113-519: Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre ( CPAC ), commonly referred to as Casula Powerhouse , is a multi-disciplinary arts centre in Casula , a south-western outer suburb of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia. Before being renovated and converted into an arts centre, the building was known as Liverpool Powerhouse . Since 2016 CPAC has hosted the Blake Prizes , comprising two art prizes and a residency, as well as
226-447: A power station or mobile phone or other project requires the melding of several specialties. However, the term "interdisciplinary" is sometimes confined to academic settings. The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of study. Interdisciplinarity involves researchers, students, and teachers in
339-502: A shkinta (reed house used for Mandaean priestly rituals), as a site-specific installation. During January and February 2018, the centre hosted free screenings of Japanese manga films as part of the Manga Hokusai Manga touring exhibition program, put on in collaboration with The Japan Foundation . In February 2019, CPAC launched the first of a series of live music events, featuring local hip hop group Freesouls to headline
452-465: A "sense of the whole pattern, of form and function as a unity", an "integral idea of structure and configuration". This has happened in painting (with cubism ), physics, poetry, communication and educational theory . According to Marshall McLuhan , this paradigm shift was due to the passage from an era shaped by mechanization , which brought sequentiality, to the era shaped by the instant speed of electricity, which brought simultaneity. An article in
565-400: A 326-seat theatre, a multi-purpose theatre/performance space, artists' studios and residency spaces, and seven additional exhibition spaces. There is also a collection storage space and additional office space. Bellbird Dining & Bar (launched in 2017) provides restaurant facilities, and the centre is open every day of the week. The centre is located in a very multicultural area; Liverpool
678-436: A 3D tour of the work of local Croatian-born artist Gina Sinozich, who died in 2020; free screenings of films; a book club for youth; online activities for children; videos of young musicians and various instructional videos. 33°56′57″S 150°54′46″E / 33.9493°S 150.9128°E / -33.9493; 150.9128 Multi-disciplinary Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves
791-469: A balance. Mandaeans also believe in an afterlife or heaven called Alma d-Nhura (World of Light). In Mandaeism, the World of Light is ruled by a Supreme God, known as Hayyi Rabbi ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'). Other names used are Mare d'Rabuta ('Lord of Greatness'), Mana Rabba ('The Great Mind'), Melka d'Nhura ('King of Light') and Hayyi Qadmaiyi ('The First Life'). God
904-536: A capital project was undertaken to improve and expand the centre, collaboratively undertaken by the NSW Government , Create NSW , Liverpool City Council and its communities. The building is located on the banks of the Georges River , within the 20 ha (49-acre) Casula Parklands and next to Casula railway station , at 1 Powerhouse Road. The centre houses an exhibition space that meets international standards,
1017-402: A commitment to interdisciplinary research will increase the risk of being denied tenure. Interdisciplinary programs may also fail if they are not given sufficient autonomy. For example, interdisciplinary faculty are usually recruited to a joint appointment , with responsibilities in both an interdisciplinary program (such as women's studies ) and a traditional discipline (such as history ). If
1130-465: A crowd of cases, as seventeenth-century Leibniz's task to create a system of universal justice, which required linguistics, economics, management, ethics, law philosophy, politics, and even sinology. Interdisciplinary programs sometimes arise from a shared conviction that the traditional disciplines are unable or unwilling to address an important problem. For example, social science disciplines such as anthropology and sociology paid little attention to
1243-467: A distinct Southeastern Aramaic branch. This classification is based on clear isoglosses in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicography that separate the Mandaic language. The roots of the Mandaic language extend back to the early Parthian period, with no compelling evidence of Western Aramaic linguistic influence. The Mandaeans are thought to descend from a Babylonian population, further reinforcing
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#17328588491291356-597: A line of Mandaeans who had originated from the Jordan Valley , as well as another group of Mandaeans (or Gnostics) who were indigenous to southern Mesopotamia. Thus, the historical merging of the two groups gave rise to the Mandaeans of today. There are several indications of the ultimate origin of the Mandaeans. Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the Dead Sea Scrolls , and Yardena (Jordan) has been
