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23-452: The valley takes its name from the Paeligni . In prehistoric times, it was occupied by a lake which disappeared after a series of earthquakes approximately 300,000 years ago, leaving the land full of marshes but fertile. The former barrier between the lake and the sea was in what are now the gorges of Popoli . Three hills near Sulmona are the relics of the single island in the lake. The valley

46-665: A few practical settings or affairs. Lexical archaisms are single archaic words or expressions used regularly in an affair (e.g. religion or law ) or freely; literary archaism is the survival of archaic language in a traditional literary text such as a nursery rhyme or the deliberate use of a style characteristic of an earlier age—for example, in his 1960 novel The Sot-Weed Factor , John Barth writes in an 18th-century style. Archaic words or expressions may have distinctive emotional connotations —some can be humorous ( forsooth ), some highly formal ( What say you? ), and some solemn ( With thee do I plight my troth ). The word archaism

69-411: A form of jargon. Some phraseologies , especially in religious contexts, retain archaic elements that are not used in ordinary speech in any other context: "With this ring I thee wed." Archaisms are also used in the dialogue of historical novels to evoke the flavour of the period. Some may count as inherently funny words and are used for humorous effect. A type of archaism is the use of thou ,

92-516: A generation of British citizens who lived through the Second World War ; but in recent years the term has been repurposed as a non-archaic term for wifi and cell-phone technology. A similar desire to evoke a former age means that archaic place names are frequently used in circumstances where doing so conveys a political or emotional subtext, or when the official new name is not recognised by all (for example: 'Madras' rather than 'Chennai'). So,

115-422: A restaurant seeking to conjure up historic associations might prefer to call itself Old Bombay or refer to Persian cuisine in preference to using the newer place name. A notable contemporary example is the airline Cathay Pacific , which uses the archaic Cathay for China . Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is the phrase "odd man out", which originally came from

138-538: Is closely parallel to the inflection of the same person in Sanskrit and of quite unique linguistic interest. The name Paeligni may belong to the NO-class of ethnica (see Marrucini ), but the difference that it has no vowel before the suffix suggests that it may rather be parallel with the suffix of Latin privignus . If it has any connection with Latin paelex , "concubine", it is conceivable that it meant “halfbreeds” and

161-454: Is crossed by the rivers Aterno and Sagittario . In addition to Sulmona , the main centers in the plateau include Raiano , Vittorito , Corfinio , Pratola Peligna and Pacentro . Historically, it was inhabited by the Paeligni , an Oscan tribe. 42°04′49″N 13°53′16″E  /  42.08028°N 13.88778°E  / 42.08028; 13.88778 Paeligni The Paeligni or Peligni were an Italic tribe who lived in

184-521: Is from the Ancient Greek : ἀρχαϊκός , archaïkós , 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος , archaîos , 'from the beginning, ancient'. A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word senses is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or sense is one that still has some current use but whose use has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it connotes old-fashioned language. In contrast, an obsolete word or sense

207-552: Is not used in normal English outside the set phrase vim and vigor ). An outdated form of language is called archaic. In contrast, a language or dialect that contains many archaic traits (archaisms) relative to closely related languages or dialects spoken at the same time is called conservative . Archaisms are most frequently encountered in history , poetry , fantasy literature , law , philosophy , science , technology , geography and ritual writing and speech. Archaisms are kept alive by these ritual and literary uses and by

230-664: Is one that is no longer used at all. A reader encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old. For example, the works of Shakespeare are old enough that some obsolete words or senses are encountered therein, for which glosses (annotations) are often provided in the margins. Archaisms can either be used deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law ) or formula (for example in religious contexts). Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Some archaisms called fossil words remain in use within certain fixed expressions despite having faded away in all other contexts (for example, vim

253-643: The Dioscuri , Cerfum (a water god), and Anaceta (the Roman Angitia ), a goddess associated with snakes. On the submission of the Samnites , they all came into alliance with Rome in 305–302 BC, the Paelignians having fought hard against even this degree of subjection. Each member of the confederacy entered the alliance with Rome as an independent unit, and in none was there any town or community politically separate from

