Cheb ( Czech pronunciation: [xɛp] ; German : Eger ) is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 33,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Ohře river.
134-607: Before the expulsion of Germans in 1945, the town was the centre of the German-speaking region known as Egerland . The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation . Cheb is formed by 19 town parts and villages: The first name of the town, documented in 1061, was Egire . It was a Latin name, which was derived from the Celtic name of the Ohře River Agara . The German name Eger
268-774: A career as a mercenary by raising forces for the Holy Roman Emperor in the Uskok War against the Republic of Venice . Wallenstein fought for the Catholics in the Protestant Bohemian Revolt of 1618 and was awarded estates confiscated from the rebels after their defeat at White Mountain in 1620. A series of military victories against the Protestants raised Wallenstein's reputation in the imperial court and in 1625 he raised
402-460: A daughter, Maria Elisabeth, she was only ten years old when he died, and Piccolomini's adopted son Joseph Silvio Max Piccolomini was only one year older. Wallenstein is also a main figure in Alfred Döblin 's eponymous novel . The title of the novel, published in 1920, is misleading, as it does not focus on Wallenstein, but rather on Emperor Ferdinand II , whom Döblin consistently calls Ferdinand
536-432: A few companions, broke into the burgomaster's house at the main square where Wallenstein had been lodging, and kicked open the bedroom door. Wallenstein, roused from sleep and unarmed, is said to have asked for quarter but Devereux ran his spear through Wallenstein, killing him. The Emperor rewarded the assassins. In 1784, his descendant Vincenc von Wallenstein had the remains of the general and his wife transported from
670-550: A final round of the Czechoslovak Individual Speedway Championship for three consecutive years from 1966 to 1968. On the rock in the northwest of the historic town centre lies Cheb Castle. It was founded around 1125 and was rebuilt into a Kaiserpfalz at the end of the 12th century. It is the only example of a Kaiserpfalz in the Czech Republic. At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the castle
804-635: A fresh army within a few weeks and took to the field. He drove the Saxon army from Bohemia and then advanced against Gustavus Adolphus, whom he opposed near Nuremberg and, after the Battle of the Alte Veste , dislodged. In November, the great Battle of Lützen was fought, in which Wallenstein was forced to retreat but, in the confused melee, Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Wallenstein withdrew to winter quarters in Bohemia. In
938-791: A future Czechoslovakia to be burdened with a sizable German minority. The idea of expelling ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia was supported by the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Britain's Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden . In 1942, the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile received the formal support of the United Kingdom for the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia and, in March 1943, President Beneš received Moscow's support. In June 1943, Beneš traveled to Washington, D.C. , and obtained support for
1072-455: A historian in his extensive history of the Thirty Years' War. In his play trilogy , completed in 1788, he concentrated mostly on the last period of Wallenstein's life (Pilsen and Eger). The literary depiction largely corresponds to the historical facts with the only exception being the lovers – Ottavio Piccolomini's fictional son Max and Wallenstein's daughter Thekla. Although Wallenstein had
1206-595: A joint German and Czech commission of historians in 1995 found that the previous demographic estimates of 220,000 to 270,000 deaths were overstated and based on faulty information; they concluded that the actual death toll was at least 15,000 persons, and that it could range up to a maximum of 30,000 dead if one assumes that some deaths were not reported. The Commission statement also said that German records show 18,889 confirmed deaths including 3,411 suicides. Czech records indicated 22,247 deaths including 6,667 unexplained cases or suicides. The German Church Search Service
1340-781: A large army of 50,000 men to further the Imperial cause. A year later, he administered a crushing defeat to the Protestants at Dessau Bridge . For his successes, Wallenstein became an imperial count palatine and made himself ruler of the lands of the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia . An imperial generalissimo by land, and Admiral of the Baltic Sea from 21 April 1628, Wallenstein found himself released from service in 1630 after Ferdinand grew wary of his ambition. Several Protestant victories over Catholic armies induced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein (Gollersdorf April 1632), who then defeated
1474-559: A life-size statue was erected in the Feldherrenhalle of the then newly built Imperial-Royal Court Weapons Museum , now the Museum of Military History in Vienna . The statue was created in 1877 by the sculptor Ludwig Schimek (1837–1886) from Carrara marble. The Cheb Regional Museum has a permanent exhibition dedicated to Wallenstein. In addition to portraits and paintings, his stuffed horse,
SECTION 10
#17328448869391608-694: A member of the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren), and adopted his uncle's religious affiliation. His uncle sent him to the brethren's school at Košumberk Castle in Eastern Bohemia. In 1597, Albrecht was sent to the Protestant Latin school at Goldberg (now Złotoryja) in Silesia , where the then-German environment led him to hone his German language skills. While German became Wallenstein's main language, he
1742-524: A prince, and in 1625 Duke of Friedland . Wallenstein proved an able administrator of the duchy and sent a large representation to Prague to emphasize his nobility. In order to aid Ferdinand (elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619) against the Northern Protestants and to produce a balance in the army of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly , Wallenstein offered to raise
1876-706: A scale as possible, and as expeditiously as possible to present the Western powers with a fait accompli . Between 1945 and 1948, a series of Czechoslovak government decrees, edicts, laws and statutes were proclaimed by the president of the republic, the Prague-based Czechoslovak Parliament, the Slovak National Council (Parliament) in Bratislava and by the Board of Slovak Commissioners (an appendage of
2010-674: A whole army for the imperial service following the bellum se ipsum alet principle, and received his final commission on 25 July 1625. Wallenstein's successes as a military commander brought him fiscal credit, which in turn enabled him to receive loans to buy lands, many of them being the former estates of conquered Bohemian nobles. He used his credit to grant loans to Ferdinand II, which were repaid through lands and titles. Wallenstein's popularity soon recruited 30,000 (not long afterwards 50,000) men. The two armies worked together over 1625–27, at first against Mansfeld. Having beaten Mansfeld at Dessau (25 April 1626), Wallenstein cleared Silesia of
2144-562: A whole. For Döblin, Wallenstein's economic genius predominates; battles are only fought when they cannot be avoided, as Döblin mainly portrays Wallenstein as a modern manager of long-term war planning. Wallenstein is indifferent to religious questions, forcing his partners and opponents to admit to a lie of which they were not even aware. Just like Wallenstein, they strive for power and wealth but hide this pursuit behind their religious convictions and assurances of peace. Döblin's Wallenstein has no political vision, and even less does he want to reform
