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150-536: Cavite City , officially the City of Cavite ( Chavacano : Ciudad de Cavite and Filipino : Lungsod ng Kabite ) is a 2nd class component city in the Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 100,674 people. The city was the capital of Cavite Province from its establishment in 1614 until the title was transferred to the newly created, more accessible city of Trece Martires in 1954. Cavite City

300-550: A Consejo (council) composed of Consejales (councilors). Don Gregorio Basa was elected as the Presidente Municipal of present-day Cavite City. In 1901, the Philippine Commission approved a municipal code as the organic law of all local governments throughout the country. In its implementation in 1903, the three separate pueblos of Cavite Puerto, San Roque, and La Caridad were merged into one municipality , which

450-498: A "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971. According to the monogenetic theory or one-way theory advanced by Whinnom, all varieties of Chavacano result from a single source, and all such varieties are related to each other. The parallel development theory or two-way theory as advocated by Frake in 1971, the variants found in Luzon and Mindanao had evolved autonomously from each other. On 23 June 1635, Zamboanga City , which

600-670: A Spanish-based creole. In 2000, The Instituto Cervantes in Manila hosted a conference entitled "Shedding Light on the Chavacano Language" at the Ateneo de Manila University . Starting school year 2012–13, the Zamboangueño variant has also been taught at schools following the implementation of the Department of Education's policy of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). It serves as

750-707: A chartered city. On September 7, 1940, the executive function of the city was vested in a City Mayor appointed by the President of the Philippine Commonwealth . The legislative body of the City of Cavite was vested on a Municipal Board composed of three electives, two appointives, and two ex-officio councilors , with the City Mayor as the presiding officer. On December 10, 1941, two days after an attack that had destroyed American air defenses at Clark Field and three days after

900-608: A great symbolic role. Cico replaced his title with Kolano , which means "king". The capital of the kingdom was first in Sampalu village, but moved to Formadiahi during the reign of Kaicil Siale (1284–1298). Under Kaicil Ngara Malamo (1304–1317), Ternate expanded its influence and conquered neighbouring islands. Ngara Malamo was succeeded by Patsyarangan Malamo (1317–1322) and later Sidang Arif Malamo (1322–1331). During this time, Ternate started to interact with Chinese and Arab traders, especially from Malacca and Java . Ternate became

1050-673: A large number of Mexicans settling in Cavite and spreading to Luzon, integrating into the local population and leading peasant revolts. Mexicans weren't the only Latin Americans in Cavite, as there were also a fair number of other Latin Americans. One of these was the Puerto Rican Alonso Ramirez, who became a sailor in Cavite, and published an influential early Latin American novel entitled "Infortunios de Alonso Ramirez" Between 1609 and 1616

1200-566: A major port city and center of the spice trade in the Moluccas region, competing with its rival, Tidore. Some of the foreign traders eventually created the foundations of the Chinese and Arab communities in the city today. Around 1322, Arif Malamo initiated the Moti Agreement, which was a result of discussions between the rulers in Moluccas about trade and standardization of government structures. As

1350-659: A majority of Caviteños practice Roman Catholicism. Other Christian religious groups in the city include the Aglipayan Church , Iglesia ni Cristo (I.N.C), Jehovah's Witnesses , United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP), Jesus Is Lord Church (JIL), The United Methodist Church , Presbyterian Churches , Baptists and Bible Fundamental churches, Seventh-day Adventist Church , Members Church of God International or Ang Dating Daan , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , and other UPC churches. A Muslim minority

1500-471: A majority of residents speak Tagalog . Today, Chabacano is generally considered to be dying, with only a fraction of people, mostly elderly, able to speak the language. According to the Philippine professor Alfredo B. German, who wrote a thesis on the grammar of Chabacano, the present conditions do not encourage people to learn the dialect. There are many likely reasons for the diminishing of Chabacano, such as

1650-426: A majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from Spanish , their grammatical structures are generally similar to other Philippine languages . Among Philippine languages , it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language , but like Malayo-Polynesian languages , it uses reduplication . The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though

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1800-406: A medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 and as a separate subject (Mother Tongue) from grades 1 to 3. Because of the grammatical structures, Castilian usage, and archaic Spanish words and phrases that Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) uses, between speakers of both contemporary Spanish and Chavacano who are uninitiated, both languages appear to be non-intelligible to a large extent. For

1950-534: A nuestros héroes; que estamos preparados también a sacrificarnos por el pueblo. ¿Cómo lo haremos? ¿Hay que escribir también novelas como José Rizal? English : We can say what great sacrifices our heroes have done to achieve our independence. We should therefore not forget them. How do we do that? We should do things to let it be known that we appreciate the heroes; that we are prepared to make sacrifices for our people. How? Should we write novels like José Rizal? Ternate, Indonesia Ternate , also known as

2100-537: A point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language. In Zamboanga City, most people are using the V in spelling the language as Chavacano. In the three-day Chavacano Orthography Congress held on Nov 19–21, 2014, wherein it included the presentation by researchers on Chavacano, mostly results from surveys conducted among selected respondents in

2250-623: A result of Spanish colonization, according to a genetic study written by Maxmilian Larena, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the Philippine ethnic groups with the highest amount of Spanish/European descent are the Chavacanos, with 4 out of 10 Chavacanos having detectable Spanish descent, followed by Bicolanos , with 1–2 out of 10, while most of

2400-517: A result of this agreement, the Moluccas had relatively peaceful times of over the next twenty years and trade flourished. However, Arif was succeeded by Kaicil Tulu Malamo, who revoked the agreement as he thought it limited his expansionist ambitions. Ternate conquered neighbouring islands like the Sula Islands and Seram Island over the course of the 1400s. In the midst of this expansionist era, Ternate officially became an Islamic sultanate during

2550-470: A total of 84 barangays . Cavite City is politically subdivided into 84 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 100,674 people, with a density of 9,200 inhabitants per square kilometer or 24,000 inhabitants per square mile. According to 2000 census data, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in Cavite City, and

2700-418: A turn for the worse in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis being an early landmark event. Economic analysts generally attribute the crisis to the ramp-up on loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign . In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed

2850-518: A word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself (Banquicio, 2021). During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called Chavacano was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the " lenguaje de la calle ", " lenguaje de parian " (language of the street), or " lenguaje de cocina " (language of the kitchen) to refer to

