty men in Merida , and named Melchor Pacheco his principal subordinate, and Alonso Pacheco third in command. The expedition set out in late 1543 or early 1544. Pacheco and his men first reached the Spanish-controlled Cochuah Province . Their demands on the war-stricken residents here proved impossible to meet. The party nonetheless impressed men and women as servants, and seized so much food as to reduce

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2912-405: The Chetumal capital (now Villa Real ), Dávila set out with twenty men on a survey of the newly-Spanish territory towards Maçanahau. Upon reaching Bacalar, Dávila, to his great surprise, was informed that residents of Maçanahau and other provincial towns of Waymil had resolved to oppose him. The towns and their access roads had been barricaded. The opposition, though, was soon routed. In the meantime,

3003-497: The Columbian period, a large town of circa 2,000 houses, abutted by sapodilla and cacao orchards, maize fields, and apiaries of stingless bees . Its merchant class fully occupied one-fourths of Nito , an out-of-province port of call on Dulce River . It traded the province's cacao, honey, wax, and marine products for obsidian, jade, turquoise, copper, and gold. The province was the only significant cacao-producer in Yucatan. It provided

3094-736: The Grijalva and Cortés expeditions from Cuba, was granted letters patent for the conquest of Yucatan and Cozumel by Charles I of Spain. Unlike Gov. Velázquez, former holder of the patent, Montejo promptly undertook the called-for conquest. The adelantado named his close colleague, Alonso Dávila , likewise a participant in the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions from Cuba, the principal lieutenant for his entrada. They engaged 4 ships and over 250 men in Seville , from where they embarked in late June 1527, landing in Cozumel in late September 1527. They watered in Cozumel for

3185-710: The Guatemalan highlands by 2000 BC, during the Archaic period of Mesoamerica . The first state or province encompassing Maya settlements in Chetumal is presumed to have been formed by 100 AD, during the Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerica . The completion of the Classic Maya collapse in Yucatan saw both the formation of Maya provinces and the imperial expansion of Chichen Itza over these provinces, or their constituent cities. The collapse does not seem to have been catastrophic in

3276-548: The Hocabá dictionary and is not employed elsewhere in the region or in Mexico, by either Spanish or Maya speakers. As used in Hocabá, "Mayab" is not the recognized name of the language, but instead a "nickname" derived from a common nickname for the region, the Mayab ("Mayab, the land of pheasant and deer"), the use of which emerged in the colonial period. This use may also derive from the title of

3367-432: The Hocabá dictionary, compiled by American anthropologist Victoria Bricker , there is a variant name mayab tʼàan [majabˈtʼàːn] , literally 'flat speech' ). A popular, yet false, alternative etymology of Mayab is ma ya'ab or 'not many, the few', which derives from New Age spiritualist interpretations of the Maya. The use of "Mayab" as the name of the language seems to be unique to the town of Hocabá , as indicated by

3458-479: The Maya, they needed to reform Yucatec Maya. They wanted to shape it to serve their ends of religious conversion and social control. Spanish religious missionaries undertook a project of linguistic and social transformation known as reducción (from Spanish reducir). The missionaries translated Catholic Christian religious texts from Spanish into Yucatec Maya and created neologisms to express Catholic religious concepts. The result of this process of reducción

3549-594: The Yucatan Peninsula. However, "Yucateco" amongst Mexicans, especially non-academics, has always primarily referenced the state of Yucatan (located in the northwestern corner of the Peninsula with the same name) and, in particular, the ethnic-national identity and culture of this state. Thus, Maya linguists from Quintana Roo, for example Jaime Chi and Edber Dzidz Yam, have identified that the term actually introduces confusion, given that in common understanding among Mexicans

3640-423: The Yucatán island of Cozumel , and also took part in the conquest of central Mexico. Guerrero became a Mexican legend as father of the first Mestizo : by Aguilar's account, Guerrero "went native". He married native women, wore traditional native apparel, and fought against the Spanish. Francisco de Montejo 's military incursion of Yucatán took three generations and three wars with extended fighting, which lasted