2278-586: A year later he was no longer able to ride. On his flight to Eger in 1634 he had to be moved around in a wagon or lying in a transport litter. In the 1970s the skeleton of Wallenstein was examined. The inner core of the leg bones showed abnormal changes that suggest terminal syphilis . Shortly after Wallenstein's assassination, several plays, poems and newspapers appeared, as well as a large number of pamphlets describing his life and death. Most of these early adaptations are completely unknown today and have often been lost. Schiller first commemorated Wallenstein as
2412-620: Is also the subject of Calderón de la Barca 's play El Prodigio de Alemania . In Memmingen , the Wallenstein Festival ( Wallensteinfestspiele [ de ] ) is held every four years to commemorate Wallenstein's stay in the town in 1630. In Altdorf bei Nürnberg , the Wallenstein Festival ( Wallenstein-Festspiele ) has been held every three years since 1894. The plays Wallenstein in Altdorf [ de ] and an adaptation of Schiller's Wallenstein trilogy are performed. In
2546-585: Is represented by the football club FK Hvězda Cheb . It plays in the 4th tier of the Czech football system. Its predecessor was the club FC Union Cheb, which played in the Czechoslovak and Czech First League from 1979 to 1996, but then was abolished due to financial reasons. The team play at the Lokomotiva Stadium, located on street U Stadionu . The Lokomotiva Stadium once held motorcycle speedway and hosted
2680-512: Is said to have continued to curse in Czech. On 29 August 1599, Wallenstein continued his education at the Protestant University of Altdorf near Nuremberg , Franconia , where he was often engaged in brawls and épée fights, leading to his imprisonment in the town prison. He beat his servant so badly he had to purchase him a new suit of clothes on top of paying compensation. In February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf and travelled around
2814-574: Is the Schirdinger House. It is a Gothic house, built at the beginning of the 13th century and restored after the fire in the 15th century. The Renaissance reconstruction took place in 1622–1626. Today it houses a gallery and a café. Among the other valuable houses on the town square is the Town House, also known as Pachelbel's House or Juncker House. The house was first mentioned already in the 14th century. On 24 February 1634, Albrecht von Wallenstein
SECTION 20
#17328448869392948-457: Is the main church of the town and the oldest late Gothic building. It was established as a three-naved Romanesque basilica in the 1220s, of which the western portal and the lower part of the tower remain in place. After the fire in 1270, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style, another reconstruction took place in the 1470s. After the fire of 1742, the tower was rebuilt with a Baroque cupola , according to
3082-649: The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye triggered civil unrest between the Sudeten German population and the new First Czechoslovak Republic , just as in the rest of the Sudetenland . In the interwar period, many ethnic Czechs came to the town with the boom of industry. During the Sudeten Crisis , the town was occupied by the Nazi German -sponsored Sudetendeutsches Freikorps paramilitary group. On 3 October 1938,
3216-554: The Beneš decrees and it specifies that "Any act committed between 30 September 1938 and 28 October 1945 "the object of which was to aid the struggle for liberty of the Czechs and Slovaks or which represented just reprisals for actions of the occupation forces and their accomplices", is not illegal, even when such acts may otherwise be punishable by law." This law, which is still in force, has de facto ensured that no atrocities against Germans during
3350-610: The Carthusian monastery in Valdice , after the monastery was abolished in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II , to St. Anne's Chapel in the town of Mnichovo Hradiště , in the Czech Republic . While a student at Padua, Wallenstein had followed the lessons of the prominent astrologer Andrea Argoli , who had also initiated him into the mysteries of the Kabbalah . In 1608, Wallenstein commissioned
3484-619: The Counter-Reformation policy of the Habsburgs that effectively barred Protestants from being appointed to higher offices at court in Bohemia and in Moravia, and the impressions he gathered in Catholic Italy. However, there are no sources clearly indicating the reasons for Wallenstein's conversion, except for a subjunctive anecdote by his contemporary Franz Christoph von Khevenhüller about
3618-557: The Fichtel Mountains ; the rest of the territory lies in the Cheb Basin , named after the town. The highest point is the hill Zelená hora at 637 m (2,090 ft) above sea level. The Ohře River flows through the town. There are two large reservoirs in the municipal territory: Skalka (northeast of the town and supplied by the Ohře) and Jesenice (southeast of the town and supplied by
3752-733: The German occupation of Czechoslovakia , the Czech resistance groups demanded the deportation of ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia. The decision to deport the Germans was adopted by the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile which, beginning in 1943, sought the support of the Allies for this proposal. The final agreement for the expulsion of the German population however was not reached until 2 August 1945 at
3886-587: The Holy Roman Empire , France and Italy , where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua . By this time, Wallenstein was fluent in German, Czech, Latin and Italian , was able to understand Spanish , and spoke some French . Wallenstein then joined the army of the Emperor Rudolf II in Hungary , where, under the command of Giorgio Basta , he saw two years of armed service (1604–1606) in
4020-766: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were established and the Czech Republic was ordered to return the property to the rightful owners. As of 2010, they have not been returned. Public opinion surveys indicate that the public is opposed to such measures. According to an article in the Prague Daily Monitor : Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland ( pronunciation ; 24 September 1583 – 25 February 1634), also von Waldstein ( Czech : Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna ),
4154-797: The Long Turkish War against the Ottoman Turks and Hungarian rebels . In 1604, his sister, Kateřina Anna, married the leader of the Moravian Protestants, Karel the Older of Zierotin . He then studied at the University of Olomouc (matriculating in 1606). His contact with the Olomouc Jesuits is considered to be at least partially responsible for his conversion to Catholicism that same year. The contributory factor to his conversion may have been
Cheb - Misplaced Pages Continue
4288-554: The Oder in October. He then resumed negotiations. In December, Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia, around Pilsen (now Plzeň ). Vienna soon definitely convinced itself of his treachery, a secret court found him guilty, and the Emperor looked seriously for a means of getting rid of him (a successor in command, the later emperor Ferdinand III , was already waiting). Wallenstein was aware of
