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49-635: In the Yucatec Maya language , ”Kaan” means snake , and ”Peech” means tick . Can Pech was founded by Ah k'iin Peech. Ah Kin or Ah K'iin being a rank of priest. During the Preclassic and Classic period, around the area of Can Pech, important cities and towns were built. They include Becan , Edzná , Dzibilinocac , Alimochei , Jaina , Nadzcaan , Balamkú , Calakmul , Xcalumkín , Kankí , Chunhuhub , Xtampac , and Hochob . Most of these places were part of

98-503: A "nickname" derived from a common nickname for the region, the Mayab ("Mayab, the land of pheasant and deer"), the use of which emerged in the colonial period. This use may also derive from the title of a self-published book by a Yucatec scholar, Santiago Pacheco Cruz (1969). The meaning and origins of "Maya" as the name of the language (versus Mayab) and as the ethnic identity (ethnonym) are complex questions — see etymology and social history of

147-552: A Spanish ship docked in Campeche city. The Spaniards traded for water with the Maya there. Missed the water and we had to jump ashore with the people, and was a Sunday of Lazarus, and this cause proceeded to that town name Lazarus, and so is the sea charts, and the proper name of Indian Campeche said ... And was there a good water well, where the natives of that population drank in those lands because, as we have seen there are no rivers, and took

196-509: A full intervocalic glottal stop and written as a long vowel with an apostrophe in the middle, as in the plural suffix -oʼob . Some sources describe the plain consonants as aspirated, but Victoria Bricker states "[s]tops that are not glottalized are articulated with lung air without aspiration as in English spill, skill, still." In terms of vowel quality, Yucatec Maya has a straightforward five vowel system: For each of these five vowel qualities,

245-474: A high pitch and fall in phrase-final position but rise elsewhere, sometimes without much vowel length. It is indicated in writing by an acute accent (íi ée áa óo úu). Low-tone vowels begin on a low pitch and are sustained in length; they are sometimes indicated in writing by a grave accent (ìi èe àa òo ùu), though the 2014 INALI orthography uses no accent. Also, Yucatec has contrastive laryngealization ( creaky voice ) on long vowels, sometimes realized by means of

294-527: A period of peace. When war broke out, such progress was stalled. By the 15th century, the city of Tula had collapsed and was abandoned. The Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus traded with Maya merchants off the coast of Yucatán during his expedition for the Spanish Crown in 1502, but he never made landfall. During the decade following Columbus's first contact with the Maya, the first Spaniards to set foot on Yucatán soil did so by chance, as survivors of

343-619: A shipwreck in the Caribbean. The Maya ritually sacrificed most of these men, leaving just two survivors, Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero , who somehow rejoined other Spaniards. In 1519, Aguilar accompanied Hernán Cortés to the Yucatán island of Cozumel , and also took part in the conquest of central Mexico. Guerrero became a Mexican legend as father of the first Mestizo : by Aguilar's account, Guerrero "went native". He married native women, wore traditional native apparel, and fought against

392-461: A system for recording numerals and hieroglyphs that was more complex and efficient than what had come before. They migrated northward and eastward to the Yucatán peninsula from Palenque , Jaina , and Bonampak . In the 12th and 13th centuries, a coalition emerged in the Yucatán peninsula among three important centers, Uxmal , Chichen Itza , and Mayapan . The society grew and the people were able to practice intellectual and artistic achievement during

441-477: A way of resin called copal among them, and with clay braziers full of coals we began to fumigate, and signs will tell us that we leave their lands before that there are joint wood fire place and burn finished; if not, we will kill war. And then they sent fire to the reeds and the popes were, no more no talk". - "Conquest of Yucatán", Diego Lopez de Cogollado In 1526, Francisco de Montejo was given permission to conquer Yucatán. In 1527, he invaded. Francisco began in

490-512: Is ma ya'ab or 'not many, the few', which derives from New Age spiritualist interpretations of the Maya. The use of "Mayab" as the name of the language seems to be unique to the town of Hocabá , as indicated by the Hocabá dictionary and is not employed elsewhere in the region or in Mexico, by either Spanish or Maya speakers. As used in Hocabá, "Mayab" is not the recognized name of the language, but instead