1469-476: A pre-Islamic Mandaean presence in the southern Mesopotamia, scholars were obliged to hypothesize otherwise unknown persecutions by Jews or by Christians to explain the reason for Mandaeans' departure from Palestine. Lupieri believes Mandaeism is a post-Christian southern Mesopotamian Gnostic off-shoot and claims that Zazai d-Gawazta to be the founder of Mandaeism in the 2nd century. Jorunn J. Buckley refutes this by confirming scribes that predate Zazai who copied
1582-529: A research area deals with problems requiring analysis and synthesis across economic, social and environmental spheres; often an integration of multiple social and natural science disciplines. Interdisciplinary research is also key to the study of health sciences, for example in studying optimal solutions to diseases. Some institutions of higher education offer accredited degree programs in Interdisciplinary Studies. At another level, interdisciplinarity
1695-403: A residents' plebiscite voted for the building to be converted into an arts centre, and work began in 1987 to provide an electricity supply and create office space. In 1993, during Mark Latham 's tenure as mayor, the renamed Casula Powerhouse was allocated funding in the council budget. Inaugural Director John Kirkman invited Judy Watson to design the floor of the centre, which became known as
1808-662: A result of religious persecution over the decades. Unlike other religious minorities such as Christians , Jews and Zoroastrians , Mandaeans have no protection from persecution whatsoever, similar to Baháʼís in Iran. By 2007, the population of Mandaeans in Iraq had fallen to approximately 5,000. There are estimated to be 60,000–100,000 Mandaeans worldwide. About 10,000 Mandaeans live in Australia and between 10,000 and 20,000 in Sweden , making them
1921-545: A ritual act capable of bringing the soul closer to salvation. Therefore, Mandaeans are baptized repeatedly during their lives. John the Baptist is a key figure for the Mandaeans; they consider him to have been a Nasoraean Mandaean. John is referred to as their greatest and final teacher. According to Edmondo Lupieri , as stated in his article in Encyclopædia Iranica , The possible historical connection with John
2034-435: A single disciplinary perspective (for example, women's studies or medieval studies ). More rarely, and at a more advanced level, interdisciplinarity may itself become the focus of study, in a critique of institutionalized disciplines' ways of segmenting knowledge. In contrast, studies of interdisciplinarity raise to self-consciousness questions about how interdisciplinarity works, the nature and history of disciplinarity, and
2147-551: A single program of instruction. Interdisciplinary theory takes interdisciplinary knowledge, research, or education as its main objects of study. In turn, interdisciplinary richness of any two instances of knowledge, research, or education can be ranked by weighing four variables: number of disciplines involved, the "distance" between them, the novelty of any particular combination, and their extent of integration. Interdisciplinary knowledge and research are important because: "The modern mind divides, specializes, thinks in categories:
2260-674: A term found in the Book of Enoch and Genesis Apocryphon II, 4. As Nasoraeans , Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of bnia nhura , meaning 'Sons of Light', a term used by the Essenes . The bit manda ( beth manda ) is described as biniana rba ḏ-šrara ("the Great building of Truth") and bit tušlima ("house of Perfection") in Mandaean texts such as the Qulasta , Ginza Rabba , and
2373-573: A thesis which has been criticized by James F. McGrath . Al-Zuhairy (1998) believes that the roots of Mandaeism lies in Mesopotamia, inherited from the Sumerians, and the present form of Mandaeism likely emerged in Mesopotamia in the 3rd century BCE. The Mandaean author Aziz Sbahi in his book, The Origins of Sabians and their Religious Beliefs , traced the Mandaeans to the Babylonian Era. Sbahi, who
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#17328588491292486-459: Is pacifistic and forbids its adherents from carrying weapons. During the 20th century in Iraq, most Mandaeans lived in large towns and cities, although a minority also lived in rural villages in the marshlands of southern Iraq. Many Iraqi Mandaeans have fled the country in the face of this violence, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction. Out of the over 60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in
2599-583: Is a mandi in Detroit . The status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American intellectuals and civil rights activists to call upon the US government to extend refugee status to the community. In 2007, The New York Times ran an op-ed piece in which Swarthmore professor Nathaniel Deutsch called for the Bush administration to take immediate action to preserve the community. Iraqi Mandaeans were given refugee status by
2712-448: Is a monotheistic , Gnostic , and ethnic religion (Aramaic manda means "knowledge," and is conceptually related to the Greek term gnosis .) Its adherents revere Adam , Abel , Seth , Enosh , Noah , Shem , Aram , and especially John the Baptist . Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist to be prophets with Adam the founder of the religion and John being