3000-671: Is a non-Austronesian language that belongs to the North Halmahera branch of the West Papuan languages . Many inhabitants of Ternate use Ternatean as their first language and employ Ternate Malay as a means of interethnic or trade communication. In 2020, the city had 114 kindergartens, 124 elementary schools, 43 junior high schools, 26 senior high schools, and 9 vocational high schools. All three public higher education institutions in North Maluku are located in Ternate. Khairun University

3150-917: Is a public university in the province, located in South Ternate District. It is the main university of the province and accepts students from the national SNMPTN system. It was previously a private university, but was taken over by the Ministry of Education and Culture to serve as the public university of North Maluku in 2004. There is also the Ternate State Islamic Institute, which is also public, and Ternate Medical Polytech. Other private universities and institutions also exist, such as Muhammadiyah University, Wiratama Polytech of Science and Technology, Kie Raha Teaching and Education College, and Ternate Computer Academy. Aside from formal education, there are six registered Islamic boarding schools in

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3300-597: Is also present in the city. The Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga (Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga) is viewed as the patroness of Cavite City. She is revered by Catholics as the Celestial Guardian and Protector of the Province of Cavite since her arrival. The image of Our Lady of Porta Vaga is designated as a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum. It is the oldest existing Marian painting in

3450-681: Is called Ternate after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence), which has come to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano. The following is a sample of Ermitaño taken from the April 1917 publication of The Philippine Review . The poem was written by the Filipino Spanish-language writer Jesús Balmori (who also wrote other texts in Ermitaño), and it

3600-402: Is dominated by the volcanic Mount Gamalama (1,715 m). An 1840 eruption destroyed most houses, and additional ones occurred in 1980, 1983, 1994 and 2011. During the 2011 eruption, Indonesia closed a domestic airport near the volcano for several days following ash emissions that reached 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) into the atmosphere. The foothills are home to groves of clove trees, and climbs to

3750-577: Is entitled "Na Maldito Arena": Ta sumí el sol na fondo del mar, y el mar, callao el boca. Ta jugá con su mana marejadas com'un muchacha nerviosa con su mana pulseras. El viento no mas el que ta alborota, el viento y el pecho de Felisa que ta lleno de sampaguitas na fuera y lleno de suspiros na dentro... According to Keith Whinnom's "Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands" (1956), there were reportedly still an estimated 12,000 speakers in 1942 of Ermitaño. After World War II, much of Manila

3900-566: Is held in early December. It consists of a parade of decorated boats, a rowing competition, a fishing competition, and traditional art and dance shows. Another festival is the Legu Gam Festival, which is held to celebrate the sultan's birthday. During the festival, several traditional dances are performed in a parade. These festivals have been supported and promoted by the Ministry of Tourism. There are several city parks in Ternate, such as Nukila Park. Another city park, Moya Park, located in

4050-631: Is not included on the Spanish East Indies area as stated on the Protocol and control by the United Kingdom , Chavacano has still a little impact in Semporna. From then on, constant Spanish military reinforcements as well as increased presence of Spanish religious and educational institutions have fostered the Spanish creole. The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were Catholic natives of

4200-632: Is now occupied by Naval Base Cavite and is closed to the public. The old historic core of Cavite is now part of the San Roque district, and is referred to today as either Fort San Felipe or Porta Vaga. The former location of the Porta Vaga Gate, the western wall, and its towers is now occupied by the Governor Samonte Park. A portion of Danila Atienza Air Base was converted into a domestic airport in 2020 called Sangley Point Airport. The airport

4350-399: Is planned to be converted into an international airport under the national government's Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program. The original proponent status (OPS) contract was initially awarded to a consortium between MacroAsia Corporation and China Communications Construction Company Ltd., until it was dropped by the provincial government in 2021. After another round of bidding, the contract

4500-574: Is presently enshrined at the San Roque Parish Church, one of the three parishes in the city. Chabacano is a Spanish-influenced creole language formerly spoken by majority of the people living in the city. Chabacano emerged sometime after the arrival of the first Spaniards and Mexicans in the late 16th century. During this period, the people that lived near the military arsenal in Cavite City communicated with Spaniards and Mexicans and began to incorporate Spanish words into their dialect. Today,

4650-454: Is served by Sultan Babullah Airport . The city has angkots and online ride-hailing services such as Gojek . There are nine media companies registered in Ternate according to the Press Council , both digital and printed. There are local television stations such as Gamalama TV, and also branches of nationwide private channels such as Trans TV Ternate Branch. Printed news media in

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4800-586: The Chinese Keit and Spanish Cavite are derived. The early inhabitants of Cavite City were the Tagalogs ruled by the Kampilan and the bullhorn of a datu, the tribal form of government. According to folklore, the earliest settlers came from Borneo , led by Gat Hinigiw and his wife Dayang Kaliwanag, who bore seven children. Archaeological evidence in the coastal areas shows prehistoric settlements. On May 16, 1571,

4950-455: The City of Ternate , is the city with the largest population in the province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands , Indonesia . It was the de facto provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the west coast of Halmahera, and is composed of five islands: Ternate, the biggest and main island of

5100-492: The Congress of the Philippines in 1954, transferred the capital of the province from Cavite City to the newly established Trece Martires . Subsequently, the city charter was amended. By virtue of an amendment to the charter of Cavite City, the City Mayor, City Vice Mayor and eight councilors were elected by popular vote. The first election of city officials in this way was held in 1963. The Philippines' gradual postwar recovery took

5250-782: The Filipino diaspora . All the same, Zamboangueño is the variety with the most number of speakers, being the official language of Zamboanga City whose population is now believed to be over a million; is also an official language in Basilan. Chavacano speakers are also found in Semporna and elsewhere in Sabah via immigration to Sabah during the Spanish colonial period and via Filipino refugees who escaped from Zamboanga Peninsula and predominantly Muslim areas of Mindanao like Sulu Archipelago . A small number of Zamboanga's indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as

5400-506: The Indonesian Army . Other private hospitals are also present, such as Dharma Ibu Ternate General Hospital and Medika Harifalm General Hospital, both classified as D-class hospital. Only 68% of city population has government-mandated healthcare insurance BPJS Kesehatan as of 2020, and major health problems in the city includes 27.59% of city population above 15 years old smoking an average 80 cigarettes per week. Toddler inoculation in

5550-479: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Japanese Imperial Forces destroyed Cavite Naval Base and bombed Cavite City. Later, after Japan seized the Philippines, Japanese leaders appointed at least two City Mayors of Cavite City. The island of Corregidor played an important role during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines . The island was the site of two costly sieges and pitched battles—the first in early 1942, and