539-632: Is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula , including part of northern Belize . There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in San Francisco , though most Maya Americans are speakers of other Mayan languages from Guatemala and Chiapas . According to the Hocabá dictionary, compiled by American anthropologist Victoria Bricker , there is a variant name mayab tʼàan [majabˈtʼàːn] , literally 'flat speech' ). A popular, yet false, alternative etymology of Mayab

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588-502: Is carried by the CDI 's radio stations XEXPUJ-AM ( Xpujil, Campeche ), XENKA-AM ( Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo ) and XEPET-AM ( Peto, Yucatán ). The 2006 film Apocalypto , directed by Mel Gibson , was filmed entirely in Yucatec Maya. The script was translated into Maya by Hilario Chi Canul of the Maya community of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, who also worked as a language coach on

637-510: Is divided by linguists into the subgroups Mopan-itza and Yucatec-Lacandon. These are made up by four languages: All the languages in the Mayan language family are thought to originate from an ancestral language that was spoken some 5,000 years ago, known as Proto-Mayan . The Maya had been in a stable decline when Spanish conquistadors arrived in 1517 AD. From 200 to 800 AD the Maya were thriving and making great technological advances. They created

686-427: Is high in the developmental hierarchy, and features like [fricative], [apical], or [fortis] are found to be later acquired. Like almost all Mayan languages, Yucatec Maya is verb-initial. Word order varies between VOS and VSO, with VOS being the most common. Many sentences may appear to be SVO, but this order is due to a topic–comment system similar to that of Japanese. One of the most widely studied areas of Yucatec

735-630: Is instead called Proto-Mayan . The designation "Yucatec Maya" has been understood by generations of US scholars to refer to the Yucatan Peninsula. However, "Yucateco" amongst Mexicans, especially non-academics, has always primarily referenced the state of Yucatan (located in the northwestern corner of the Peninsula with the same name) and, in particular, the ethnic-national identity and culture of this state. Thus, Maya linguists from Quintana Roo, for example Jaime Chi and Edber Dzidz Yam, have identified that

784-510: Is short distance away from us; and then at that moment went to another house, which was his shrine idols, ten Indians who brought clothes blankets long cotton that gave to their feet, and were white, and very big hair, full of revolt blood with them, they can not even comb desparcir or if not cut; Indians whom were priests of idols, which in New Spain potatoes are commonly called, and thus will name hereafter ... And those potatoes brought incense, as

833-455: Is the semantics of time in the language. Yucatec, like many other languages of the world ( Chinese , Kalaallisut , arguably Guaraní and others) does not have the grammatical category of tense . Temporal information is encoded by a combination of aspect , inherent lexical aspect ( aktionsart ), and pragmatically governed conversational inferences. Yucatec is unusual in lacking temporal connectives such as 'before' and 'after'. Another aspect of

882-483: The Maya collapse . There may have been as many as 36,000 people in Campeche at the time of the first contact with Spaniards, but by 1540, only 5,985 people were left in the city, largely because of smallpox . Yucatec Maya language Yucatec Maya ( / ˈ j uː k ə t ɛ k ˈ m aɪ ə / YOO -kə-tek MY -ə ; referred to by its speakers as mayaʼ or maayaʼ t’aan [màːjaʔˈtʼàːn] )

931-570: The Mexican states of Yucatán , some parts of Campeche , Tabasco , Chiapas , and Quintana Roo , Yucatec Maya is still the mother tongue of a large segment of the population in the early 21st century. It has approximately 800,000 speakers in this region. There were an additional 2,518 speakers of Yucatec Maya in Belize as of the 2010 national census. Recently, scholars in the fields of history and anthropology have raised ethical and political questions about

980-809: The Puuc polity. In the early 900s, the Toltecs took control over northern Yucatán . After the Toltecs left, the League of Mayapan became the main power in the area in 987. In 1441, a civil war broke out between the Cocom and the Tutul-Xiu . The war was powerful enough that by 1461, the League had completely broken up into several different countries called Kuchkabal . It was during this time that Ah k'iin Peech founded Can Pech. On March 22, 1517,