3731-434: The Yucatán peninsula from Palenque , Jaina , and Bonampak . In the 12th and 13th centuries, a coalition emerged in the Yucatán peninsula among three important centers, Uxmal , Chichen Itza , and Mayapan . The society grew and the people were able to practice intellectual and artistic achievement during a period of peace. When war broke out, such progress was stalled. By the 15th century, the city of Tula had collapsed and

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3822-451: The adelantado in Can Pech, keeping the mayor hostage. This arrangement also faltered. The siege wore on for months, as it became increasingly clear to the men that the situation was untenable. In autumn 1532, Dávila and the cabildo or town council resolved to retreat to Trujillo by sea. They reached Puerto Caballos in spring 1533, after an arduous journey of seven months. In April 1543,

3913-593: The ancestor of modern Yucatec Maya, Itza , Lacandon and Mopan . Even further back, the language is ultimately related to all other Maya languages through proto-Mayan itself. Yucatec Maya is now written in the Latin script . This was introduced during the Spanish Conquest of Yucatán which began in the early 16th century, and the now-antiquated conventions of Spanish orthography of that period ("Colonial orthography") were adapted to transcribe Yucatec Maya. This included

4004-524: The arrival of Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain on 16 November 1978, gifted the monarchs a turtleshell statuette of Gonzalo Guerrero. Quintana Roo's state anthem, introduced 14 January 1986, celebrates the Guerrero–Kan family. Othon P. Blanco's highest civic honour, introduced 29 September 1997, was named after Guerrero. On 20 December 2012, the National Institute of Culture and History and

4095-402: The capital's merchants with cacao, honey, wax, and marine products. Articles for local consumption are thought to have included– None of Chetumal's records are extant. Consequently, all scholarship on the province has relied on later Hispano-Mayan records and modern archaeology. Archaeological work in Chetumal was begun in early 1894 by Thomas Gann , a medical officer of colonial Belize , in

4186-545: The capital, and thereafter inform him that the Montejo party had been lost. The greater threat thus despatched, the capital turned towards Montejo. Feigning good will, residents ministered to Montejo and his men, and further informed the adelantado that the Dávila party had all perished. This bluff likewise worked, and the adelantado promptly set sail south towards Ulua River , and then back north towards Salamanca. Montejo soon discovered

4277-499: The cover of darkness to gather intelligence. Upon learning of Guerrero , now the nakom or commander-in-chief of the capital’s forces, Montejo dispatched one of the captives to the former, inviting the commander to break ranks and join the Spanish conquest. This being summarily spurned, the capital was prepared for battle. The commander’s strategy was apparently to keep the Dávila and Montejo parties separated. Guides were or had been sent, under pretence of alliance, to lead Dávila west of

4368-562: The cultural hegemony of anglophone academia. The term "Yucatec Maya" was invented in the early-mid 20th century by linguists so as to not confuse themselves with the use of word "Maya" (the actual name of the language) when this was used to reference the ancestral language ( proto-language ) of all the Mayan languages ; this ancestral language is now no longer called "Proto-Maya", but is instead called Proto-Mayan . The designation "Yucatec Maya" has been understood by generations of US scholars to refer to

4459-413: The earliest syllable with a long vowel. If there is no long vowel, then the last syllable is stressed. Borrowings from other languages such as Spanish or Nahuatl are often stressed as in the original languages. An important morphophonological process in Yucatec Maya is the dissimilation of identical consonants next to each other by debuccalizing to avoid geminate consonants . If a word ends in one of

4550-458: The expedition's pecuniary aims. The expeditionaries' reports of grand Maya cities would nonetheless spur further Cuban expeditions to Yucatan, including a 1518 trading and reconnoitering voyage by Juan de Grijalva and another in 1519 by Hernán Cortés , the latter of which quickly morphed into the 1519–1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the 1519–1521 smallpox epidemic. The epidemic

4641-797: The feet of women and threw them in the lakes to drown merely to amuse himself. He committed other great cruelties which I shall not mention for lack of space. He destroyed the entire province. [Then the Spaniards] founded a town of eight vecinos , which is called Salamanca , a halting town which has neither a cleric nor a church, nor do the Spaniards there confess, since the town is sixty leagues from this city [of Merida]. If [the Chetumal Province] had not been destroyed it would have supported [a town of] thirty men [ vecinos ]. And for his cruelties they [the cabildo of Merida] returned this captain [A. Pacheco] to