5700-634: The Moluccas before becoming a main interest to competing European powers. Maluku is mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The term originally denoted the spice-producing islands of North Maluku, of which Ternate became the dominant one. The Ternate Kingdom was previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi. Moluccan tradition says that there was an exodus of people moving out of Halmahera around 1250 due to political conflicts. The settlement founded by people from Halmahera

5850-523: The Momole from other villages for a meeting, who all agreed to choose Cico , the chief of Sampalu village, as the collective ruler of Ternate. Cico may correspond to Kaicil Mashur Malamo, who was the first ruler according to other traditions and was a son of the Arab Jafar Sadik, who is claimed to be the father of the founding kings of Ternate, Tidore , Bacan and Jailolo . This political four-division had

6000-834: The Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean against Muslim powers continued, Ternate became a site of interest, particularly for the Ottomans , who had gained much information about maritime Southeast Asia from the Sultanate of Aceh . Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis , the Ottoman admiral, intended to reach both Java, Borneo and Ternate but was engaged in battle and outnumbered against the Portuguese fleet in Sumatra . Spanish and Dutch traders competing for control over

6150-597: The Sultanate of Brunei by siding with the subjugated Kingdom of Tondo , the state which Manila displaced when Brunei invaded Luzon . The Spanish set up Manila as a captaincy-general under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Spanish Ternate in turn was ruled under the governor-general based in Manila. In 1607, the Dutch came back to Ternate and built a fort in Malayo with the locals' help. The Spaniards occupied

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6300-1165: The Tausugs , the Samals , and the Yakans , majority of those people are Sunni Muslims , also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi areas, there are Muslim speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga , all of them are neighbors of Christians. Speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga , both Christians and Muslims, also live in Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur . Christians and Muslims in Maguindanao , Sultan Kudarat , Cotabato , South Cotabato , Cotabato City , and Saranggani speak Chavacano de Zamboanga . Take note that Zamboanga Peninsula , Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Maguindanao , Cotabato City , Soccsksargen (region that composed of Sultan Kudarat , Cotabato , South Cotabato , and Saranggani ) and Davao Region became part of short-lived Republic of Zamboanga , which chose Chavacano as official language . As

6450-497: The galleons Espiritu Santo and San Miguel were constructed in the shipyard of the port, called the Astillero de Rivera (Rivera Shipyard of Cavite), sometimes spelled as Ribera . The narrow San Roque isthmus or causeway (now M. Valentino Street) connected Cavite Puerto to San Roque, its only border town. Maps from the 17th century show that this narrow isthmus was once as wide as the town itself. Problems with rising water and

6600-408: The 1883 work of German linguist Hugo Schuchardt Uber das Malaiospanische der Philippinen , he presents fragments of texts and comments of what he calls "Malayo-Spanish". However, the first to give a general study and investigation of the varieties of Chavacano as a group was by Keith Whinnom in his 1956 work The Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands . Whinnom gives an overall view of

6750-551: The 18th century, Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially, and the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of

6900-515: The 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from Iloilo to man their sugar plantations and rice fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano

7050-492: The Central Ternate District, and there are 12 healthcare centers. The main public hospital in the city, Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie Regional Hospital, is a public hospital owned by province government and classified as B-class by the Ministry of Health. Another public hospital was inaugurated in 2021, named Ternate City Regional Hospital, which is maintained by the city's government. There's also army hospital operated by

7200-542: The Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives. Linguists use the term Philippine Creole Spanish which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño). The varieties of

7350-487: The Christianized Sultanate of Ternate , including their Christian-convert Sultan, were relocated to the cities of Ternate (Cavite province), Ermita, Manila, and San Roque (Cavite province). In subsequent years, Latin-American soldiers from Mexico were deployed at Cavite : 70 soldiers in 1636; 89 in 1654; 225 in 1670; and 211 in 1672. San Roque was later placed under the civil administration of Cavite until it

7500-499: The Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the Maragondon river (known as the Barra de Maragondon ) and Tanza , Cavite , Manila. The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas' community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the location of the community

7650-414: The Moya subdistrict, was previously a dump site. The city has several shopping malls, such as Jatiland Mall, Hypermart Ternate, and Muara Mall. There are 319 kilometers of road in the city, out of which 284 kilometers have been paved with hotmix asphalt. There are also 18 kilometers that have been paved with concrete instead. As Ternate is made of several islands, water transport is an important part of

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7800-409: The Muslim Ternateans rebelled against the Portuguese who were besieged in their castle. Their captain was Dom Álvaro de Ataíde, and Belchior Vieira de Ternate distinguished himself in the defense until the garrison was forced to capitulate to Sultan Babullah in 1575, who made the castle his palace. Ambon and Tidore became the new centres for Portuguese activity in Maluku. European power in the region

7950-418: The Native American languages Nahuatl , Taino , Quechua , etc. as can be evidenced by the words chongo ("monkey", instead of Spanish mono ), tiange ("mini markets"), etc. In contrast with the Luzon-based dialects, the Zamboangueño variety has the most borrowings and/or influence from other Philippine Austronesian languages including Hiligaynon and Tagalog . Words of Malay origin are present in

8100-523: The Philippines Martial Law. This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Cavite endured many social and economic obstacles. It was around the time Martial Law was declared, in 1972, that Mayor Manuel S. Rojas was assassinated in the nearby town of Bacoor, Cavite. The excesses of the Marcos Family prompted opposition from various Filipino citizens despite the risks of arrest and torture Victims of human rights abuses during this period included Cavite City resident and University of

8250-530: The Philippines are creoles based on Mexican Spanish , southern peninsular Spanish and possibly, Portuguese . In some Chavacano languages, most words are common with Andalusian Spanish , but there are many words borrowed from Nahuatl , a language native to Central Mexico, which aren't found in Andalusian Spanish. Although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other Philippine languages , primarily Ilonggo , Tagalog and Bisaya . By way of Spanish, its vocabulary also has influences from

8400-430: The Philippines student leader Emmanuel Alvarez. Alvarez, a descendant of Katipunan General Pascual Alvarez, became one of the desaparecidos of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos when he was accosted by two men believed to be military personnel while commuting from his home in Cavite City on January 6, 1976, and never seen again. He has formally been honored as a hero of Philippine democracy, having had his name etched on

8550-413: The Philippines, Estadismos de las Islas Filipinas , notes that "In Cavite and in its suburb of San Roque, a very corrupted Spanish is spoken, whose phraseology is entirely taken from the language of the country". Mentions of a vernacular referred to as "kitchen Spanish" and "language of the market" (referring to the Manila variety), or other terms are found in a number of texts of the 19th century. However,