1029-574: The Roman alphabet ) were written by Maya notaries between 1557 and 1851. These works can now be found in the United States, Mexico, and Spain in libraries and archives. A characteristic feature of Yucatec Maya, like other Mayan languages, is the use of ejective consonants : /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /kʼ/ . Often referred to as glottalized consonants, they are produced at the same place of oral articulation as their non-ejective stop counterparts: /p/, /t/, /k/ . However,

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1078-737: The Spanish Empire from 1542 to 1821. During the colonization of the Yucatán peninsula, the Spanish believed that in order to evangelize and govern the Maya, they needed to reform Yucatec Maya. They wanted to shape it to serve their ends of religious conversion and social control. Spanish religious missionaries undertook a project of linguistic and social transformation known as reducción (from Spanish reducir). The missionaries translated Catholic Christian religious texts from Spanish into Yucatec Maya and created neologisms to express Catholic religious concepts. The result of this process of reducción

1127-474: The glottalized plosives /pʼ tʼ kʼ ɓ/ and is followed by an identical consonant, the final consonant may dispose of its point of articulation and become the glottal stop /ʔ/. This may also happen before another plosive inside a common idiomatic phrase or compound word . Examples: [majaɓˈtʼàːn] ~ [majaʔˈtʼàːn] 'Yucatec Maya' (literally, "flat speech"), and náak’- [náːkʼ-] (a prefix meaning 'nearby') + káan [ká̰ːn] 'sky' gives [ˈnáːʔká̰ːn] 'palate, roof

1176-628: The "first ever Mayan telenovela ," premiered in August 2013. Jesús Pat Chablé is often credited with being one of the first Maya-language rappers and producers. In the 2018 video game Shadow of the Tomb Raider , the inhabitants of the game's Paititi region speak in Yucatec Maya (while immersion mode is on). The modern bible edition, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

1225-637: The Conquest of New Spain , Bernal Díaz del Castillo The Spaniards were taken into the city and given a tour of the palaces and pyramids. They were treated well and they treated the Maya there well. But there was tension after having recently lost a battle with Ekab soldiers. And being so many other Indians came, they brought very dastardly blankets, buckets full of reeds and put on a plain, and then, after these, came two squadrons of Indian archers, spears and shields, and slings and stones, with their weapons of cotton, and made in concert and each squad captain, which

1274-581: The Halach Uinik. Each Batab was the military leader of his population. On the religious side, after the Halach Uinik, there was the Ah Kin May and the regular priests Ah Kin (meaning "coming from the Sun"). There was also a sacrificial priest called "Ah Nacom". Most of Campeche's population lived near the coast. The Puuc hills had been densely populated in the classic Maya period, but were largely abandoned after

1323-699: The Spaniards were easily defeated. In 1540, the third and finale invasion started in Chakan Putum . The Spaniards sent diplomats into Can Pech to convince the Batab (Municipal leaders) to swear allegiance to the crown of Spain. On October 4, The Spaniards invaded Campeche. Betrayed by the Batab, the city was overwhelmed. After the war between the Tutul Xiu and Cocom , the Yucatán Peninsula broke up into 16 Kuchkabal . In

1372-413: The Spanish. Francisco de Montejo 's military incursion of Yucatán took three generations and three wars with extended fighting, which lasted a total of 24 years. As the Spanish colonists settled more areas, in the 18th century they developed the lands for large maize plantations and cattle farms. The elite lived in haciendas and exported natural resources as commodities. The Maya were subjects of

1421-499: The above scholars argue, to continue to use the phrase "Yucatec Maya" to refer to either the people or the language instead of the proper name, that is, Maya, used by the speakers of this language would be an injustice. On the new politics of using Maya and not Mayan as an ethnic label see: Yucatec Maya forms part of the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan language family. The Yucatecan branch

