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52-505: The fame of the holy life and the austerities practised by Pietro Morone in his solitude on the Mountain of Majella, near Sulmona , attracted many visitors, several of whom were moved to remain and share his mode of life. They built a small convent on the spot inhabited by the holy hermit, which became too small for the accommodation of those who came to share their life of privations. Peter of Morone (later Pope Celestine V), their founder, built

104-567: A Phrygian and one of the companions of Aeneas , is evidently a mere etymological fiction. The first mention of Sulmo occurs in the Second Punic War , when its territory was ravaged by Hannibal in 211 BC, who, however, did not attack the city itself. Its name is not noticed during the Social War , in which the Paeligni took so prominent a part; but according to Florus , it suffered severely in

156-499: A baseline can be established. In one review, fasting improved alertness , mood , and subjective feelings of well-being, possibly improving overall symptoms of depression , and boosting cognitive performance. There is little evidence to suggest that intermittent fasting for periods shorter than 24 hours is effective for sustained weight loss in obese adults. Prolonged fasting (also called extended fasting or water fasting) involves periods of fasting above 24 hours, typically in

208-407: A medical procedure or a check-up , such as preceding a colonoscopy or surgery , or before certain medical tests. Intermittent fasting is a technique sometimes used for weight loss or other health benefits that incorporates regular fasting into a person's dietary schedule. Fasting may also be part of a religious ritual , often associated with specific scheduled fast days, as determined by

260-586: A book titled The way out. There were two other smaller camps nearby, Fontana d'Amore , which held British officers, and Villa Orsini , which held very senior Allied officers captured during World War II, including Air Marshal Owen Tudor Boyd , Major-General Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart , Brigadier James Hargest , Lieutenant General Sir Philip Neame , General Sir Richard Nugent O'Connor . All were subsequently transferred to Castello di Vincigliata Campo PG12 near Florence. Sights in Sulmona include: The remains of

312-563: A chapter of the order held in 1293, the original monastery of Majella being judged to be too desolate and exposed to too rigorous a climate, it was decided that the Abbey of the Holy Spirit at Monte Morrone , located in Sulmona, should be the headquarters of the order and the residence of the General-Superior, where it continued for centuries. The next year Peter of Morrone, despite his reluctance,

364-442: A notable quack doctor, put her patients on such strict fasts that some of them died of starvation . She was responsible for the death of more than 40 patients under her care. In 1911, Upton Sinclair authored The Fasting Cure , which made sensational claims of fasting curing practically all diseases, including cancer , syphilis , and tuberculosis . Sinclair has been described as "the most credulous of faddists" and his book

416-466: A number of other small oratories in that neighborhood. Around the year 1254, Peter of Morone gave the order a rule formulated in accordance with his own practices. In 1264 the new institution was approved as a branch of the Benedictines by Urban IV ; however, the next pope Pope Gregory X had commanded that all orders founded since the prior Lateran Council should not be further multiplied. Hearing

468-605: A rumor that the order was to be suppressed, the reclusive Peter traveled to Lyon , where the Pope was holding a council. There he persuaded Gregory to approve his new order, making it a branch of the Benedictines and following the rule of Saint Benedict , but adding to it additional severities and privations. Gregory took it under the Papal protection, assured to it the possession of all property it might acquire, and endowed it with exemption from

520-714: A spiritual fast as "a personal spiritual transformation". Other progressive campaigns have adopted the tactic. Fasting is practiced in various religions, and details of fasting practices differ. Yom Kippur , Tisha B'av , Fast of Esther , Tzom Gedalia , the Seventeenth of Tamuz , the Tenth of Tevet , and Fast of the Firstborn are examples of fasting in Judaism . Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av are 25-hour fasts in which observers abstain from consuming any food or liquid from sunset until nightfall

572-428: A time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food. Fasting can increase the risk of developing gallstones for some people. This is thought to occur due to decreased gallbladder movement with no food to be digested, which can cause the bile to become over-concentrated with cholesterol, combined with the liver secreting extra cholesterol into bile as the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, further exacerbating

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624-717: Is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved , severely malnourished , or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen , fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium , magnesium and phosphate . The electrolyte imbalance may cause neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic symptoms—many of which, if severe enough, may result in death. Refeeding syndrome can occur when someone does not eat for several days at

676-755: Is a religious obligation for all Muslims unless they are children or are physically unable to fast. Lent is a common period of fasting in Christianity . Eastern Orthodox Christians fast during specified fasting seasons of the year, which include not only the better-known Great Lent , but also fasts on every Wednesday and Friday (except on special holidays), together with extended fasting periods before Christmas (the Nativity Fast ), after Easter (the Apostles' Fast ) and in early August (the Dormition Fast ). Members of