8700-407: The Philippines, a major difficulty in tracing the development of Chabacano is the confusion attributed to in accounts of travelers to the Philippines between a coherent creole language, `broken Spanish', and fluent Spanish. The earliest believed attestation of a coherent creole language spoken in Cavite City comes from the Augustinian priest Martínez de Zúñiga who in his 1803 accounts of his travels in

8850-408: The Philippines. The image of the virgin is painted on a canvas. Mary, clothed in black and white like a lady in mourning, kneels as she contemplates the passion of her son. Before her are the crown of thorns and the nails used during the Crucifixion. An inscription was found on the back of the painting – A doze de Abril 1692 años Juan Oliba puso esta Stma. Ymagen Haqui , which means, "The sacred image

9000-415: The Philippines; about 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent left. In the Philippines, they settled in Ermita , Manila; San Roque, Cavite ; Tanza , Cavite; and Ternate, Cavite , which they named after their homeland. Some mixed people chose to stay in Ternate, Indonesia, though they were persecuted and went through Islamization by a resurgent sultanate. In

9150-452: The Portuguese, while Fort Oranje was a temporary headquarters of Dutch East India Company . The palace of the Ternate sultanate still exists and currently functions as a museum. It is named Kedaton Sultan Ternate and is considered the national cultural heritage of Indonesia. Another historical building is the Ternate Sultanate Mosque. The city celebrates the kora-kora (traditional Moluccan boat) festival during their city anniversary, which

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9300-674: The Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao. The other varieties of Chavacano with Cebuano as their primary substrate language are the Mindanao -based creoles of which are Castellano Abakay or Chavacano Davaoeño (spoken in some areas of Davao ), influenced by Hokkien Chinese and Japanese , and divided into two varieties, Castellano Abakay Chino and Castellano Abakay Japón , and Cotabateño (spoken in Cotabato City ). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño. The Chavacano languages in

9450-441: The Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi declared the region a royal encomienda , or royal land grant . Spanish colonizers settled in the most populated area (present-day Kawit ) and called it Cavite . The old Tangway at the tip of the Cavite Peninsula , across Bacoor Bay, was referred to as Cavite la Punta , meaning "Point of Cavite" or Cavite Point. Upon discovering that, because of its deep waters, Cavite la Punta

9600-437: The Spanish era, the province adopted the name of its capital town – e.g., Bulacan, Bulacan province; Tayabas , Tayabas (today, Quezon province ); Tarlac, Tarlac province; and Manila , Manila province . San Roque was founded as a separate town in 1614. In 1663, during the Spanish evacuation of Ternate, Indonesia , the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent who had ruled over

9750-598: The Sulu Sultanate only recognised partial Spanish sovereignty to Sulu and Tawi-tawi), Spanish settlers and soldiers brought the language to the region until Spain, Germany , and United Kingdom signed an agreement named the Madrid Protocol of 1885 that recognised Spanish rule of Sulu Archipelago. Chavacano becomes a lingua franca of Sulu Archipelago (composing of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Basilan), as these were formerly part of Western Mindanao (presently named Zamboanga Peninsula) , only Isabela City (Basilan's capital) remained part of Zamboanga Peninsula; although North Borneo (now Sabah)

9900-419: The Ternate sultante's power came near the end of the 16th century under Sultan Baabullah , when it exerted influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Ceram area, the Banda Islands , Solor Islands , Mindanao , and parts of Papua. It engaged in a fierce competition for control of its periphery with Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya , Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore

10050-443: The Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula. Zamboangueño (Chavacano) is spoken in Zamboanga City , Basilan , parts of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi , and Zamboanga del Sur , Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Norte . Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in

10200-406: The Zamboangueño variety; the latter is included because although not local in Philippines, it was the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia and is still spoken in Muslim areas of Mindanao. As the Zamboangueño variety is also spoken by Muslims, the variety has some Arabic loanwords, most commonly Islamic terms . In spite of this, it's difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in

10350-553: The capital city. At the height of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade , the Port of Cavite was the arrival and departure port of the Spanish galleons that brought many foreign travelers (mostly Spaniards and Latinos) to its shores. The Port of Cavite was fondly called Ciudad de Oro Macizo meaning the "City of Solid Gold". The Chinese emperor once sent some of his men to the place they called Keit (Cavite) to search for gold. Marilola Perez, in her 2015 Thesis "Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology", describes

10500-479: The city as of 2021. Half of them are located in South Ternate District, while the rest are located in North Ternate and Central Ternate Districts. Due to numbers of higher education institutions in the city, it is also known as "Education City". School participation rate is high: around 99.06% for children in the 15-year-old age group. Female student enrollment is higher than those of males as of 2020, reaching 100% as opposed to 98.05% on male students. Literacy rate

10650-513: The city for basic vaccines such as BCG and polio is relatively high, at 92.29% and 89.70%, respectively, while 91.02% of births in the city were assisted by professional healthcare workers. The city's population has a life expectancy of around 71 years, which is roughly similar to the national average. The city houses historical forts built by both Europeans and the Ternate sultanate, such as Kalamata Fort, Kastela Fort, Oranje Fort, and Santo Pedro Fort. Fort Tolukko and Fort Kalamata were built by

10800-474: The city in 2020 was 10.55 trillion rupiahs, an increase of 100 million rupiahs from the previous year. Economic growth in 2019 was 8.16% but later dropped to -0.85% in 2020. Historically, the city and surrounding region were major producers of nutmeg in the world. As of 2020, 1,006 tons of nutmeg was harvested. Other agricultural products are clove with 330 tons, mango with 120 tons, tomato with 74.30 tons, and eggplant with 58.80 tons. The trading sector employed

10950-524: The city in 2020 was 101 males per 100 females. As with most places in Indonesia, the population is relatively young with the group above 15 years numbering around 182,439 people. Population growth in 2019 was 2.21%. Most inhabitants of Ternate are Muslim . There is also a small Protestant minority, mostly migrants from neighbouring regions. The indigenous inhabitants of Ternate speak the Ternate language , which

11100-781: The city in an election. Head of districts are appointed directly by city mayor with recommendation by the city secretary. Ternate city is part of the First North Maluku electoral district with the West Halmahera Regency , both of which have 12 out of 45 seats in provincial parliament combined. At the city level, it is divided into four electoral districts, which has 30 representatives in total. The first electoral district consists of Central Ternate which has eight seats on city parliament, second electoral district with seven seats from North Ternate, third electoral district with 12 seats from South Ternate and Moti Island Districts, and