4422-462: The Sudeten Germans had become known, Wenzel Jaksch (a Sudeten German Social Democrat in exile) wrote a letter to Beneš protesting about the proposed plans. Initially, only a few hundred thousand Sudeten Germans were to be affected — people who were perceived as being disloyal to Czechoslovakia and who, according to Beneš and Czech public opinion, had acted as Hitler's " fifth column ". Due to
4556-554: The United States Army on 25 April 1945. After the end of World War II the region was returned to Czechoslovakia. Under the Beneš decrees and Potsdam Agreement of the same year, the German-speaking majority was expelled . In 1910, only 0.5% of the population were Czech. Until 1945, it was part of the Northern Bavarian dialect area. After World War II, due to the expulsion of ethnic Germans and resettlement of Czechs,
4690-713: The Wondreb ). There are also several small fishponds, especially in the southern part of the municipal territory. Cheb has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ), with average temperatures in January and February below freezing and an average temperature of 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) in December. The average summer temperature is around 17.3 °C (63.1 °F), and it is not uncommon to see days with temperatures above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). The town enters spring in late April and winter in early October. The earliest settlement in
4824-577: The subsequent siege with assistance of Danish, Scottish and Swedish troops, a blow that denied him access to the Baltic and the chance to challenge the naval power of the Scandinavian kingdoms and of the Netherlands . Although he succeeded in defeating Christian IV of Denmark in the Battle of Wolgast and neutralizing Denmark in the subsequent Peace of Lübeck , the situation further deteriorated when
4958-498: The "holograph account" of Denis MacDonell, aka Dionysius Macdaniel, Irish Captain of Colonel Butler's regiment and participant in the events, Captain Walter Devereux with twelve dragoons and Sergeant Major Geraldine with eight burst into the room from two doors, surprising the feasting guests. Geraldine cried out Vivat Ferdinandus Imperator ("Long live Emperor Ferdinand") with MacDonell responding with Et tota Domus Austriaca ("And
5092-558: The 1938 Munich Agreement, the flight and forcible expulsion of people from the Czech border area and the forcible breakup and occupation of the Czechoslovak Republic. It regrets the suffering and injustice inflicted upon the Czech people through National Socialist crimes committed by Germans. The German side pays tribute to the victims of National Socialist tyranny and to those who resisted it." Czech–German Declaration 1997 The joint Czech–German commission of historians in 1996 stated
5226-527: The Czech Anna Lucretia of Víckov, née Nekšová of Landek (d. 1614), the wealthy widow of Arkleb of Víckov who owned the towns of Vsetín , Lukov , Rymice and Všetuly/ Holešov (all in eastern Moravia). She was three years older than Wallenstein, and he inherited her estates after her death in 1614. He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with Venice in 1617, thereby relieving
5360-868: The Czechoslovak government in Bratislava). After the revocation of Munich Agreement had been publicly announced in the British Parliament in August 1942, the British government gave its consent to the transfer of German population from the Czech Crown Lands. President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt joined the relocation policy in June 1943. Moscow gave its consent by a declaration on June 5, 1943. The transfer
5494-628: The Czechs, or those who had manifested "their loyalty to the Czechoslovak Republic, had never committed any offence against the Czech and Slovak nations, and who had either actively participated in the struggle for the liberation of the country, or had suffered under Nazi or fascist terror". The decree was in accordance with the Czechoslovak constitution which did not allow dual citizenship. Decree No. 5/1945 of 3 June 1945 , determining that "any form of property transfer and transaction affecting property rights in terms of movable and immovable assets, and public and private property shall be invalidated, if it
Cheb - Misplaced Pages Continue
5628-420: The Duchies of Mecklenburg , whose hereditary dukes suffered expulsion for having helped the Danish king. This awarding of a major territory to someone of the lower nobility shocked the high-born rulers of many other German states . Wallenstein assumed the title of " Admiral of the North and Baltic Seas ". However, in 1628 he failed to capture Stralsund , which resisted the Capitulation of Franzburg and
5762-439: The Germans ... German women and the Hitler Youth also bear the blame for the crimes of the Germans. Deal with them too in an uncompromising way." On 15 June, a government decree directed the army to implement measures to apprehend Nazi criminals and carry out the transfer of the German population. On 27 July, the Ministry of National Defence issued a secret order directing the transfer should be carried out on as large
5896-418: The Mutual Relations and their Future Development: III. The Czech side regrets that, by the forcible expulsion and forced resettlement of Sudeten Germans from the former Czechoslovakia after the war as well as by the expropriation and deprivation of citizenship, much suffering and injustice was inflicted upon innocent people, also in view of the fact that guilt was attributed collectively. It particularly regrets
6030-406: The Nazi occupation. They made rough estimate claiming 350,000 Germans in Czechoslovakia passed through one or more of these institutions and 100,000 perished. However the Red Cross was able to confirm only 6,989 deaths in the internment camps. According to Alfred de Zayas : One of the worst camps in post-war Czechoslovakia was the old Nazi concentration camp of Theresienstadt . Conditions under
6164-476: The Other (German: Ferdinand der Andere ). The sections of the book are also often misleadingly named. For example, the first book is called Maximilian of Bavaria, although it is almost exclusively about the emperor and his actions that are described. The supposed protagonist of this part is only mentioned in passing. In the beginning, Döblin describes the emperor according to historical facts but enriches these descriptions with fictional elements. The description of
6298-548: The Potsdam Communique concerning the expulsions, wrote on 31 July 1945 to John Troutbeck , head of the German Department at the Foreign Office: "The Sub-Committee met three times, taking as a basis of discussion a draft which I circulated ... Sobolov took the view that the Polish and Czechoslovak wish to expel their German populations was the fulfilment of an historic mission which the Soviet Government were unwilling to try to impede. ... Cannon and I naturally strongly opposed this view. We made it clear that we did not like
6432-532: The Potsdam Conference were confirmed by its signatory states in 1996. The US government, said: "The decisions made at Potsdam ... were soundly based in international law. The conference conclusions have been endorsed many times since in various multilateral and bilateral contexts. ... The conclusions of Potsdam are historical fact and the United States is confident that no country wishes to call them into question". No Czechoslovak/Czech/Slovak legal norm (decree, law, etc.) ever existed that would have dealt with
6566-409: The Prague military command "Alex", issued an order to "deport all Germans from territory within the historical borders." A pamphlet issued on 5 June 1945 titled "Ten Commandments for Czechoslovak Soldiers in the Border Regions" directed soldiers that "The Germans have remained our irreconcilable enemies. Do not cease to hate the Germans ... Behave towards Germans like a victor ... Be harsh to