728-403: Is required by the old Benedictine rule. In reading their minute directions for divers degrees of abstinence on various days, it is impossible to avoid being struck by the conviction that the great object of the framers of these rules was the general purpose of ensuring an ascetic mode of life. The Celestines wore a white woollen cassock bound with a linen band, and a leathern girdle of

780-515: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( Mormons ) generally abstain from food and drink for two consecutive meals in a 24-hour period on the first Sunday of each month and use the money they save for charity. Fasting is a feature of ascetic traditions in religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism . Mahayana traditions that follow the Brahma's Net Sutra may recommend that the laity fast "during

832-600: The Isonzo and Trentino campaigns; during World War II, it was home to as many as 3,000 British and Commonwealth officers and other ranks captured in North Africa. The camp itself was built on a hillside and consisted of a number of brick barracks surrounded by a high wall. During World War II, conditions in Sulmona for both the officers and the men were indifferent. Accommodation was overcrowded. Normal rations of rice soup and bread were occasionally augmented by fresh fruit and cheese in

884-564: The Kingdom of Naples . Despite that, it continued to expand and a new line of walls was added in the 14th century. In the 16th century a flourishing paper industry was started. In 1706 the city was nearly razed by an earthquake. While much of the medieval city was destroyed by the earthquake, some remarkable buildings survive such as the Church of Santa Maria della Tomba, the Palazzo Annunziata,

936-599: The Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway , the Terni–Sulmona railway and the Sulmona-Isernia railway. Relating to Sulmona POW camp, Villa Orsini and Fontana d'Amore: Fasting Fasting is the act of refraining from eating , and sometimes drinking. However, from a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (before " breakfast "), or to

988-404: The 3rd century. The city was part of the diocese of Valva , while a Sulmonese bishop is known from the 5th century. One of the earliest bishops was Saint Pamphilus (San Panfilo), an Italian pagan convert to Christianity in the 7th century from nearby Corfinium . He was elected bishop of Valva in 682 and died in 706. He is the patron saint of Sulmona and is buried in the church dedicated to him,

1040-557: The Aqueduct and the Gothic portal on Corso Ovidio. Much of the city was then rebuilt in the prevailing elegant Baroque style of the 18th century. Sulmona experienced an economic boom in the late 19th century, becoming a railway hub given its strategic geographic position between Rome and the Adriatic coast. The anarchist and labour organiser Carlo Tresca was born there in 1879 and was active in

1092-462: The Benedictine monastery on Monte Cassino , where he persuaded the monks to accept his more rigorous rule. He sent fifty monks of his order to introduce it, who remained there, however, for only a few months. After the death of the founder the order was favoured and privileged by Benedict XI , and rapidly spread through Italy , Germany , Flanders , and France , where they were received by Philip

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1144-546: The British Parliament and died after 66 days of not eating. 100,000 people attended his funeral, and the strike ended only after nine other men died. In all, ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days. The American civil rights activist César Chávez undertook several spiritual fasts, including a 25-day fast in 1968 promoting the principle of nonviolence and a fast of 'thanksgiving and hope' to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers. Chávez regarded

1196-820: The Fair in 1300. The administration of the order was carried on somewhat after the pattern of Cluny, that is all monasteries were subject to the Abbey of the Holy Ghost at Sulmona, and these dependent houses were divided into provinces. The Celestines had ninety-six houses in Italy, twenty-one in France, and a few in Germany. Subsequently, the French Celestines, with the consent of the Italian superiors of

1248-557: The Italian Railroad Workers' Federation until emigrating to the US in 1904 to escape a prison term. Sulmona's strategic position also made it a target for air raids during World War II . The railway station, the industrial sections and parts of the old town were damaged, but today they have been mostly restored. Campo 78 at Sulmona served as a POW camp in both world wars. During World War I , it housed Austrian prisoners captured in

1300-516: The Pope in exchange the Church of St Eusebius of Vercelli with the adjacent mansion for a monastery. Sulmona Sulmona ( Abruzzese : Sulmóne ; Latin : Sulmo ) is a comune (municipality) in the province of L'Aquila , in the Italian region of Abruzzo . It is located in the Valle Peligna , a plain once occupied by a lake that disappeared in prehistoric times. In the ancient era, it

1352-607: The ancient city indicate the existence of a considerable town; among them are the vestiges of an amphitheatre , a theatre, and thermae, all of them located outside the gates of the modern city. About 3 km (1.9 mi) from the city, at the foot of Monte Morrone is the site of the Roman sanctuary of Hercules Curinus . Nearby is the Badia Morronese , a large ( c. 119 by 140 metres [390 ft × 459 ft]) religious complex located near Pope Celestine V 's hermitage. It