2825-442: Is a learned ignoramus, which is a very serious matter, as it implies that he is a person who is ignorant, not in the fashion of the ignorant man, but with all the petulance of one who is learned in his own special line." "It is the custom among those who are called 'practical' men to condemn any man capable of a wide survey as a visionary: no man is thought worthy of a voice in politics unless he ignores or does not know nine-tenths of
2938-529: Is best seen as bringing together distinctive components of two or more disciplines. In academic discourse, interdisciplinarity typically applies to four realms: knowledge, research, education, and theory. Interdisciplinary knowledge involves familiarity with components of two or more disciplines. Interdisciplinary research combines components of two or more disciplines in the search or creation of new knowledge, operations, or artistic expressions. Interdisciplinary education merges components of two or more disciplines in
3051-511: Is capable of salvation because it originates from the lightworld. The soul, sometimes referred to as the 'inner Adam' or Adam kasia , is in dire need of being rescued from the dark, so it may ascend into the heavenly realm of the lightworld. Baptisms are a central theme in Mandaeism, believed to be necessary for the redemption of the soul. Mandaeans do not perform a single baptism, as in religions such as Christianity; rather, they view baptisms as
3164-594: Is given back to the various disciplines involved. Therefore, both disciplinarians and interdisciplinarians may be seen in complementary relation to one another. Because most participants in interdisciplinary ventures were trained in traditional disciplines, they must learn to appreciate differences of perspectives and methods. For example, a discipline that places more emphasis on quantitative rigor may produce practitioners who are more scientific in their training than others; in turn, colleagues in "softer" disciplines who may associate quantitative approaches with difficulty grasp
3277-532: Is known more as a secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, acknowledges that Mandaeism may have been affected by religions in Mesopotamia and the Dead Sea region. Sbahi believes that Mandaeism originated in surroundings that had Hellenic, Babylonian, Gnostic and Judaic influence. However, due to Sbahi's lack of knowledge of the Mandaic language, he read only secondary sources on the Mandaeans. Brikha Nasoraia ,
3390-617: Is one of the two most diverse local government areas in Australia (with around 150 languages spoken), and CPAC's programmes reflect this. It engages will local as well as global communities. Craig Donarski, whose parents are Polish migrants, has been director of CPAC since 2016. The Liverpool Collection, co-managed by CPAC and Liverpool Regional Museum (opened 1989), comprises around 30,000 artworks and cultural heritage artefacts, and both preserves items of historical significance as well as showcases work of established and emerging artists. After
3503-607: Is seen as a remedy to the harmful effects of excessive specialization and isolation in information silos . On some views, however, interdisciplinarity is entirely indebted to those who specialize in one field of study—that is, without specialists, interdisciplinarians would have no information and no leading experts to consult. Others place the focus of interdisciplinarity on the need to transcend disciplines, viewing excessive specialization as problematic both epistemologically and politically. When interdisciplinary collaboration or research results in new solutions to problems, much information
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3616-532: Is so great, vast, and incomprehensible that no words can fully depict how awesome God is. It is believed that an innumerable number of uthras (angels or guardians), manifested from the light, surround and perform acts of worship to praise and honor God. They inhabit worlds separate from the lightworld and some are commonly referred to as emanations and are subservient beings to 'The First Life'; their names include Second, Third, and Fourth Life (i.e. Yōšamin , Abathur , and Ptahil ). The Lord of Darkness ( Krun )
3729-544: Is sometimes called 'field philosophy'. Perhaps the most common complaint regarding interdisciplinary programs, by supporters and detractors alike, is the lack of synthesis—that is, students are provided with multiple disciplinary perspectives but are not given effective guidance in resolving the conflicts and achieving a coherent view of the subject. Others have argued that the very idea of synthesis or integration of disciplines presupposes questionable politico-epistemic commitments. Critics of interdisciplinary programs feel that
3842-442: Is the ruler of the World of Darkness formed from dark waters representing chaos. A main defender of the darkworld is a giant monster, or dragon, with the name Ur , and an evil, female ruler also inhabits the darkworld, known as Ruha . The Mandaeans believe these malevolent rulers created demonic offspring who consider themselves the owners of the seven planets and twelve zodiac constellations . According to Mandaean beliefs,