11250-612: The city's gross regional product in 2020, and agriculture and fishing combined only 4.08%. The fastest growing sector in 2020 was the administration service with a growth of 13.95% followed by communication and information with 10.46%. The transportation sector in 2020 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and imposed restrictions, declining as much as 20.44%. Trading and manufacture sector also decreased 7.45% and 7.56%, respectively, in 2020. The city's GDRP per capita stood at 46.13 million rupiahs in 2019, and total nominal GDRP of

11400-439: The city's territorial jurisdiction. Cavite City has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw), with a pronounced dry season from December to April, and a lengthy wet season from May to November that brings abundant rainfall into the city. The city proper is divided into five districts: Dalahican, Santa Cruz, Caridad, San Antonio, and San Roque. These districts are further subdivided into eight zones and

11550-419: The city's transportation system. Goods transport is mostly done through Ahmad Yani Port; it is a relatively large port with a quay length of 167 meters and container yards totalling 1,889 hectares. The port is also served by routes operated by Pelni , and served 376,727 people out of the city in 2019. The city also has a separate port for fishing vessels, which can handle ships up to 2,250 gigatons. The city

11700-491: The city, and Moti , Hiri , Tifure and Mayau (the latter two constitute the Batang Dua Islands , together with the small ofshore islets of Makka, Mano and Gurida). In total, the city has a land area of 162.20 square kilometres and had a total population of 185,705 according to the 2010 census, and 205,001 according to the 2020 census, with a density of 1,264 people per square kilometre; the official estimate as at mid 2023

11850-432: The city, and 104 identified potential tourist spots according to Statistics Indonesia . In 2019, the city was visited by 1,501 international tourists and 208,871 domestic tourists. The city experienced an inflation of 2.13% in 2020. Religion in Ternate (2023) The most populous district is South Ternate with 74,960 people in 2022, while the least populous is Batang Dua Island District with 2,820 people. The sex ratio in

12000-453: The city, the newly organized Chavacano Orthography Council met with the officials of the Department of Education and agreed among others that the language is to be spelled with the V. Most people in support of this move would like to distance their language Chavacano to the word Chabacano which also means ‘vulgar” in Spanish. There is no definite conclusion on the precise history of how these different varieties of Chavacano developed. Prior to

12150-627: The colonial government. The military authorities decided to import labour from Luzon and the Visayas. Thus, the construction workforce eventually consisted of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian soldiers, masons from Cavite (who comprised the majority), sacadas from Cebu and Iloilo, and those from the various local tribes of Zamboanga like the Samals and Subanons. Language differences made it difficult for one ethnic group to communicate with another. To add to this, work instructions were issued in Spanish. The majority of

12300-531: The encroaching waves that plagued Cavite Puerto likely eroded the land into a narrow isthmus. Spain turned the port over to the Americans after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . At the start of the American era, Cavite Puerto became the seat of the U.S. Naval Forces in the Philippines. It was redesigned to make way for modern ships and armaments. The historical structures, like Fort Guadalupe, were demolished, along with most of Fort San Felipe. Local government administration

12450-416: The following generation." Professor Gervacio Miranda, who also wrote a book in Chabacano, said in his preface: "My only objective to write this book is to possibly conserve in written form the Chabacano of Cavite for posterity," fearing the extinction of the dialect. Chavacano language The one responsible for this Spanish creole was Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera , then governor of Panama, who

12600-410: The formation of what is today the Philippines, what existed were a collection of various islands and different ethnolinguistic groups inhabiting them. The Spanish colonisation of the Philippine islands had led to the presence of the Spanish language in the islands. Though Spanish was the language of the government, the various languages originating and found in the islands remained the mother tongue of

12750-489: The former location of the United States Sangley Point Naval Base , is the northernmost point of the city, peninsula and province. The former American military naval base has since been converted into a Philippine military base. The historic island of Corregidor , the adjacent islands and detached rocks of Caballo , Carabao , El Fraile and La Monja found at the mouth of Manila Bay are part of

12900-638: The fourth electoral district with three seats from Ternate Island, Hiri Island, and Batang Dua Island Districts. The city's economy is diverse. Its gross regional product is dominated by service sector, such as trade and wholesale, which made 25.13% of the city's gross regional product in 2020. Other big sectors are the transportation sector with 13.13%, public administration and social security service with 19.15%, information and communication with 8.17%, and financial and insurance services with 7.31%. In contrast with neighbouring regions, it does not rely much on extraction or agriculture, with mining making only 0.08% of

13050-449: The government of the Moluccas ( Gouvernement der Molukken ). Ternate was captured and occupied by the British in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824, it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea , and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to

13200-436: The history and grammar of what he calls "Ermitaño" of Ermita in Manila, "Caviteño" of Cavite and "Zamboangueño" of Zamboanga. In it, he also postulates his monogenetic theory on the origin of these vernaculars. Linguists are unsettled about how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories, but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and

13350-547: The influx of Tagalog -speaking migrants and intermarriage. Philippine writer and poet Jesus Balmori expressed himself in Chabacano, and wrote several verses in it. Don Jaime de Veyra, writer and famous Philippine historian, wrote the following lines: "I am afraid that the inevitable absorption of the 'Tagalog invasion' on one side and the 'invasion of the English' on the other hand, will wipe out or extinguish this inherited Castilian language in existence with its last representatives in

13500-429: The initiated speakers, Chavacano can be intelligible to some Spanish speakers, and while most Spanish words can easily be understood by Chavacano speakers, many would struggle to understand a complete Spanish sentence. The term Chavacano or Chabacano originated from the Spanish word chabacano which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into

13650-480: The island. Relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start; an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious figures. The poor behaviour of the Portuguese combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler, as did their efforts to monopolise the spice trade and dominate local politics. In 1535 King Tabariji

13800-616: The islands of Ternate and Tidore of the Moluccas in the vicinity of New Guinea , converted during the Portuguese occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. The islands were later captured by the Spanish who vied for their control with the Dutch . In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate was forced to pull out to defend Manila against an impending invasion by Koxinga , the new ruler of Kingdom of Tungning in Formosa ( Taiwan ) (sacrificing