1404-523: The authority of the ordinary. Nothing more was needed to ensure the rapid spread of the new association and Peter the hermit of Morone lived to see himself "Superior-General" to thirty-six monasteries and more than six hundred monks . As soon as he had seen his new order thus consolidated he gave up the government of it to a certain Robert, and retired once again to an even more remote site to devote himself to solitary penance and prayer. Shortly afterwards, in

1456-504: The context of social injustice. The political leader Gandhi undertook several long fasts as political and social protests. Gandhi's fasts had a significant impact on the British Raj and the Indian population generally. In Northern Ireland in 1981, a prisoner, Bobby Sands , was part of the 1981 Irish hunger strike , protesting for better rights in prison. Sands had just been elected to

1508-423: The early 20th century, fasting was promoted by alternative health writers such as Hereward Carrington , Edward H. Dewey , Bernarr Macfadden , Frank McCoy , Edward Earle Purinton , Upton Sinclair and Wallace Wattles . All of these writers were either involved in the natural hygiene or new thought movement. Arnold Ehret 's pseudoscientific Mucusless Diet Healing System espoused fasting. Linda Hazzard ,

1560-411: The first week and 0.3 kg per day by the third week. In early fasting, during periods of high gluconeogenesis, roughly two-thirds of weight lost is lean muscle mass as opposed to fat. After the gluconeogenic phase, however, the ratio of body fat lost to lean tissue lost becomes roughly 7:6. There is no sound clinical evidence that fasting can promote longevity in humans. Refeeding syndrome

1612-466: The geographers and Itineraries, attest its continued existence as a municipal town throughout the Roman Empire . The chief claim to fame of Sulmona is derived from its having been the birthplace of Ovid, who repeatedly alludes to it as such, and celebrates its salubrity, and the numerous permanent streams of clear water in which its neighbourhood abounded. But, like the whole district of the Paeligni, it

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1664-463: The inmates of Sulmona heard rumours that the evacuation of the camp was imminent. They awoke one morning to discover that their guards had deserted them. On 14 September, German troops arrived to escort the prisoners northwards, to captivity in Germany, but not before hundreds of them had escaped into the hills. One such escapee was the South African author, Uys Krige , who described his experience in

1716-430: The metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal. Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating). A diagnostic fast refers to prolonged fasting from 1–100 hours (depending on age), conducted under observation, to facilitate the investigation of a health complication (usually hypoglycemia ). Many people may also fast as part of

1768-517: The most famous of which is Confetti Mario Pelino . Sulmona is twinned with: The city had a football team, Pro Sulmona Calcio 1921 . The club is currently disbanded, last competing in the 2015–16 season in the Promozione Abruzzo , the seventh division of Italian football. Sulmona is served by the Sulmona railway station , an important station located at the intersection of three railway lines:

1820-458: The next day and include other restrictions. The fasts of Esther, Gedalia, Tamuz, and Tevet all last from dawn until nightfall and therefore length varies depending on the time of the year. The Fast of the Firstborn is not biblically mandated and can therefore be ended early in the case of a seudat mitzvah . Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan each year. The fast includes refraining from consuming any food or liquid from dawn until sunset. It

1872-465: The order, and of Pope Martin V in 1427, obtained the privilege of making new constitutions for themselves, which they did in the 17th century in a series of regulations accepted by the provincial chapter in 1667. At that time the French congregation of the order was composed of twenty-one monasteries, the head of which was that of Paris , and was governed by a Provincial with the authority of General. Paul V

1924-563: The present Sulmona Cathedral . Sulmona became a free commune under the Normans , within the Kingdom of Sicily . Under Frederick II an aqueduct was built in the town, one of the most important constructions of the era in the Abruzzo; the emperor made it the capital of a large province, as well the seat of a tribunal and of a fair, which it however lost with the arrival of the Angevins , becoming part of

1976-667: The range of 5–20 days. In early fasting, the body operates under a relatively high level of gluconeogenesis , though this eventually decreases as the body's metabolism switches into ketosis , causing ketones to replace glucose as the primary energy source in the central nervous system . As prolonged fasting continues, drastic decreases in sodium , potassium , magnesium , and other minerals are noted, which can lead to hyponatremia . In some diet systems, these losses are offset with non-caloric electrolyte supplements, such as electrolyte beverages. Typical observed weight loss under prolonged fasting averages at 0.9 kg per day during

2028-561: The religion , or be applied as a public demonstration for a given cause, in a practice known as a hunger strike . Alternate-day fasting (alternating between a 24-hour "fast day" when the person eats less than 25% of usual energy needs, followed by a 24-hour non-fasting "feast day" period) has been shown to improve cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers similarly to a calorie restriction diet in people who are overweight , obese or have metabolic syndrome . A 2021 review found that moderate alternate-day fasting for two to six months