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4732-497: The final consonant is often reflected in orthographies, so [majaʔˈtʼàːn] can appear as maya’ t’àan , maya t'aan , etc. Phonology acquisition is received idiosyncratically. If a child seems to have severe difficulties with affricates and sibilants, another might have no difficulties with them while having significant problems with sensitivity to semantic content, unlike the former child. There seems to be no incremental development in phonology patterns. Monolingual children learning

4823-520: The first to explore the shores of Mexico . According to Hernán Cortés , 170 people went with him, but according to Pedro Mártir , there were 300 people. The main pilot was Antón de Alaminos , the other pilots were Juan Álvarez (also known as el Manquillo ), Pedro Camacho de Triana , and Grijalva. Other members included Francisco de Montejo , Pedro de Alvarado , Juan Díaz , Francisco Peñalosa , Alonso de Ávila, Alonso Hernández, Julianillo , Melchorejo , and Antonio Villafaña . They embarked from

4914-549: The former is thus presumed to have been passed on to the latter. It has further been suggested that the Ekab Province may have been allied with Chetumal. Hispano-Maya hostilities commenced on 5 March 1517 in Cape Catoche , when an expeditionary force led by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba was ambushed by the military or militia of the Ekab Province , near that state's eponymous capital. The Hernández expedition were similarly received by neighbouring Maya polities, thereby foiling

5005-487: The jaws of sea creatures. Chichen Itza is believed to have been governed either by a multepal or council of lords, or by a king and a privy council. It has been suggested that the city-state's realm was administered as a confederacy of provinces. Mayapan is commonly held to have been ruled by a multepal or council of lords, composed of members from the Canul, Chel, Cocom, Cupul, and Xiu ch'ibalo'ob or noble houses. Its realm

5096-470: The language contrasts four distinct vowel "shapes", i.e. combinations of vowel length , tone , and phonation . In the standard orthography first adopted in 1984, vowel length is indicated by digraphs (e.g. "aa" for IPA [aː] ). In fast-paced speech, the glottalized long vowels may be pronounced the same as the plain long high vowels, so in such contexts ka’an [ká̰ːn] 'sky' sounds the same as káan [káːn] 'when?'. Mayan words are typically stressed on

5187-496: The language have shown acquisition of aspiration and deobstruentization but difficulty with sibilants and affricates, and other children show the reverse. Also, some children have been observed fronting palatoalveolars, others retract lamino-alveolars, and still others retract both. Glottalization was not found to be any more difficult than aspiration. That is significant with the Yucatec Mayan use of ejectives. Glottal constriction

5278-424: The language is the core-argument marking strategy, which is a ' fluid S system' in the typology of Dixon (1994) where intransitive subjects are encoded like agents or patients based upon a number of semantic properties as well as the perfectivity of the event. The Maya were literate in pre-Columbian times, when the language was written using Maya script . The language itself can be traced back to proto-Yucatecan,

5369-425: The language that is known and named by native speakers as simply "Maya" (see Castañeda (2021), Castillo Cocom (2021), Hernandez Reyna and Castillo Cocom (2021), Restall (2004), Restall and Gabbert (2017). These scholars argue, both explicitly and implicitly, that the use of "Yucatec Maya" manifests a continuation and propagation of neocolonial relationships, specifically the scientific imperialism of linguistics and

5460-541: The languages in the Mayan language family are thought to originate from an ancestral language that was spoken some 5,000 years ago, known as Proto-Mayan . The Maya had been in a stable decline when Spanish conquistadors arrived in 1517 AD. From 200 to 800 AD the Maya were thriving and making great technological advances. They created a system for recording numerals and hieroglyphs that was more complex and efficient than what had come before. They migrated northward and eastward to

5551-701: The least elucidated provinces until a seminal 1989 publication by Grant D. Jones , then a Professor at Davidson College . The modern city of Chetumal , established 5 May 1898 by Vice-Admiral Othón P. Blanco , was named in honour of the eponymous Postclassic capital of the Chetumal Province. The Guerrero–Kan family are widely believed to have been the first Mestizo family in the Americas. Various public works of art depicting them have been installed in Yucatan and Quintana Roo . These include: Cancun's residents, upon