13950-927: The kind of vernacular referred to by these terms are imprecise and these terms may refer to a fully fledged creole or to a Spanish-pidgin spoken by Chinese and Filipino merchants. The manner of formation of this type of speech found in a number of communities around the Philippines remains unclear today. A sample of what is today called Chabacano may be found in dialogues contained in chapters 18 ( Supercherías ) and 28 ( Tatakut ) of Filipino writer José Rizal 's 1891 work El Filibusterismo . The dialogue found in chapter 18 is: ¿Porque ba no di podí nisós entrá? preguntaba una voz de mujer. ― Abá, ñora, porque ‘tallá el maná prailes y el maná empleau , contestó un hombre; ‘ta jasí solo para ilós el cabesa de espinge . ― ¡Curioso también el maná prailes! dijo la voz de mujer alejándose; ¡no quiere pa que di sabé nisos cuando ilos ta sali ingañau! ¡Cosa! ¡Querida be de praile el cabesa! In

14100-472: The language are geographically related. The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while The Mindanao Creoles have Visayan (mostly Cebuano , Tausug , and Hiligaynon ), Subanon , and Sama as their substrate language(s). Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B. They emphasise the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as

14250-475: The latter part of the 1960s and early 1970s, the land adjacent to the San Roque isthmus was reclaimed . The new land is now occupied by the San Sebastian College – Recoletos de Cavite and some residential homes. The present Cavite City Hall is built where the north tower of the old western wall once stood, which was already partly reclaimed by 1945. Half of the old port city, including Fort San Felipe,

14400-645: The local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public isn't readily available; Bibles of Protestant Christians are also written in standard Chavacano. As Chavacano is spoken by Muslims as second language not only in Zamboanga City and Basilan but even in Sulu and Tawi-tawi, a number of Qur'an books are published in Chavacano. The Zamboangueño variety has been constantly evolving especially during half of

14550-548: The local population or in Spanish itself, given that Spanish has about 6,000 words of Arabic origin. Chavacano also contains loanwords of Persian origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic; both Persian and Spanish are Indo-European languages . The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in Zamboanga City and in the island province of Basilan . A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in

14700-554: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: As with all Indonesian cities , the local government is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to regency. Executive power lies with the mayor and vice mayor, while legislation duties are carried by local parliament. Mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by people of

14850-417: The lowland urbanized Christian ethnic groups have some Spanish descent. Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language. In the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in literary work in comparison to the use of Spanish in the Philippines which

15000-415: The lucrative clove trade were caught up in the competition between Ternate and Tidore. The Dutch eventually became the ruling power, though for a long time their influence was limited, and the sultanates are still in place today. Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternateans in 1606 and deported the Ternate sultan and his entourage to Manila , a city which the Spanish captured from

15150-471: The most people in the city, with 12,683 working in 2020. Industries employed 5,068 people, and other service sectors employed 2,310 people. The total registered SMEs in the city number around 13,765 units with 21,723 employed people in the city. Most of the SMEs are engaged in commerce and trading sector. There are also 976 business entities registered in the city. In 2020, there are total 73 hotel accommodations in

15300-407: The north, Afetaduma and Jouburiki in the west, and the beach at the village of Kastela in the southeast. Ternate has a tropical rainforest climate with heavy rainfall year-round. At the time of the 2010 census, Ternate city (which includes seven neighbouring islands and islets as well as the main island of Ternate) was divided into seven districts , but in 2018 an eighth district (Ternate Barat)

15450-618: The old district of Ermita in Manila and is now extinct). of households (2020 census) There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent Zamboangueño families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from Spain and Latin America ), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at Fort Pilar in

15600-478: The old historic Port of Cavite. Both Bacoor and Cañacao Bays are inland bays within the larger Manila Bay. The city's only land border is with the Municipality of Noveleta to the south. The city is the northernmost settlement in the Province of Cavite, which lies southwest from Manila with a direct distance of about 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) but about 35 kilometers (22 mi) overland/by road. Sangley Point,

15750-420: The past century until the present. Zamboangueño has been experiencing an infusion of English and more Tagalog words and from other languages worldwide in its vocabulary and there have been debates and discussions among older Chavacano speakers, new generation of Chavacano speakers, scholars, linguists, sociologists, historians, and educators regarding its preservation, cultivation, standardization, and its future as

15900-439: The peak of the volcano can be made. The airport lies along the northeast coastline. Hiri island is a stratovolcanic cone lying off the northern tip of Ternate. Moti Island is also a stratovolcano, and is situated between Tidore and Mare Islands to the north and Makian to the south. Crocodile-infested Tolire Lake lies in the northwest of Ternate island and is bordered by sheer cliffs. Ternate beaches include Sulamadaha in

16050-490: The periphery particularly under Hamzah 's rule (r. 1627–1648). Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (r. 1648–1675) ceded some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for helping control rebellions. The Spanish abandoned Ternate and Tidore in 1663; when they abandoned Ternate, some of the people accompanied the Spanish in their retreat to

16200-480: The port, transients, and passengers aboard galleons. During this period, the city was called "Tierra de Maria Santisima" (Land of Most Holy Mary) because of the popularity of the Marian devotion . Plazas and parks abounded: Plaza de Armas (across from San Felipe Fort), Plaza de San Pedro (across from the church), Plaza Soledad (across from Porta Vaga), and Plaza del Reparo (bayside). The Port of Cavite (Puerto de Cavite)

16350-500: The provinces of Zamboanga del Sur , Zamboanga Sibugay , Zamboanga del Norte , Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year. The exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure doesn't include Chavacano speakers of

16500-563: The qualified voters of the municipality . In 1909, Executive Order No. 124, of Governor-General W. Cameron Forbes , declared the Act No. 1748 annexing Corregidor and the islands of Caballo (Fort Hughes), La Monja, El Fraile (Fort Drum), Santa Amalia, Carabao (Fort Frank) and Limbones, as well as all waters and detached rocks surrounding them, to the Municipality of Cavite. Under the Philippine Commonwealth , Assemblyman Manuel S. Roxas sponsored Commonwealth Act No. 547, elevating Cavite's status to

16650-512: The reign of Zainal Abidin (1468–1500) and supplemented the Kolano title with that of sultan. It was during this time that a period of Islamization began. Abidin also changed the traditional Moluccan government structure into a more Islamic one, including the foundation of the Jolabe , a council made up of Islamic clerics that would advise the sultan on religious matters. This structural and titular change