1470-593: The ancestor of modern Yucatec Maya, Itza , Lacandon and Mopan . Even further back, the language is ultimately related to all other Maya languages through proto-Mayan itself. Yucatec Maya is now written in the Latin script . This was introduced during the Spanish Conquest of Yucatán which began in the early 16th century, and the now-antiquated conventions of Spanish orthography of that period ("Colonial orthography") were adapted to transcribe Yucatec Maya. This included

1519-428: The continued use of the label "Yucatec Maya" to the language that is known and named by native speakers as simply "Maya" (see Castañeda (2021), Castillo Cocom (2021), Hernandez Reyna and Castillo Cocom (2021), Restall (2004), Restall and Gabbert (2017). These scholars argue, both explicitly and implicitly, that the use of "Yucatec Maya" manifests a continuation and propagation of neocolonial relationships, specifically

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1568-413: The earliest syllable with a long vowel. If there is no long vowel, then the last syllable is stressed. Borrowings from other languages such as Spanish or Nahuatl are often stressed as in the original languages. An important morphophonological process in Yucatec Maya is the dissimilation of identical consonants next to each other by debuccalizing to avoid geminate consonants . If a word ends in one of

1617-399: The east and moved west. By 1529, when he reached Cupul , his forces were so beaten that they were forced to retreat back to Spain defeated. In 1531, The Spaniards invaded again, directly into the city of Campeche . They conquered Can Pech. After the battle, the Spaniards only had ten cavalry and fifty-five foot soldiers left. A reinforcement of 20,000 Maya soldiers was sent to the city and

1666-497: The final consonant is often reflected in orthographies, so [majaʔˈtʼàːn] can appear as maya’ t’àan , maya t'aan , etc. Phonology acquisition is received idiosyncratically. If a child seems to have severe difficulties with affricates and sibilants, another might have no difficulties with them while having significant problems with sensitivity to semantic content, unlike the former child. There seems to be no incremental development in phonology patterns. Monolingual children learning

1715-470: The language contrasts four distinct vowel "shapes", i.e. combinations of vowel length , tone , and phonation . In the standard orthography first adopted in 1984, vowel length is indicated by digraphs (e.g. "aa" for IPA [aː] ). In fast-paced speech, the glottalized long vowels may be pronounced the same as the plain long high vowels, so in such contexts ka’an [ká̰ːn] 'sky' sounds the same as káan [káːn] 'when?'. Mayan words are typically stressed on

1764-496: The language have shown acquisition of aspiration and deobstruentization but difficulty with sibilants and affricates, and other children show the reverse. Also, some children have been observed fronting palatoalveolars, others retract lamino-alveolars, and still others retract both. Glottalization was not found to be any more difficult than aspiration. That is significant with the Yucatec Mayan use of ejectives. Glottal constriction

1813-424: The language is the core-argument marking strategy, which is a ' fluid S system' in the typology of Dixon (1994) where intransitive subjects are encoded like agents or patients based upon a number of semantic properties as well as the perfectivity of the event. The Maya were literate in pre-Columbian times, when the language was written using Maya script . The language itself can be traced back to proto-Yucatecan,

1862-504: The mouth' (so literally "nearby-sky"). Meanwhile, if the final consonant is one of the other consonants, it debuccalizes to /h/: nak [nak] 'to stop sth' + -kúuns [-kúːns] (a causative suffix) gives nahkúuns [nahˈkúːns] 'to support sb/sth' (cf. the homophones nah , possessed form nahil , 'house'; and nah , possessed form nah , 'obligation'), náach’ [náːtʃ] 'far' + -chah [-tʃah] (an inchoative suffix) gives náahchah [ˈnáːhtʃah] 'to become distant'. This change in

1911-468: The pipes to fill them with water, and turn to the ships. And as they were full and wanted us to ship, came the people work fifty Indians, with good cotton blankets and peace, and what appeared should be caciques, and tell us by signs what we wanted and gave them to understand that water and then go to the ships, and we noted with hands if we came from where the sun rises and said "Castilan", "Castilan" and not look in lecture about "Castilan" - True History of