6700-436: The President of the Republic, page 27 Without such act, many resistance combatants would be open to criminal prosecutions for their activities against Nazis. The law stipulating that the sentences pronounced against the Czech Resistance fighters during the war had been lawful were valid in Germany until 1997. President Decrees 2.a However, the Czech government did express its regret in the 1997 Joint Czech–German Declaration on
6834-462: The Protestants. However, he was assassinated at Eger in Bohemia by one of the army's officials, with the emperor's approval. Wallenstein was born on 24 September 1583 in Heřmanice , Bohemia , which is the easternmost and largest region in what was then the Holy Roman Empire , in the present-day Czech Republic , into a poor Protestant Wallenstein branch of the Waldstein family , who owned Heřmanice Castle and seven surrounding villages. He
SECTION 50
#17328448869396968-402: The Soviet zone (East Germany). The expulsions ended in 1948, but not all Germans were expelled; estimates for the total number of non-expulsions range from approximately 160,000 to 250,000. The West German government in 1958 estimated the ethnic German death toll during the expulsion period to be about 270,000, a figure that has been cited in historical literature since then. Research by
7102-492: The Sudetenland, fewer people work in high-skill sectors such as finance and healthcare. Significantly lower educational enrollment was first observed in 1947 and lower educational achievement is still evident from the results of the 2011 Czech census . The UN Human Rights Committee issued decisions in three cases concerning Sudeten Germans ( Des Fours Walderode v. Czech Republic; Petzoldova v. Czech Republic; Czernin v. Czech Republic) in which violations of articles 26 and 14 of
7236-452: The Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus at Alte Veste . The Swedish king was later killed at the Battle of Lützen . Wallenstein realised the war could last decades and, during the summer of 1633, arranged a series of armistices to negotiate peace. These proved to be his undoing as plotters accused him of treachery and Emperor Ferdinand II ordered his assassination. Dissatisfied with the Emperor's treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with
7370-447: The Thirty Years' War, Albrecht von Wallenstein was killed here. In 1723, Cheb became a free royal town . The northern part of the old town was devastated by a large fire in 1809, and many middle-age buildings were destroyed. In 1757, the town's financial self-government was abolished for the sake of Austrian centralization. In 1848, the citizen's council demanded separation from Bohemia and reconstitution of its Landtag . The terms of
7504-418: The Thirty Years' War. Wallenstein was born in the Kingdom of Bohemia into a poor Protestant noble family. He acquired a multilingual university education across Europe and converted to Catholicism in 1606. A marriage in 1609 to the wealthy widow of a Bohemian landowner gave him access to considerable estates and wealth after her death at an early age in 1614. Three years later, Wallenstein embarked on
7638-475: The Virgin Mary saving Wallenstein's life when he fell from a window in Innsbruck . Wallenstein was later made a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece . In 1607, based on recommendations by his brother-in-law, Zierotin, and another relative, Adam of Waldstein , often mistakenly referred to as his uncle, Wallenstein was made chamberlain at the court of Matthias , and later also chamberlain to archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian. In 1609, Wallenstein married
7772-431: The area was a Slavic gord at what is now known as the Cheb Castle complex, north of the town centre. In 807 the district of today's Cheb was included in the new margraviate of East Franconia , which belonged at first to the Babenbergs , but from 906 to the margraves (marquis) of Vohburg . The first written mention of Cheb is from 1061. Děpolt II founded the castle on the site of the gord around 1125. In 1149, Cheb
7906-432: The border areas, where it won 75 per cent of votes in the 1946 election . Without these votes, the Communist Party would not have achieved a plurality in the Czech lands. The expulsions of Germans are therefore considered a key factor in the success of the 1948 coup . According to a 2020 study, the expulsion of the Germans triggered a depopulation and de-urbanization of the border areas. Compared to adjacent areas outside
8040-552: The camp was a centre of sadism, where human life and human dignity had no meaning. Hrneček, who'd spent two years in pre-trial custody, was pardoned by the Allied High Commission after serving another 7 months in prison. Germans living in the border regions of Czechoslovakia were expelled from the country in late 1945. The joint German and Czech commission of historians estimated that there were about 15,000 violent deaths. Czech records report 15,000–16,000 deaths not including an additional 6,667 unexplained cases or suicides during
8174-419: The campaigning of 1633, Wallenstein's apparent unwillingness to attack the enemy caused much concern in Vienna and in Spain. At this time the dimensions of the war had grown more European, and Wallenstein had begun preparing to desert the Emperor. He expressed anger at Ferdinand's refusal to revoke the Edict of Restitution . Historic records tell little about his secret negotiations but some sources indicated he
SECTION 60
#17328448869398308-433: The city of Stralsund , the Wallenstein Days ( Wallensteintagen [ de ] ), the largest historical festival in northern Germany, takes place every year and commemorates the liberation of the city from the siege by Wallenstein in 1628. By imperial decree of Franz Joseph I on 28 February 1863, Wallenstein was included in the list of "Austria's most famous warlords and generals worthy of eternal admiration" and
8442-470: The colour of authority. In the summer of 1945, for instance, there were localised massacres of the German population. The following examples are described in a study done by the European University Institute in Florence : During the wild transfer phase, it is estimated that the number of murdered Germans was between 19,000 and 30,000. Accounts indicated that the Czechoslovak government was not averse to "popular justice" as long it did not excessively blacken
8576-617: The country's reputation abroad. There were even government officials who maintained that the massacres at Usti would not have happened if the government dealt with the Germans more harshly. According to the German "Society against Expulsion", some Germans were sent to what the society terms "concentration camps". A 1964 report by the German Red Cross stated that 1,215 "internment camps" were established, as well as 846 forced labour and "disciplinary centres", and 215 prisons, on Czechoslovak territory. Special Courts sentenced 21,469 persons to prison and 713 were executed for crimes committed during
8710-445: The country. Today the former monastery is owned by the town and is used as the venue of occasional concerts. The monastery also includes publicly accessible monastery garden. The monastery of the order of Poor Clares with the Church of Saint Clare was founded at the end of the 13th century next to the Franciscan monastery. In 1707–1709, it was demolished and built again according to the design of Christoph Dientzenhofer . The monastery