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276-577: The Oscan of Lucania and Samnium , though presenting some peculiarities of its own, which warrant, perhaps, the use of the name North Oscan. The clearest of these is the use of postpositions, as in Vestine Poimunie-n , " in templo Pomonali "; pritrom-e , i.e. in proximum , "on to what lies before you". Others are the sibilation of consonantal i and the assibilation of -di- to some sound like that of English j (denoted by l- in

299-637: The Valle Peligna , in what is now Abruzzo , central Italy . The Paeligni are first mentioned as a member of a confederacy that included the Marsi , Marrucini , and Vestini , with which the Romans came into conflict in the Second Samnite War , 325 BC. Like other Oscan-Umbrian populations, they were governed by supreme magistrates known as meddices (singular meddix ). Their religion included deities, such as

322-566: The Latin alphabet, show the normal letters of the Ciceronian period, there is little doubt that, for religious and private purposes at least, the Paelignian dialect lasted down to the middle of the 1st century BC. Archaism In language , an archaism is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in

345-581: The coins struck there in 90 BC. The Paeligni were granted Roman citizenship after the Social War, and that was the beginning of the end of their national identity, as they began to adopt Roman culture and language. The known Paeligni inscriptions show that the dialect spoken by these tribes was substantially the same from the northern boundary of the Frentani to some place in the upper Aternus valley not far from Amiternum , and that this dialect closely resembled

368-554: The interesting epitaph from which this phrase is taken may be quoted as a specimen of the dialect; the stone was found in Corfinio , the ancient Corfinium, and the very perfect style of the Latin alphabet in which it is written shows that it cannot well be earlier than the last century BC: Eite uus pritrome pacris, puus ecic lexe lifar , Latin : ite vos porro pacati (cum bona pace), qui hoc scriptum [hbar, 3rd declination neut.] legistis. The form lexe (2nd plural perfect indicative)

391-404: The local variety of Latin alphabet), as in vidadu , " viamdö ," i.e. " ad-viam "; Musesa = Lat. Mussedia ; and the loss of d (in pronunciation) in the ablative, as in aetatu firata fertlid (i.e. aetate fertili finita ), where the contrast of the last with the other two forms shows that the -d was an archaism still occasionally used in writing. The last sentence of

414-434: The museum at Sulmona were both created by Professor Antonio de Nino, whose devotion to the antiquities of his native district rescued every single Paelignian monument that we possess. None of the Latin inscriptions of the district need be older than Sulla , but some of them both in language and script show the style of his period (e.g. 3087, 3137); and, on the other hand, as several of the native inscriptions, which are all in

437-406: The phrase "to find the odd man out", where the verb "to find out" has been split by its object "the odd man", meaning the item which does not fit. The object + split verb has been reinterpreted as a noun + adjective, such that "out" describes the man rather than any verb. The pronominal adverbs found in the writing of lawyers (e.g. heretofore , hereunto , thereof ) are examples of archaisms as

460-477: The second-person singular pronoun that fell out of general use in the 17th century, while you or ye , formerly only used to address groups, and then also to respectfully address individuals, is now used to address both individuals and groups. Thou is the nominative form; the oblique / objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative ), and the possessive is thy or thine . Though thou hast ever so many counsellors, yet do not forsake

483-434: The study of older literature. Should they remain recognised, they can potentially be revived. Because they are things of continual discovery and re-invention, science and technology have historically generated forms of speech and writing which have dated and fallen into disuse relatively quickly. However, the emotional associations of certain words have kept them alive, for example the archaic 'wireless' rather than 'radio' for

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506-573: The tribe as a whole. Thus the Vestini issued coins of its own in the 3rd century; each of them appears in the list of the allies in the Social War . How purely Italic in sentiment these communities of the mountain country remained appears from the choice of the mountain fortress of Corfinium as the rebel capital. It was renamed Vitellio, the Oscan form of Italia , a name which appears, written in Oscan alphabet, on

529-596: Was a name coined in contempt by the conquering Sabines, who turned the touta marouca into the community of the Marrucini . But, when unsupported by direct evidence, even the most tempting etymology is an unsafe guide. Paelignian and this group of inscriptions generally form the most important link in the chain of the Italic dialects, as without them the transition from Oscan to Umbrian would be completely lost. The unique collection of inscriptions and antiquities of Pentima and

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