3955-614: The Mandaean Book of John . The only known literary parallels are in Essene texts from Qumran such as the Community Rule , which has similar phrases such as the "house of Perfection and Truth in Israel" ( Community Rule 1QS VIII 9) and "house of Truth in Israel." The Mandaic language , a Southeastern Aramaic dialect, exhibits significant inherited features from Akkadian , particularly from
4068-526: The Abbasid Caliphate when they gained fame as intellectuals in the cultural and scientific fields. In modern Iraq, Mandaeans have gained prominence as academics, writers, artists, poets, physicians, engineers and jewelers. The number of Iranian Mandaeans is a matter of dispute. In 2009, there were an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 Mandaeans in Iran, according to the Associated Press . Alarabiya has put
4181-616: The Blake Poetry Prize . Liverpool Powerhouse was constructed in 1951, one of a number of identical power stations built to cater for growing demand in Sydney winters. In 1955, a 250-foot (76 m) high chimney was built to replace four shorter ones, which allowed the smoke to blow over residents' houses and soil their washing. In 1976 the power station was shut down, and bought by Liverpool City Council, New South Wales , in 1978 and allowed to become derelict for nearly ten years. In 1985
4294-726: The Ginza Rabba . In addition to Edmondo Lupieri, Christa Müller-Kessler argues against the Palestinian origin theory of the Mandaeans claiming that the Mandaeans are Mesopotamian. Edwin Yamauchi believes Mandaeism's origin lies in the Transjordan where a group of 'non-Jews' migrated to Mesopotamia and combined their Gnostic beliefs with indigenous Mesopotamian beliefs at the end of the 2nd century CE. Kevin van Bladel claims that Mandaeism originated no earlier than 5th century Sassanid Mesopotamia,
4407-692: The Nasoraeans . Mandaeans believe that their religion predates Judaism. According to Mandaean scripture, the Mandaeans descend directly from Shem , Noah 's son, in Mesopotamia and also from John the Baptist 's original Nasoraean Mandaean disciples in Jerusalem. According to the Mandaean Society in America, Mani (the founder of Manichaeism ) was influenced by the Mandaeans, and a pre-Manichaean presence of
4520-553: The Quran . That same year, Ayatollah Sajjadi of Al-Zahra University in Qom posed three questions regarding the Mandaeans' beliefs and seemed satisfied with the answers. These rulings, however, did not lead to Mandaeans regaining their more officially recognized status as People of the Book. In 2009, Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issued a fatwā recognizing the Mandaeans as People of
4633-543: The Social Science Journal attempts to provide a simple, common-sense, definition of interdisciplinarity, bypassing the difficulties of defining that concept and obviating the need for such related concepts as transdisciplinarity , pluridisciplinarity, and multidisciplinary: To begin with, a discipline can be conveniently defined as any comparatively self-contained and isolated domain of human experience which possesses its own community of experts. Interdisciplinarity
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4746-847: The US (c. 4,000–7,000), the UK (c. 2,500), New Zealand and Canada . There are also Mandaeans living in Germany , the Netherlands (in Nijmegen , The Hague , etc.), Denmark , Finland , France , and smaller communities in Norway and Italy . The Sydney metropolitan area in Australia has one of the largest Mandaean diaspora communities in the world. The community is centered in Greater Western Sydney suburbs such as Penrith and Liverpool . In Liverpool,
4859-802: The US State Department in 2007. Since then, more than 2500 have entered the US, many settling in Worcester , Massachusetts. The community in Worcester is believed to be the largest in the United States and the second largest community outside the Middle East. About 2,600 Mandaeans from Iran have been settled in Texas since the Iraq War . Mandaeans are a closed ethno-religious community, practicing Mandaeism , which
4972-770: The United States and its allies in 2003, the Mandaean community of Iraq , which before the war numbered 60,000–70,000 persons, collapsed due to the rise of Islamic extremism and the absence of protection against it, with most of the community relocating to Iran , Syria and Jordan , or forming diaspora communities beyond the Middle East . Mandaeans have been forcibly converted to Islam, making them apostates from Islam if they revert to their religion, thereby risking being murdered. Such Mandaeans have voiced feeling unsafe in any Muslim country for this reason. The remaining community of Iranian Mandaeans has also been dwindling as