16800-773: The relationship with the individual being the speaker as well as the listener. This includes polite as well as casual foundations of speech, for example, yo (casual) versus (éle). Caviteño Chavacano : Puede nisós hablá: que grande nga palá el sacrificio del mga héroes para niso independencia. Debe nga palá no niso ulvida con ilos. Ansina ya ba numa? Debe hací niso mga cosa para dale sabí que ta aprecia niso con el mga héroes. Que preparáo din niso hací sacrificio para el pueblo. ¿Qué laya? ¿Escribí mga novela como José Rizal? Spanish : Nosotros podemos decir qué grandes sacrificios ofrecieron nuestros héroes para obtener nuestra independencia. Entonces, no nos olvidemos de ellos. ¿Cómo lo logramos? Necesitamos hacer cosas para que sepan que apreciamos

16950-565: The residency, but its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being subsumed into it in 1922. Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II ; eastern Indonesia was governed by the navy. After Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Indonesia declared independence, Ternate was reoccupied in early November 1945 by Allied forces who intended to return Indonesia to Dutch control. After World War 2, Ternate gained city status on 10 December 1946, but

17100-432: The rest of the population. The first Europeans to arrive at Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão coming from Malacca ; they were shipwrecked near Ceram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their plight and brought them to Ternate in 1512 when he saw a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation. The Portuguese were allowed to build Fort Kastela on

17250-694: The second in January, 1945—between the Imperial Japanese Army and the U.S. Army , along with its smaller subsidiary force, the Philippine Army . In 1945, during the fight to liberate the country from Japan, the US and Philippine Commonwealth militaries bombarded the Japanese forces stationed in the city, completely destroying the old historic port of Cavite. The old walls and the Porta Vaga Gate were damaged. Most of

17400-451: The south. Fort Guadalupe was built at the same time on the eastern tip, and the town became the Puerto de Cavite (Port of Cavite) or Cavite Puerto . The Fort of San Felipe Neri and the Porta Vaga Gate began construction in 1595 and were completed in 1602. Puerta Vaga (corrupted to Porta Vaga) was the port city's barbican , the only principal entrance from San Roque in the west. It was flanked by

17550-418: The southern districts of Santa Cruz and Dalahican, and the outlying islands of the province, such as the historic Corregidor Island . The city has been known by at least two Tagalog names. The first, Tangway , was the name given to the area by Tagalog settlers. Tangway means "peninsula." The second is Kawit or "hook," referring to the hook-shaped landform along the coast of Bacoor Bay , and from which

17700-531: The southern part of the island where they had their main settlement, Ciudad del Rosario. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with Ternate. For the Ternatean rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over

17850-540: The structures were destroyed, but some of the church towers remained. The city was littered with bomb craters. After the war, the city's local administration resumed operations. The walls, gates, and ruins of the old city were later removed. Only the bell tower of the Church of Santa Monica of the Augustinian Recollects and the two bastions of Fort San Felipe remain from the old city. Republic Act No. 981, passed by

18000-616: The term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers. Linguists have identified at least six Spanish creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their substrate languages and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with Tagalog as their substrate language are the Luzon -based creoles of which are Caviteño (spoken in Cavite City ), Bahra or Ternateño (spoken in Ternate, Cavite ) and Ermiteño (once spoken in

18150-430: The various inhabitants. Instead of using Spanish to spread Christianity, Spanish missionaries preferred to learn the various local languages. With over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish language came to influence the various Philippine languages to varying degrees by way of aspects like new loanwords and expressions. Creole languages (such as French-based creoles ) have formed at various points in time around

18300-451: The wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani . During the 1986 snap elections, Marcos won against Corazon Aquino in Region IV (which then included the provinces of MIMAROPA) according to the official COMELEC results, but this was disputed by NAMFREL. An exit poll conducted by American election observers found that voters from Cavite City preferred Aquino over Marcos. In

18450-445: The western wall, protected by two bastions at its northern and southern ends. The wall and gate were also separated from the mainland by a moat, which made the town like an island. Cavite was legally founded in 1614 with Tomás Salazar as the earliest known gobernadorcillo recorded. At the same time, the town became the capital of the new politico-military province of Cavite, established also in 1614. Like some other provinces during

18600-628: The workers were unschooled and therefore did not understand Spanish but needed to communicate with each other and the Spaniards. A pidgin developed and became a full-fledged creole language still in use today as a lingua franca and/or as an official language , mainly in Zamboanga City . When the Sultanate of Sulu gave up its territories in Sulu Archipelago to Spain within late 1700s (Sulu Sultanate gave up Basilan to Spain in 1762, while Sulu and Tawi-tawi were not given up by sultanate because

18750-491: The world due to colonialism. As a result of contact between speakers of two mutually non-intelligible languages, creole languages have evolved in some cases to facilitate communication. This usually involves taking the vocabulary of another language and grammatical features of the native language. In contrast to the numerous French-based creole languages, only three creole languages have been found to be Spanish-based or heavily influenced: Papiamento , Palenquero , and Chavacano. In

18900-406: Was 204,920 (comprising 104,128 males and 100,792 females). It is the biggest and most densely populated city in the province, as well as the economic, cultural, and education center of North Maluku, and acts as a hub to neighbouring regions. It was the capital of the Sultanate of Ternate in the 15th and 16th centuries, and fought against the Sultanate of Tidore over control of the spice trade in

19050-545: Was 99.68% as of 2020. Despite relatively developed infrastructure, schools in smaller islands, particularly such as those in the Moti and Hiri Districts, have fewer teachers in general compared to the mainland part of the city. The teacher-to-student ratio in the city is relatively lower compared to other parts of Indonesia: one teacher per 14 students. The city has total 5 hospitals, 5 polyclinics, 26 puskesmas , and 22 pharmacies as of 2020. Three out of five hospitals are located in

19200-465: Was a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. As a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, originating from Java in the late 15th century, though Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family before spreading to

19350-411: Was a province of 5,724 native families and 859 Spanish Filipino families . As the town grew, it developed a cosmopolitan reputation, and attracted various religious orders to set up churches, convents, and hospitals within the confines of the fortified city center. The Franciscan Hospital de San Jose (Saint Joseph Hospital) was built for sailors and soldiers in 1591. The San Diego de Alcala Convent

19500-543: Was a suitable place for the repair and construction of Spanish galleons , the Spanish moved their settlement there and called it Cavite Nuevo (New Cavite) or just Cavite . The first settlement was renamed "Cavite Viejo" (and in the early 20th century, regained its former name, Kawit). In 1582, the Spanish founded Cavite City with 65 Spanish households. In 1590, the Spaniards fortified Cavite Nuevo/Cavite City with murallas (high thick curtain walls) on its western, northern, and eastern sides, while Bacoor Bay remained open to