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5642-456: The military strategy of Chetumal and other Maya states against at least three Spanish entradas. Three events pre-dating the 1514 arrival of Guerrero to Chetumal have been proposed as marking the first contact by residents of Chetumal with Spaniards: Maya settlements near Cozumel, Lake Izabal, and Guanaja are known to have been part of the riverine and coastal trading networks of merchants in Chetumal. Any knowledge of non-Indian people obtained by

5733-442: The most desolate of all the country; committing upon them unheard-of cruelties, cutting off noses, arms and legs, and the breasts of women; throwing them into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their feet; stabbing the little children because they did not walk as fast as their mothers; and if those whom they drove along, chained together around the neck, fell sick or did not move along as fast as the others they cut off their heads between

5824-504: The mouth' (so literally "nearby-sky"). Meanwhile, if the final consonant is one of the other consonants, it debuccalizes to /h/: nak [nak] 'to stop sth' + -kúuns [-kúːns] (a causative suffix) gives nahkúuns [nahˈkúːns] 'to support sb/sth' (cf. the homophones nah , possessed form nahil , 'house'; and nah , possessed form nah , 'obligation'), náach’ [náːtʃ] 'far' + -chah [-tʃah] (an inchoative suffix) gives náahchah [ˈnáːhtʃah] 'to become distant'. This change in

5915-437: The name Maya refers to the peoples and language living throughout the Peninsula while the phrase "Yucatec Maya" would seem to denote a dialect of the Maya language that is spoken in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, in contrast to other regional dialects of Maya such as spoken in the states of Quintana Roo, or Campeche and in northern Belize. Thus, the above scholars argue, to continue to use the phrase "Yucatec Maya" to refer to either

6006-593: The others, so as not to stop and untie them. With like inhuman treatment as this did they drag along in their train for their service a large number of male and female captives. And it is said the Don Francisco de Montejo did not commit any of these barbarities nor was he present at them. On the contrary they seemed very evil to him, but he could do nothing more. ( Jones 1989 , pp. 43, 301) 18°05′N 88°26′W  /  18.09°N 88.43°W  / 18.09; -88.43 Yucatec Mayan According to

6097-482: The people or the language instead of the proper name, that is, Maya, used by the speakers of this language would be an injustice. On the new politics of using Maya and not Mayan as an ethnic label see: Yucatec Maya forms part of the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan language family. The Yucatecan branch is divided by linguists into the subgroups Mopan-itza and Yucatec-Lacandon. These are made up by four languages: All

6188-680: The port of Matanzas , Cuba , with four ships on 8 April 1518. After rounding the Guaniguanico in Cuba, Grijalva sailed along the Mexican coast, discovered Cozumel on 3 May 1518, and arrived on 8 June 1518 at the Tabasco region in southern Mexico. The Río Grijalva in Mexico was named after him. He was also the first Spaniard to encounter Moctezuma II 's delegation. One of the natives joined them, being baptized as Francisco, and became an interpreter on Cortes' expedition. Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote about

6279-582: The pre-eminent worship of K'uk'ulkan . The Cult of K'uk'ulkan is thought to have been the first state religion to transcend linguistic and ethnic differences in Mesoamerica . The Cult is believed to have strengthened or been strengthened by the peninsular coasting trade . It has been suggested that the province was home to a cult of Itzamna which focussed on the god's connection to large ocean creatures. He has featured prominently in material finds from Chetumal which, unusually, frequently depict him emerging from

6370-656: The production. In the video game Civilization V: Gods & Kings , Pacal, leader of the Maya, speaks in Yucatec Maya. In August 2012, the Mozilla Translathon 2012 event brought over 20 Yucatec Mayan speakers together in a localization effort for the Google Endangered Languages Project , the Mozilla browser, and the MediaWiki software used by Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia projects. Baktun ,