5085-424: The war that followed brought more troubles to the Mandaeans, as the security situation deteriorated. Many members of the Mandaean community, who were known as goldsmiths, were targeted by criminal gangs for ransoms. The rise of ISIS forced thousands to flee the country, after they were given the choice of conversion or death . It is estimated that around 90% of Iraqi Mandaeans were either killed or have fled after
5198-461: The 1780s. The dwindling community was threatened with complete annihilation, when a cholera epidemic broke out in Shushtar and half of its inhabitants died. The entire Mandaean priesthood perished and Mandaeism was restored due to the efforts of few learned men such as Yahya Bihram . Another danger threatened the community in 1870, when the local governor of Shushtar massacred the Mandaeans against
5311-524: The 17th century, the Mandaeans originated in Judea and later migrated east to the Mesopotamian Marshes . This theory was gradually abandoned, but was revived in the early 20th century through the first translation of Mandaean texts, which Biblical scholars like Rudolf Bultmann believed capable of shedding new light on the development of early Christianity . However, most New Testament scholars rejected
5424-509: The 3rd to the 7th century. The Mandaeans re-emerged at the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia in c. 640 , when their leader, Anush bar Danqa , is said to have appeared before the Muslim authorities, showing them a copy of the Ginza Rabba , the Mandaean holy book, and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be John the Baptist , who is also mentioned in the Quran by
5537-469: The Arabic word Ṣābiʾ is disputed. According to one interpretation, it is the active participle of the Arabic root ṣ - b -[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ('to turn to'), meaning 'converts'. Another widely cited hypothesis is that it is derived from an Aramaic root meaning 'to baptize'. According to a theory first proposed by Ignatius of Jesus in
5650-740: The Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (founded in 1979), two international organizations, the International Network of Inter- and Transdisciplinarity (founded in 2010) and the Philosophy of/as Interdisciplinarity Network (founded in 2009). The US's research institute devoted to the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity, the Center for the Study of Interdisciplinarity at the University of North Texas,
5763-433: The Baptist , as seen in the newly translated Mandaean texts, convinced many (notably R. Bultmann ) that it was possible, through the Mandaean traditions, to shed some new light on the history of John and on the origins of Christianity . This brought around a revival of the otherwise almost fully abandoned idea of their Palestinian origins. As the archeological discovery of Mandaean incantation bowls and lead amulets proved
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#17328588491295876-524: The Baptist. Their ancestors fled from the Jordan Valley about 2000 years ago and ultimately settled along the lower reaches of the Tigris , Euphrates and Karun Rivers in what is now Iraq and Iran. Baptism is the principal ceremony of the Mandaean religion and may only take place in a freshwater river. A number of ancient Aramaic inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century CE were uncovered in Elymais . Although
5989-672: The Blake Society had lost sponsorship for its art prizes in 2015, CPAC and Liverpool City Council announced that they would be funding and managing the prizes from 2016, with the exhibition and awards moving to Western Sydney from their former venue partner, the UNSW Art & Design (now UNSW School of Art & Design) in Paddington . CPAC also hosts the annual Mil-Pra AECG (Aboriginal Education Consultative Group) and Liverpool Art Society exhibitions. In September 2001, an exhibition featuring
6102-545: The Book . To avoid further investigation by the authorities, the Mandaeans paid a bribe of 50,000 dinars and were left alone. It appeared that the Mandaeans were even exempt from paying the Jizya , otherwise imposed upon non-Muslims. It has been suggested by some scholars that Harranian intellectuals who worked at the Abbasid court such as Thābit ibn Qurra may have been Mandaeans, though most scholars believe they were adherents of
6215-582: The Book. Prior to the Iraq War , the Iraqi Mandaean community was centered in southern Iraq in cities such as Nasiriyah , Amarah , Qal'at Saleh , Wasit , and Basra , as well as in Baghdad (particularly the district of Dora ). Historically, Mandaean quarters had also existed in southern Iraqi towns such as Qurna and Suq al-Shuyukh . Many also live across the border in Southwestern Iran in
6328-791: The Boyer Commission to Carnegie's President Vartan Gregorian to Alan I. Leshner , CEO of the American Association for the Advancement of Science have advocated for interdisciplinary rather than disciplinary approaches to problem-solving in the 21st century. This has been echoed by federal funding agencies, particularly the National Institutes of Health under the direction of Elias Zerhouni , who has advocated that grant proposals be framed more as interdisciplinary collaborative projects than single-researcher, single-discipline ones. At