19650-549: Was also adopted by Tidore and Bacan. Ternate and Tidore were the world's major producer of cloves , from which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region. Much of their wealth was used to fight each other. Until the Dutch completed the colonization of Maluku in the 19th century, the sultans of Ternate ruled an empire that periodically claimed at least nominal influence in magnitude as Ambon , Sulawesi , and Papua . The peak of

19800-524: Was also responsible for settling Zamboanga City by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. There was an Asian-American route, which led to traders and adventurers carrying silver from Peru through Panama to reach Acapulco , Mexico before sailing to Manila , Philippines using the famed Manila galleons . The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally mutually intelligible by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While

19950-458: Was assigned as the de facto capital of the province until 2010, when Sofifi was chosen. However, Sofifi still lacked infrastructure and city status, and today most activity in the province is still conducted in Ternate. Ternate lies in a very active seismic region where volcanic activity and earthquakes are common. Ternate belongs to a group of islands that make up part of the Ring of Fire . Ternate

20100-503: Was awarded to the Yuchengco-led Sangley Point International Airport Consortium in 2022. Cavite City occupies most of the hook-shaped Cavite Peninsula that juts into Manila Bay . The peninsula is lined by Bacoor Bay to the southeast. The peninsula ends in two tips – Sangley Point and Cavite Point. Cañacao Bay is the body of water formed between the points. Cavite Point was the location of

20250-536: Was built in 1608, followed by the Convents of Porta Vaga (La Ermita), Our Lady of Loreto ( Jesuit ), San Juan de Dios ( St. John of God ), Santo Domingo ( Dominicans ), Santa Monica ( Recollects ), and San Pedro, the port's parish church. The fortified town enclosed eight churches, the Jesuit college of San Ildefonso, public buildings and residences, all meant to serve the needs of its population of natives, soldiers and workers at

20400-523: Was called the Municipality of Cavite. By virtue of a legislative act promulgated by the First Philippine Assembly , Cavite was again made the capital of the province. Subsequently, its territory was enlarged to include the district of San Antonio and the island of Corregidor . The Municipality of Cavite functioned as a civil government whose officials consisted of a Presidente Municipal, a Vice-Presidente Municipal and ten Consejales duly elected by

20550-533: Was created in the west of the island from part of the Pulau Ternate District. The districts are tabulated below with their areas (in square kilometres) and their populations during the 2010 and 2020 censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Five of these districts are on the island of Ternate, and the remaining three each consist of a smaller neighbouring island or (in the case of Pulau Batang Dua District) islands. The table also includes

20700-472: Was demoted to a district on 30 March 1965. It regained its city designation on 11 March 1981. The sultanate still exists but with no power, and the titular rulers only act as cultural figures. Ternate became part of Maluku when Indonesia became independent. There was some violence in Ternate during the 1998–2000 sectarian conflict across the Maluku islands. After the split of the new North Maluku province, it

20850-453: Was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him, he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route in Malacca in 1545, though he bequeathed Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. When Sultan Hairun was murdered and his head displayed on a pike in 1570,

21000-565: Was destroyed and its citizens displaced. This variety is considered to be virtually extinct. Ternateño follows a pronominal system of three different pronouns, including subjects, objects and possession. The system follows the same pattern as Spanish, including both singular and plural conjugations based on what the speaker is explaining. For example yo (Spanish singular) becomes bo (Ternateño), whereas nosotros (Spanish plural) becomes mihótro ( Ternateño). Additionally Ternateño incorporates alternate language forms for different participles to denote

21150-577: Was first situated close on the hillside of the Gamalama mountain and named Tobona. During this time, Tobona was ruled by a tribal chief with the title of Momole . This period was characterized by several smaller tribal settlements around Gamalama which were founded afterwards, such as Foramadiahi being established further downhill, while Sampalu, and Gamlamo were founded along the coast. These settlements also had their own Momole and were nominally independent from each other. In 1257, Tobona gathered all

21300-411: Was granted the right to be a separate and independent municipality in 1720. La Caridad, formerly known as La Estanzuela of San Roque, separated and was legally founded as a town in 1868. The Spanish Governor General Jose de la Gardana granted the petition of the people led by Don Justo Miranda to make Barrio La Estanzuela an independent town. By the end of the 1700s, Cavite was the main port of Manila and

21450-464: Was infused with Hiligaynon words as the previous migrant community was assimilated. Most of what appears to be Bisaya words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Bisaya began much earlier when Bisaya soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Bisaya accelerated from more migration from

21600-510: Was linked to the history of world trade. Spanish galleons passed back and forth every July between Acapulco (Mexico) and Cavite. Galleons and other heavy ocean-going ships were not able to enter the Port of Manila along the Pasig River because of a sand bar that only allows light vessels to reach the river-port. For this reason, the Port of Cavite was regarded as the Port of Manila, the main seaport of

21750-459: Was more successful as a written language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and

21900-511: Was originally a small port town, Cavite Puerto, that prospered during the early Spanish colonial period , when it served as the main seaport of Manila. Cavite Puerto hosted the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade , along with other large sea-bound ships. Thereafter, San Roque and La Caridad, two formerly independent towns in Cavite province, were annexed by the city. Today, Cavite City includes the communities of San Antonio (Cañacao and Sangley Point),

22050-548: Was part of the Subanon people 's ancestral land, became a permanent foothold of the Spanish government with the construction of the San José Fortress . Bombardment and harassment from pirates and raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and Jolo and the determination to spread Christianity further south (as Zamboanga was a crucial strategic location) of the Philippines forced the Spanish missionary friars to request reinforcements from

22200-553: Was placed here by Juan Oliba on April 12, 1692". This particular icon was used to bless the galleons sailing between Cavite and Acapulco (Mexico) during formal sending off ceremonies, and was also called the Patroness of the Galleons. The image was originally enshrined at the Ermita de Porta Vaga , a small church adjacent to the Porta Vaga Gate, which was destroyed during World War II. The image

22350-600: Was reorganized under the Presidentes municipales with the direct supervision of American army officers (the first being Colonel Meade). The first Filipino Presidentes municipales were appointed: Don Zacaria Fortich for Cavite Puerto, Don Francisco Basa for San Roque, and Don Pedro Raqueño Bautista for Caridad. In 1900, the Caviteños held their first election under the American regime. Each pueblo or town elected local officials : Presidente municipal , Vice-Presidente municipal and

22500-477: Was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Babullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat . In 1579, the sultan entertained the English adventurer and circumnavigator Francis Drake , who had little interest in buying cloves, as his ship, the Golden Hind , was too full of gold that he had raided from Spanish treasure ships to carry cloves. As

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