6461-445: The province to famine. At this point, having fallen ill, Gaspar Pacheco tasked Melchor Pacheco, his second-in-command, with the conquest of Waymil and Chetumal. Marching onwards to Waymil and Chetumal, the Pachecos soon discovered that residents had burnt their crops and fled to the woods, determined on guerrilla warfare to oppose them. Exasperated, the Pachecos now resorted to wanton acts of cruelty, including: The Spanish thus avoided

6552-416: The province which he destroyed and gave him its best Indians, and in doing this they did not give him something which was of small value. Such is the justice rendered in this land. ( Chamberlain 1948 , p. 235). The Indians of the provinces of Cochua and Chetuma revolted, the Spaniards pacified them in such a way, that these provinces which were formerly the thickest settled and the most populous, remained

6643-600: The provincial capital of Can Pech in mid-1531. They marched through the Mani and Cochuah Provinces unopposed, shortly thereafter reaching Chable, a town in the Waymil Province. Pre-eminent individuals in town promptly offered assistance, and were despatched to the provincial capital of Bacalar to summon the batab or mayor. The summons being rebuffed, Dávila marched on, leaving half of his men in Chable. They next reached Maçanahau,

6734-449: The provincial forces at Chequitaquil, a coastal town four leagues north of the capital. On learning this, Dávila ordered a pre-emptive strike. A unit of circa twenty-five soldiers took the encampment by surprise. The assault was a partial success, resulting in the death of many of the provinces men, imprisonment of over sixty, and dispersal of all others. The principal target, Gov. Kan, had nonetheless made his escape. Now safely ensconced at

6825-465: The recently-conquered Cochuah Province had revolted. Dávila resupplied at Villa Real and set off with twenty-two men to suppress the revolt. Unlike the limited rebellion in Waymil, the Cochuah revolt proved serious and widespread, forcing Dávila to retreat to Villa Real. The Spanish settlement was now under heavy siege. With only some thirty men fit for combat, five horses, and depleting stores, their situation

6916-408: The release of the lingual closure is preceded by a raising of the closed glottis to increase the air pressure in the space between the glottis and the point of closure, resulting in a release with a characteristic popping sound. The sounds are written using an apostrophe after the letter to distinguish them from the plain consonants ( tʼàan "speech" vs. táan "forehead"). The apostrophes indicating

7007-485: The ruins of Santa Rita, Corozal . His copious work spurred further explorations and excavations in Belize and Mexico by the University of Liverpool , British Museum , Carnegie Institution , Field Museum , Sir J. E. S. Thompson , and Sylvanus Morley . He collaborated with Sir Thompson on Gann & Thompson 1931 , the first panoptic survey of Maya history for the general public. His collections of Maya artefacts remain in

7098-484: The ruse, and determined to gather reinforcements at Veracruz for a renewed offensive on Chetumal. He most likely set sail for that city in summer 1528. In early 1531, the adelantado, having brought the Chakan , Can Pech , and Ah Canul Provinces under Spanish authority, promptly set about planning a renewed campaign towards Chetumal. Alonso Dávila was appointed to lead the expedition of circa fifty men. Dávila set out from

7189-537: The sounds were not common in written Maya until the 20th century but are now becoming more common. The Mayan b is also glottalized, an implosive /ɓ/ , and is sometimes written bʼ , but that is becoming less common. Yucatec Maya is one of only three Mayan languages to have developed tone , the others being Uspantek and one dialect of Tzotzil . Yucatec distinguishes short vowels and long vowels, indicated by single versus double letters (ii ee aa oo uu), and between high- and low-tone long vowels. High-tone vowels begin on

7280-540: The travels of Juan de Grijalva in his book Historia de las Indias. . According to W H Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico," Grijalva was the first Spaniard to bring back word of the plentiful gold hoard of the Aztecs, inflaming passions for conquest. In 1518 Hernán Cortés stayed at Juan's home in Trinidad, Cuba , at the start of his Mexican expedition. He recruited men there, including the five Alvarado brothers. Juan de Grijalva

7371-480: The use of ⟨x⟩ for the postalveolar fricative sound (which is often written in English as ⟨sh⟩ ). In colonial times a "reversed c" ⟨ɔ⟩ was often used to represent /t͡sʼ/ (the alveolar ejective affricate ). This sound is now represented by ⟨tzʼ⟩ in the revised ALMG orthography and ⟨tsʼ⟩ in the INALI orthography. Yucatec-language programming