8844-424: The decision made at Potsdam). On the basis of this decree, the Czechoslovak State released from its citizenship those persons who, "in compliance with the regulations of the foreign occupation forces had acquired German or Hungarian citizenship". Czechoslovak citizenship was maintained in the cases of those Germans (280 000) who, at the time of the increasing threat to the Czechoslovak Republic, had officially supported
8978-412: The design of the indigenous architect Balthasar Neumann . The top of the twin steeples were destroyed by bombardment at the end of World War II and restored in summer 2008. The church tower is open to the public as a lookout lower. The Franciscan monastery with the Church of the Annunciation was founded in 1256 and rebuilt after the fire in 1270. The church is one of the oldest Gothic hall churches in
9112-467: The displacement of the German population. Decrees 5, 12, 33, 108/1945 concerned the expropriation of wartime traitors and collaborators . Decrees 33/1945 and 108/1945 explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to anti-fascists. Typically it was up to the decision of local municipalities. 160,000–250,000 Germans, some anti-fascists, but mostly people crucial for the industry remained in Czechoslovakia. Decree No. 33/1945 of 2 August 1945 . (After
9246-481: The empire. All that matters to him is wealth and power. Döblin's judgment of Wallenstein is thus close to Marxist historiography, which sees all action as the result of economic motives. Hellmut Diwald first began to write a biography of Wallenstein in 1967 with the publication of Leopold von Ranke's Geschichte Wallensteins (English: History of Wallenstein ), to which he added a hundred-page introduction. Two years later, his portrayal of Wallenstein appeared, which
9380-513: The end of the Potsdam Conference . In the months following the end of the war, "wild" expulsions happened from May until August 1945. Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš on 28 October 1945 called for the "final solution of the German question" ( Czech : konečné řešení německé otázky ) which would have to be solved by deportation of the ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia. The expulsions were carried out by order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers. However, in some cases it
9514-439: The end of the war. During April and May 1945, an estimated 1.6 million Germans from Polish Silesia fled the advancing Soviet forces and became refugees in Bohemia-Moravia . Thus according to German estimates there were 4.5 million German civilians present in Bohemia-Moravia in May 1945. From London and Moscow, Czech and Slovak political agents in exile followed an advancing Soviet army pursuing German forces westward, to reach
9648-463: The end of the war. There was no stable central government and record-keeping was non-existent. Many of the events that occurred during the period were spontaneous and local rather than being the result of coordinated policy directives from a central government. Among these spontaneous events was the removal and detention of the Sudeten Germans which was triggered by the strong anti-German sentiment at
9782-543: The escalation of Nazi atrocities in the Protectorate as the war progressed, there were increasing demands by the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile, Czech resistance groups, and the majority of Czechs, for the expulsion of more and more Germans, with no individual investigations or inference of guilt on their part. The only exception were to be 160,000 to 250,000 ethnic German anti-fascists, and those ethnic Germans crucial for industries. The Czechs and their government did not want
9916-551: The evolving expulsion plans from President Franklin D. Roosevelt . During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , especially after the Nazis' brutal reprisal for the assassination of Heydrich , most of the Czech resistance groups demanded the final solution of the German question, which would have to be achieved by transfer or expulsion. Those demands were adopted by the Government-in-Exile which, beginning in 1943, sought
10050-407: The excesses which were contrary to elementary humanitarian principles as well as legal norms existing at that time, and it furthermore regrets that Law No. 115 of 8 May 1946 made it possible to regard these excesses as not being illegal and that in consequence these acts were not punished. II. "The German side acknowledges Germany's responsibility for its role in a historical development, which led to
10184-573: The expulsion, and others died from hunger and illness in Germany as a consequence. In 1946, an estimated 1.3 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone of what would become West Germany. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the Soviet zone (in what would become East Germany). On 8 May 1946 the Czechoslovak provisional National Assembly passed Act No. 115/1946 Coll. It was enacted in conjunction with
10318-458: The fall of the Iron Curtain , Cheb has also had cordial relationships with the neighbouring German towns of Waldsassen and Marktredwitz . Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia The expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II was part of a series of evacuations and deportations of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe during and after World War II . During
10452-534: The field. The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over General Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld and the Lech (1632), where Tilly was killed, and his advance to Munich and occupation of Bohemia, required a vigorous response. It was during this time that Wallenstein had taken inspiration from the reforms of Gustavus Adolphus, instituting harsh discipline by providing rewards for bravery and punishment for disorder, thievery, and cowardice and with this in mind Wallenstein raised
10586-459: The following numbers: the deaths caused by violence and abnormal living conditions amount approximately to 10,000 persons killed; another 5,000–6,000 persons died of unspecified reasons related to expulsion; making the total number of victims of the expulsion 15,000–16,000 (this excludes suicides, which make another approximately 3,400 cases). The Communist Party controlled the distribution of seized German assets, contributing to its popularity in
10720-468: The fortress of Gradisca from the Venetian siege. He later endowed a monastery in his late wife's name and had her reburied there. In 1623, Wallenstein married Countess Isabella Katharina von Harrach (1601-1655), daughter of Count Karl von Harrach . They had two children: a son who died in infancy and a surviving daughter. Examples of the couple's correspondence survive. The two marriages made him one of
10854-505: The grass-roots level and organized by local officials. According to the Schieder commission , records of food rationing coupons show approximately 3,070,899 inhabitants of occupied Sudetenland in January 1945, which included Czechs or other non-Germans. In addition, most of the roughly 100,000 Carpathian Germans from Slovakia were evacuated on Himmler 's orders to the Czechia region just before
10988-403: The idea of mass transfers anyway. As, however, we could not prevent them, we wished to ensure that they were carried out in as orderly and humane manner as possible". (FO 371/46811, published in facsimile in A. de Zayas , Nemesis at Potsdam , pp. 232–34). Developing a clear picture of the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia is difficult because of the chaotic conditions that existed at