2080-713: The same colour, with a scapular unattached to the body of the dress, and a black hood . It was not permitted to them to wear any shirt save of serge . Their dress in short was very like that of the Cistercians . But it is a tradition in the order that in the time of the founder they wore a coarse brown cloth. The church and monastery of San Pietro in Montorio originally belonged to the Celestines in Rome ; but they were turned out of it by Sixtus IV to make way for Franciscans , receiving from

2132-434: The situation. Fasting is often used to make a political statement, to protest , or to bring awareness to a cause. A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt, or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. A spiritual fast incorporates personal spiritual beliefs with the desire to express personal principles, sometimes in

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2184-498: The six days of fasting each month and the three months of fasting each year". Members of the Baháʼí Faith observe a Nineteen Day Fast from sunrise to sunset during March each year. Although practitioners of alternative medicine promote " cleansing the body " through fasting, (as though it were a diagnostic fast) the concept of "detoxification“ is marketing myth with few scientific basis for its rationale or efficacy. During

2236-431: The subsequent civil war between Sulla and Gaius Marius , having been destroyed by the former as a punishment for allegiance to his rival. The writings of that rhetorical writer are not, however, to be taken literally, and it is more probable that Sulmo was confiscated and its lands assigned by Sulla to a body of his soldiers. In all events it is certain that Sulmo was a well-peopled and considerable town in 49 BC, when it

2288-521: The summer. Some food parcels from the International Committee of the Red Cross were distributed occasionally. For recreation, the prisoners laid out a football field, and they also had equipment for cricket and basketball. There was a theatre, a small lending library, at least one band, and a newspaper produced by a group of prisoners. In September 1943, as the Italian government neared collapse,

2340-515: The territory of the Paeligni: and this is confirmed both by Pliny and the Liber Coloniarum ; yet it does not seem to have ever been large, and Ovid himself designates it as a small provincial town. From the Liber Coloniarum we learn also that it had received the status of a colony, probably in the time of Augustus ; though Pliny does not give it the title of a Colonia. Inscriptions, as well as

2392-433: Was a notable benefactor of the order. The order became extinct in the eighteenth century. According to their special constitutions the Celestines were bound to say matins in the choir at two o'clock in the morning, and always to abstain from eating meat, save in illness. The distinct rules of their order with regard to fasting are numerous, but not more severe than those of similar congregations, though much more so than

2444-594: Was associated with reductions of body weight, body mass index , and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese adults. Fasting is almost always practiced prior to surgery or other procedures that require general anesthesia because of the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents after induction of anesthesia (i.e., vomiting and inhaling the vomit, causing life-threatening aspiration pneumonia ). Additionally, certain medical tests, such as cholesterol testing ( lipid panel ) or certain blood glucose measurements require fasting for several hours so that

2496-454: Was elected Pope by the name of Celestine V. From there on, the order he had founded took the name of Celestines. During his short reign as Pope, the former hermit confirmed the rule of the order, which he had himself composed, and conferred on the society a variety of special graces and privileges. In the only creation of cardinals promoted by him, among the twelve raised to the purple, there were two monks of his order. He also visited personally

2548-509: Was extremely cold in winter, whence Ovid himself, and Silius Italicus in imitation of him, calls it "gelidus Sulmo" Its territory was fertile, cultivation of both in grain and wine are common, and one district, the Pagus Fabianus, is particularly mentioned by Pliny for the care bestowed on the irrigation of the vineyards. Traditionally, the beginning of the Christian age in Sulmona is set in

2600-518: Was founded by Celestine as a chapel in 1241, and was enlarged and later made into a convent. Sulmona is the home of the Italian confectionery known as confetti . These are sugar-coated almonds and are traditionally given to friends and relatives on weddings and other special occasions. Confetti can be eaten or simply used as decoration. The local artisans also colour these candies and craft them into flowers and other creations. There are two main factories in town and several shops that sell these items,

2652-430: Was occupied by Domitius Calvinus with a garrison of seven cohorts; but the citizens, who were favorably inclined towards Julius Caesar , opened their gates to his lieutenant M. Antonius as soon as he presented himself. Not much more is known historically of Sulmo, which, however, appears to have continued to be a considerable provincial town. Ovid speaks of it as one of the three municipal towns whose districts composed

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2704-530: Was one of the most important cities of the Paeligni and is known for being the native town of the Roman poet Ovid , of whom there is a bronze statue, located on the town's main road. Sulmona was one of the principal cities of the Paeligni , an Italic tribe , but no notice of it is found in history before the Roman conquest. A tradition alluded to by Ovid and Silius Italicus , which ascribed its foundation to Solymus ,

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