7462-479: The use of the term Yucatec Maya to refer to the language is scholarly or scientific nomenclature. Native speakers do not qualify the language as Yucatec , calling it "Maaya", "maayaʼ tʼàan", or "maasewal t'aan" (literally 'commoner language') in their language and simply (el) maya when speaking Spanish. In the Mexican states of Yucatán , some parts of Campeche , Tabasco , Chiapas , and Quintana Roo , Yucatec Maya

7553-420: Was Gonzalo Guerrero , a sailor from Palos de la Frontera, Spain . In 1514, Guerrero entered the civil or military service in Chetumal. He was likely gifted to Gov. Kan as a slave by a batab or mayor from the Ekab Province . By 1519, Guerrero had fully assimilated to Maya culture, having married Gov. Kan's daughter and fathered three children with her. Guerrero would thereafter devise or at least contribute to

7644-471: Was Maya reducido , a semantically transformed version of Yucatec Maya. Missionaries attempted to end Maya religious practices and destroy associated written works. By their translations, they also shaped a language that was used to convert , subjugate, and govern the Maya population of the Yucatán peninsula. But Maya speakers appropriated Maya reducido for their own purposes, resisting colonial domination. The oldest written records in Maya reducido (which used

7735-696: Was abandoned. The Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus traded with Maya merchants off the coast of Yucatán during his expedition for the Spanish Crown in 1502, but he never made landfall. During the decade following Columbus's first contact with the Maya, the first Spaniards to set foot on Yucatán soil did so by chance, as survivors of a shipwreck in the Caribbean. The Maya ritually sacrificed most of these men, leaving just two survivors, Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero , who somehow rejoined other Spaniards. In 1519, Aguilar accompanied Hernán Cortés to

7826-577: Was at peace. Even though the natives did not make war, he robbed the province and consumed the foodstuffs of the natives, who fled into the bush in fear of the Spaniards, since as soon as [A. Pacheco] captured any of them, he set the dogs on them. And the Indians fled from all this and did not sow their crops, and all died of hunger. I say all, because there were towns [in Chetumal] of five hundred and one thousand houses, and now [10 Feb. 1548] one which has one hundred

7917-558: Was likely effected through the threat of force, rather than diplomacy, as said authority was only reluctantly acceded to. Immediately subject to the governor were the batabo'ob or mayors of the cities, towns and hamlets of the province. This office was likewise hereditary. The office's powers and duties included– The constitution of local government has not been fully elucidated. The following offices were nonetheless known to have been involved in at least some cities, towns or hamlets— Local government were also responsible for administering

8008-480: Was not possible. Sea transport on several large canoes was thus arranged. They disembarked at Chetumal unopposed, as the capital had been deserted. Nevertheless, per his instructions, Dávila decided to found a town in Chetumal. The rest of the party, who had been left in Chable, were called for, and the new settlement at Chetumal christened Villa Real . In the next two months, the Governor of Chetumal, Nachan Kan, rallied

8099-399: Was precarious. Dávila soon learnt of a sizeable convoy preparing to set sail near Villa Real for trade towards the Ulua River . He had the merchants and their articles seized. Since his prisoners included the son of the batab or mayor of Tapaen, a provincial town in Waymil, Dávila kept the son hostage and despatched two merchants to summon the mayor, who promptly called. The mayor was given

8190-548: Was released in the Maya language in 2019. It's distributed without charge, both printed and online editions . On December 4, 2019, the Congress of Yucatán unanimously approved a measure requiring the teaching of the Maya language in schools in the state. Yucatec Maya is spoken by the fictional underwater kingdom of Talokan and its king Kukulkan in the 2022 film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever . In addition to universities and private institutions in Mexico, (Yucatec) Maya

8281-403: Was the halach winik or governor , who would also have been the batab or mayor of the province's eponymous capital. His office and title ( Ahaw or Lord ) were hereditary, and his rule considered a divine right . The office's powers and duties included— At least one of Chetumal's later governors is known to have held authority over at least part of a neighbouring province ( Waymil ). This

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