11122-399: The imperial court mathematician Johannes Kepler issue his first horoscope through intermediaries. It seems that he did not receive the horoscope until late 1614 or early 1615. "Why delivery should have taken so long is anyone's guess. Perhaps Kepler had been defrauded too often and did not want too hand it over until he had his promised fee and that had been delayed." Wallenstein, through
11256-675: The large Vietnamese community. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the Vietnamese community gradually established seven markets here, and even customers from Germany came to Cheb for cheap goods. Today, three Vietnamese markets operate here. The D6 motorway from Prague to Karlovy Vary and Cheb (part of the European routes E48 and E49 ) forks in Cheb and continues to the Czech-German border to
11390-451: The last phase of Ferdinand's life and his death then have nothing to do with historical reality but are entirely a result of Döblin's artistic freedom. In the second book of the novel, Wallenstein is introduced rather marginally. He only becomes present with the events during his work within the Bohemian coin consortium. This corresponds to Döblin's interpretation of Wallenstein in the novel as
11524-517: The lower storey is in Romanesque style, while the upper storey is Gothic . On the first floor, there are original capitals of marble columns, decorated with figurative scenes of angels with Bibles as well as lewd scenes. In the centre of the historic town centre is the Krále Jiřího z Poděbrad Square. One of the symbols of the Cheb architecture is a group of houses known as Špalíček . It is located in
11658-401: The middle of the town square and dates from the 13th century. The bizarre complex of eleven houses consists of narrow, four and five-storey houses without a courtyard, divided by a 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) wide alley. They are mostly in the late Gothic style. The outline of the two blocks can still be seen on the oldest existing records of 1472. The most valuable burgher house on the town square
11792-440: The new Czech administration are described by H. G. Adler , a former Jewish inmate as follows: ... in the majority they were children and juveniles, who had been locked up only because they were Germans. Only because they were Germans ...? This sentence sounds frighteningly familiar; only the word 'Jews' had been changed to 'Germans'. ... The people were abominably fed and maltreated, and they were no better off than one
11926-576: The next several years prior to his death in 1634. Wallenstein began to suffer joint inflammation in the feet in 1620. It was believed to be a case of gout , or by excessive drinking. His condition deteriorated rapidly. In November 1629 he became so ill that he lay down for weeks. In March 1630 he travelled to Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) to seek relief. He found it difficult to walk. At the Battle of Lützen in November 1632, he mounted his horse in extreme pain. Half
12060-521: The night of 25 February. To carry out the assassination, a regiment of dragoons under the command of an Irish colonel, Walter Butler and the Scots colonels Walter Leslie and John Gordon first attacked Wallenstein's trusted officers ( Adam Trczka , Vilém Kinský , Christian von Ilow , and Henry Neumann), while they attended a feast at Cheb Castle, to which the officers had been invited by Gordon himself. According to historian , A. E. J. Hollaender, quoting
12194-497: The outcome of the conflict. Over the course of the war Wallenstein's ambitions and the abuses of his forces had earned him a host of enemies, both Catholic and Protestant, princes and non-princes alike. Ferdinand suspected Wallenstein of planning a coup to take control of the Holy Roman Empire . The Emperor's advisors advocated dismissing him, and in September 1630 envoys were sent to Wallenstein to announce his dismissal. The decision
12328-475: The patent, Ferdinand II ordered Wallenstein brought under arrest to Vienna, dead or alive. Losing the support of his army, Wallenstein now realized the extent of his peril, and on 23 February with a company of some hundred men, he went from Plzeň to Cheb , hoping to meet the Swedes under Prince Bernard . After his arrival at Cheb, however, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force assassinated him on
12462-458: The plan to replace him, but felt confident that when the army came to decide between him and the Emperor the decision would be in his favour. On 24 January 1634 the Emperor signed a secret patent (shown only to certain officers of Wallenstein's army) removing him from his command. Finally an open patent charging Wallenstein with high treason was signed on 18 February and published in Prague . In
12596-835: The population significantly dropped. The current population includes a large group of Vietnamese people . Their families were invited to the country as guest workers during the Communist era . The pillars of Cheb's economy are mainly services and tourism, and there are no large companies here. The largest employer is the Town of Cheb. Only four industrial enterprises with 200–250 employees are based in Cheb: BWI Czech Republic (manufacturer of automobile parts), Nexans Power Accessories Czech Republic (manufacturer of components for conductors), Playmobil CZ (toys manufacturer), and Tritia (bakery). Many entrepreneurs and small traders come from
12730-486: The presence of Imperial Catholic troops on the Baltic and the Emperor's " Edict of Restitution " brought King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden into the conflict. Wallenstein attempted to aid the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski , which were fighting Sweden in 1629. However, Wallenstein failed to engage any major Swedish forces and this significantly affected
12864-558: The rebellion. Nobles who wished for a rapprochement with Ferdinand faced a choice. Senior nobleman Zierotin's son-in-law, Georg von Nachod, commanded the Moravian cavalry and his brother-in-law, Wallenstein, the infantry. Both decided to take their regiment into Austria. Nachod's troops rebelled and he fled for his life. Wallenstein's major demanded authorisation from the Estates upon which Wallenstein drew his sword and ran him through, "A fresh major
12998-420: The reborn Czechoslovak state were subjected to various forms of court procedures, citizenship revocations, property confiscation, condemnation to forced labour camps, and appointment of government managers to German and Hungarian owned businesses and farms, referred to euphemistically as "reslovakization". Western Czechoslovakia was liberated by U.S. forces under General Patton . General Zdeněk Novák , head of
13132-564: The region. It wasn't until 1322 that Cheb became a permanent part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown , when King John of Bohemia acquired it from Emperor Louis IV . The later local history was marked by continued resistance against incorporation into Bohemia. On 5 May 1389, during a Reichstag between King Wenceslaus IV and a group of Imperial Free Cities of southwest Germany , the Treaty of Eger
13266-450: The remnants of Mansfeld's army in 1627. His army ravaged and burned down many Silesian towns and villages, including Prudnik , Głogówek , Żory , Pszczyna , Bytom , Rybnik , Koźle , and Strzelce Opolskie . At this time he bought from the emperor the Duchy of Sagan (in Silesia). He then joined Tilly in the struggle against Christian IV of Denmark , and afterwards gained as a reward
13400-438: The removal, through a combination of minor border rectifications and population transfer , of the state's German minority, so as to bolster the territorial integrity of state. Although the details changed, along with British public and official opinion, and pressure from Czech resistance groups , the broad goals of the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile remained the same throughout the war. The pre-war policy of minority protection