1960-456: The present-day state of Campeche , there were Ah Canul , Can Pech, and Chakán Putum . Conflicts between Kuchkabal were common, especially between Tutul Xiu and Cocom. Normally, each Kuchkabal had a capital where the ruler and supreme priest lived. The ruler was called a Halach Uinik . Each Kuchkabal was divided into several municipalities called " Batabil ", which in turn were governed by officials called " Batab ", who were usually relatives of

2009-656: The production. In the video game Civilization V: Gods & Kings , Pacal, leader of the Maya, speaks in Yucatec Maya. In August 2012, the Mozilla Translathon 2012 event brought over 20 Yucatec Mayan speakers together in a localization effort for the Google Endangered Languages Project , the Mozilla browser, and the MediaWiki software used by Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia projects. Baktun ,

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2058-408: The release of the lingual closure is preceded by a raising of the closed glottis to increase the air pressure in the space between the glottis and the point of closure, resulting in a release with a characteristic popping sound. The sounds are written using an apostrophe after the letter to distinguish them from the plain consonants ( tʼàan "speech" vs. táan "forehead"). The apostrophes indicating

2107-435: The scientific imperialism of linguistics and the cultural hegemony of anglophone academia. The term "Yucatec Maya" was invented in the early-mid 20th century by linguists so as to not confuse themselves with the use of word "Maya" (the actual name of the language) when this was used to reference the ancestral language ( proto-language ) of all the Mayan languages ; this ancestral language is now no longer called "Proto-Maya", but

2156-537: The sounds were not common in written Maya until the 20th century but are now becoming more common. The Mayan b is also glottalized, an implosive /ɓ/ , and is sometimes written bʼ , but that is becoming less common. Yucatec Maya is one of only three Mayan languages to have developed tone , the others being Uspantek and one dialect of Tzotzil . Yucatec distinguishes short vowels and long vowels, indicated by single versus double letters (ii ee aa oo uu), and between high- and low-tone long vowels. High-tone vowels begin on

2205-437: The term actually introduces confusion, given that in common understanding among Mexicans the name Maya refers to the peoples and language living throughout the Peninsula while the phrase "Yucatec Maya" would seem to denote a dialect of the Maya language that is spoken in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, in contrast to other regional dialects of Maya such as spoken in the states of Quintana Roo, or Campeche and in northern Belize. Thus,

2254-480: The use of ⟨x⟩ for the postalveolar fricative sound (which is often written in English as ⟨sh⟩ ). In colonial times a "reversed c" ⟨ɔ⟩ was often used to represent /t͡sʼ/ (the alveolar ejective affricate ). This sound is now represented by ⟨tzʼ⟩ in the revised ALMG orthography and ⟨tsʼ⟩ in the INALI orthography. Yucatec-language programming

2303-621: The word as ethnic identity and name of the language in Restall (2004) and Restall and Gabbert (2017). Linguists have added Yucatec to the name in order to clearly distinguish it from all other Mayan languages (such as Kʼicheʼ and Itzaʼ ). Thus, the use of the term Yucatec Maya to refer to the language is scholarly or scientific nomenclature. Native speakers do not qualify the language as Yucatec , calling it "Maaya", "maayaʼ tʼàan", or "maasewal t'aan" (literally 'commoner language') in their language and simply (el) maya when speaking Spanish. In

2352-471: Was Maya reducido , a semantically transformed version of Yucatec Maya. Missionaries attempted to end Maya religious practices and destroy associated written works. By their translations, they also shaped a language that was used to convert , subjugate, and govern the Maya population of the Yucatán peninsula. But Maya speakers appropriated Maya reducido for their own purposes, resisting colonial domination. The oldest written records in Maya reducido (which used

2401-548: Was released in the Maya language in 2019. It's distributed without charge, both printed and online editions . On December 4, 2019, the Congress of Yucatán unanimously approved a measure requiring the teaching of the Maya language in schools in the state. Yucatec Maya is spoken by the fictional underwater kingdom of Talokan and its king Kukulkan in the 2022 film Black Panther: Wakanda Forever . In addition to universities and private institutions in Mexico, (Yucatec) Maya

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