13534-541: The same intermediary (Gerhard von Taxis) reached out to Kepler again in 1625 for amendments and amplifications on the chart. Consulting an astrologer was not unusual at the time. Though astrology had been forbidden by the Church at the Council of Trent, Emperor Rudolph II (a nominally Catholic monarch and the ruler of Bohemia where Wallenstein served as his vassal) frequently consulted astrologers as did many at his court. Anyone who
13668-470: The support of the Allies for the proposal. The April 1945 Košice Program , which outlined the postwar political settlement of Czechoslovakia, stipulated an expulsion of Germans and Hungarians from the country. The final agreement for the transfer of the German minority however was not reached until 2 August 1945 at the end of the Potsdam Conference . Geoffrey Harrison , who drafted article XIII of
13802-467: The territory of the first former Czechoslovak Republic . Beneš proclaimed the programme of the newly appointed Czechoslovak government on 5 April 1945, in the northeastern city of Košice , which included oppression and persecution of the non-Czech and non-Slovak populations of the partially restored Czechoslovak Republic. After the proclamation of the Košice program, the German and Hungarian population living in
13936-571: The time-period in question have been prosecuted in Czechoslovakia. Decree No. 115/1946 of 8 May 1946 . Activities (which would otherwise be considered criminal), were not illegal if their "objective was to contribute to the fight for regaining of freedom of Czechs and Slovaks or were aimed at righteous retaliation for deeds of occupants or their collaborators". Inappropriate violence or any other similar excesses were not amnestied. They were always crimes and were always punishable as crimes. Decrees of
14070-525: The town is also served by the Cheb-Skalka station. Cheb Airport is located 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of the town centre. It is the second-oldest airport in the country and the oldest still existing. Cheb is known for its Cheb Violin Making School . Two faculties of the University of West Bohemia , pedagogical and economic, have a detached workplace in Cheb and open study programs there. The town
14204-527: The town was visited by Adolf Hitler ; shortly afterward Wehrmacht troops marched into the Sudetenland and seized control. From 1938 until 1945, the town was annexed to Germany and was administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland . The Gestapo and Ordnungspolizei operated a prison in Cheb, whose prisoners were subjected to forced labour . Cheb was liberated by the 97th Infantry Division of
14338-602: The wars against Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel Bethlen (both supporters of the Bohemian revolt) in Moravia . Wallenstein recovered his lands (which the rebels had seized in 1619) and after the Battle of White Mountain (8 November 1620), he secured the estates belonging to his mother's family and confiscated tracts of Protestant lands. He grouped his new possessions into a territory called Friedland (Frýdlant) in northern Bohemia. A series of successes in battle led to Wallenstein becoming in 1622 an imperial count palatine , in 1623
14472-726: The wealthiest men in the Bohemian Crown . The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the estates of Bohemia rebelled against Ferdinand of Styria and elected Frederick V of the Palatinate , the leader of the Protestant Union , as their new king. Wallenstein associated himself with the cause of the Catholics and the Habsburg dynasty . In the summer of 1618, Count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn led 10,000 troops into Moravia to secure their loyalty to
14606-400: The west (as E48) and to the north (as E49). Cheb is an important railway junction. The town lies on the railway line of national importance from Františkovy Lázně to Plzeň , Prague, Olomouc and Ostrava . Other railway lines that pass through the town are Prague– Chomutov –Cheb, Nuremberg–Cheb , Hof – Marktredwitz , Zwickau –Cheb and Cheb– Luby . In addition to the main railway station,
14740-449: The whole House of Austria"). By another account, as quoted in Peter H. Wilson's work on the Thirty Years' War, the conspirators entered the room shouting "Who is a good Imperialist?". All of Wallenstein's loyal officers present were massacred. Trczka alone managed to fight his way out into the courtyard, only to be shot down by a group of musketeers. A few hours later, Devereux, together with
14874-607: The years 1945–6, Václav Hrneček , later fled Czechoslovakia and came to Bavaria where he was recognized by former German inmates of the camp. Hrneček was brought to trial before an American Court of the Allied High Commission for Germany presided by Judge Leo M. Goodman. The Court based an eight-year sentence against Hrneček upon findings that the Budějovice camp was run in a criminal and cruel way, that although there were no gas chambers and no systematic, organized extermination,
15008-564: Was a Bohemian military leader and statesman who fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). His successful martial career made him one of the richest and most influential men in the Holy Roman Empire by the time of his death. Wallenstein became the supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and was a major figure of
15142-564: Was able to confirm the deaths of 14,215 persons during the expulsions from Czechoslovakia (6,316 violent deaths, 6,989 in internment camps and 907 in the USSR as forced laborers). Following the Munich Agreement of 1938, and the subsequent Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia by Hitler in March 1939, Edvard Beneš set out to convince the Allies during World War II that the expulsion of ethnic Germans
15276-445: Was abolished in 1782 and the buildings served various purposes. The Dominican monastery with the Church of Saint Wenceslaus was built in 1294–1296. The monastery was badly damaged and the church destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. The new Baroque church was built in 1674–1688. The monastery was dissolved in 1950. The church is still in use, the convent now serves cultural purposes. The early Baroque pilgrimage complex Maria Loreto
15410-466: Was adopted after September 29, 1938, under pressure of the Nazi occupation or national, racial or political persecution" (i.e. this Decree repealed the Nazi confiscation measures adopted against the victims of Nazism). Decree No. 108/1945 of 25 October 1945: (After the decision made at Potsdam) "There is confiscated, without any compensation properties and property rights which are owned by: The confiscation
15544-609: Was agreed upon, after Wenceslaus had failed to secure his interests in the town. In the 15th century, Cheb was one of the largest and wealthiest towns of Kingdom of Bohemia with 7,300 inhabitants. The town suffered severely during the Hussite Wars , during the Swedish invasion in the Thirty Years' War in 1631 and 1647, and in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1742. In 1634, during
15678-572: Was based on the international consensus declared in the documents of the Potsdam Conference and the 1945 Paris Agreement. Similar confiscation measure were also taken in other states such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and Denmark. The 1945 expulsion was referred to as the "wild transfer" ( divoký odsun ) due to the widespread violence and brutality that were not only perpetuated by mobs but also by soldiers, police, and others acting under
15812-442: Was described as a fortified marketplace. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa acquired Cheb in 1167. In 1203, it was first referred to as a town. It became the centre of a historical region called Egerland . From 1266 to 1276, the town was property of King Ottokar II of Bohemia . The historic town centre was established after the fire in 1270. King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia held the town in 1291–1304, then Albert I of Germany acquired
15946-507: Was founded in the village of Starý Hrozňatov (today just Hrozňatov). It was founded next to the Church of the Holy Spirit, which dates from 1557. It belongs to the most visited pilgrimage sites in the country. The complex was built in 1664 and extended in 1675–1683. The Stations of the Cross that leads to Maria Loreto was originally composed of twenty-nine stations. Cheb is twinned with: Since
16080-558: Was immediately appointed and displayed greater tractability". Deserting the Bohemians, he marched his regiment to Vienna taking with him the Moravian treasury. There, however, the authorities told him that the money would go back to the Moravians – but he had shown his loyalty to Ferdinand, the future Emperor. Wallenstein equipped a regiment of cuirassiers and won great distinction under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy in
16214-412: Was initiated or pursued with the assistance of the regular army. Several thousand died violently during the expulsion and more died from hunger and illness as a consequence. The expulsion according to the Potsdam Conference proceeded from 25 January 1946 until October of that year. Roughly 1.6 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone (West Germany), and an estimated 800,000 were deported to
16348-762: Was internationally approved at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. Potsdam Agreement: XIII. Orderly Transfers of German Populations . "The Conference reached the following agreement on the removal of Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary:— The three Governments (The United States, Great Britain and Soviet Union), having considered the question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner." The conclusions of
16482-503: Was murdered here. Since 1873, the house serves as the town museum. The museum was later expanded to the neighbouring house. The Grüner House on the town square is a Gothic-Baroque house. It belonged to the well-known Wrendl family from 1591 until 1876, whose family coat of arms is above the entrance. When the house was owned by magistrate councillor Grüner in the first half of the 19th century, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe frequently spent time here. The Church of Saints Nicholas and Elisabeth
16616-612: Was partially rebuilt into a Baroque fortress citadel. Although the castle is mostly a ruin, the torso of the palace, the defensive Black Tower and the Chapel of Saints Martin Erhard and Ursula. The Chapel of Saints Martin, Erhard and Ursula is a unique Romanesque-Gothic double chapel. It is the best preserved example of the Hohenstaufen architecture in Central Europe. The chapel has two storeys;
16750-488: Was preparing to force a "just peace" on the Emperor "in the interests of united Germany ". With this apparent "plan" he entered into negotiations with Saxony , Brandenburg , Sweden , and France . Apparently the Habsburgs' enemies tried to draw him to their side. In any case, he gained little support. Anxious to make his power felt, he resumed the offensive against the Swedes and Saxons, winning his last victory at Steinau on
16884-473: Was soon regarded as a new standard reference. Golo Mann must have realized this two years before the publication of his biography Wallenstein. Sein Leben erzählt von Golo Mann . "He was downright disgusted by the apologetic Hellmut Diwald" (Klaus-Dietmar Henke ). The editor of the magazine Der Spiegel , Rudolf Augstein, judged Mann's work to be "a highly subjective representation that pretends to be objective". He
17018-419: Was taken at Regensburg on 13 August 1630 on the following day Wallenstein's financier De Witte committed suicide (having accrued a mountain of debt financing Wallenstein). Wallenstein gave over his army to General Tilly and retired to Jičín , the capital of his Duchy of Friedland. There he lived in an atmosphere of "mysterious magnificence" . However, circumstances forced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein into
17152-473: Was the best solution. Expulsion was even supported by Czechs who had moderate views about the Germans. The pro-Nazi Sudeten German Party had gained 88% of ethnic German votes in May 1938. Almost as soon as German troops occupied the Sudetenland in October 1938, Edvard Beneš and, later, the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile , pursued a twofold policy: the restoration of Czechoslovakia to its pre-Munich boundaries, and
17286-513: Was the son of Wilhelm von Waldstein (d. 1595) and his wife, Markéta, Baroness Smiřická of Smiřice (1555-1593). They had raised him bilingually – the father spoke German while his mother preferred Czech – yet Wallenstein in his childhood had a better command of Czech than of German . His parents' religious affiliations were Lutheranism and Utraquist Hussitism . After their deaths, Albrecht for two years lived with his maternal uncle Heinrich (Jindřich) Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk (1549-1599),
17420-518: Was then derived from the Latin name. The Czech name Cheb first appeared in the mid-14th century. The name is derived from the old Czech word heb (modern Czech oheb, ohyb ), which means "bend". It is related to bends of the Ohře River. Cheb is located about 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest of Karlovy Vary , on the border with Germany . The northern and western parts of the municipal territory lie in
17554-401: Was to be reached by the expulsion of most of the other minority groups and the successive assimilation of the rest. Because almost all people of German and Magyar ethnicity gained German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the expulsion could be legalized as the banishment ( German : Ausweisung ) of foreigners. On 22 June 1942, after plans for the expulsion of
17688-482: Was used to from German concentration camps. The civilian internees who survived to be expelled recorded the horrors of months and years of slow starvation and maltreatment in many thousands of affidavits. Allied authorities in the American and British zones were able to investigate several cases, including the notorious concentration camp at České Budějovice in Southern Bohemia. The deputy commander of this camp in
17822-409: Was viewed as counterproductive (and the minorities themselves saw it as the source of unrest and instability), because it was associated with the destruction of the Czechoslovak state and its democratic regime. Therefore, Czechoslovak leaders made a decision to change the multi-ethnic character of the state to a state of two or three ethnicities (Czechs, Slovaks and, initially, Ruthenians ). That goal
17956-400: Was wealthy and influential often had one. After a brief warning not to trust the stars alone, Kepler wrote that his client had a busy, restless mind who strove for new, untried or strange means. The horoscope characterized Wallenstein as a person with great ambition who strove for power. Dangerous enemies may challenge him, but he would mostly win. Wallenstein relied obsessively on horoscopes for
#938061