6441-452: The Department of Interdisciplinary Studies at Appalachian State University , and George Mason University 's New Century College , have been cut back. Stuart Henry has seen this trend as part of the hegemony of the disciplines in their attempt to recolonize the experimental knowledge production of otherwise marginalized fields of inquiry. This is due to threat perceptions seemingly based on
6554-558: The Greek instinct was the opposite, to take the widest view, to see things as an organic whole [...]. The Olympic games were designed to test the arete of the whole man, not a merely specialized skill [...]. The great event was the pentathlon , if you won this, you were a man. Needless to say, the Marathon race was never heard of until modern times: the Greeks would have regarded it as a monstrosity." "Previously, men could be divided simply into
6667-452: The Koori Floor. Influenced by Western Desert art as well as local Aboriginal heritage, the names of the three traditional owners of the land: Tharawal , Gandangarra and Dharuk , are inscribed in stainless steel , inlaid in the floor. The newly refurbished building opened as an arts centre in October 1994. It proceeded to host many exhibitions and events, including a number with Vietnamese themes. From June 2006 until 5 April 2008,
6780-400: The Late Babylonian phase. Phonetic, grammatical, and lexicographic elements traceable to Akkadian strongly suggest that the origins of Mandaic and its speakers, the Mandaeans, are deeply rooted in Mesopotamia . While Mandaic has historically been classified alongside Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic and Syriac as part of Eastern Aramaic , recent linguistic analysis has led to the recognition of
6893-592: The Mandaean diaspora has raised fears among Mandaeans for the religion's survival. Mandaeism does not allow conversion, and the religious status of Mandaeans who marry outside the faith and their children is disputed. On September 15, 2018, the Beth Manda Yardna was consecrated in Dalby , Scania, Sweden. In the United States, Mandaean communities are centered in San Antonio (c. 2,500), New York City , San Diego , Winnetka, California , Austin, Texas , Worcester, Massachusetts (c. 2,500), Warren, Michigan , Chicago , and other major metropolitan areas. There
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#17328588491297006-431: The Mandaean religion is more than likely. Gerard Russell quotes Rishama Sattar Jabbar Hilo , "Ours is the oldest religion in the world. It dates back to Adam." Russell adds, "He [Rishama Sattar Jabbar Hilo] traced its history back to Babylon, though he said it might have some connection to the Jews of Jerusalem." The Mandaean Synod of Australia led by Rishama Salah Choheili states: Mandaeans are followers of John
7119-447: The Palestinian origin thesis, which by World War II was again largely deserted by scholars. It was revived in the 1960s by Rudolf Macúch , it is now accepted by Mandaean scholars such as Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley and Şinasi Gündüz . According to Macúch, the eastward migration from the Roman province of Judea to southern Iraq took place in the first century CE, while other scholars such as Kurt Rudolph think it probably took place in
7232-507: The U.S. led invasion. The Mandaeans of Iran lived chiefly in Ahvaz , Iranian Khuzestan , but have moved as a result of the Iran–Iraq War to other cities such as Tehran , Karaj and Shiraz . The Mandaeans, who were traditionally considered as People of the Book (members of a protected religion under Islamic rule), lost this status after the Iranian Revolution . However, despite this, Iranian Mandaeans still maintain successful businesses and factories in areas such as Ahwaz. In April 1996,
7345-478: The adaptability needed in an increasingly interconnected world. For example, the subject of land use may appear differently when examined by different disciplines, for instance, biology , chemistry , economics , geography , and politics . Although "interdisciplinary" and "interdisciplinarity" are frequently viewed as twentieth century terms, the concept has historical antecedents, most notably Greek philosophy . Julie Thompson Klein attests that "the roots of
7458-500: The ambition is simply unrealistic, given the knowledge and intellectual maturity of all but the exceptional undergraduate; some defenders concede the difficulty, but insist that cultivating interdisciplinarity as a habit of mind, even at that level, is both possible and essential to the education of informed and engaged citizens and leaders capable of analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information from multiple sources in order to render reasoned decisions. While much has been written on
7571-408: The ascendancy of interdisciplinary studies against traditional academia. There are many examples of when a particular idea, almost in the same period, arises in different disciplines. One case is the shift from the approach of focusing on "specialized segments of attention" (adopting one particular perspective), to the idea of "instant sensory awareness of the whole", an attention to the "total field",
7684-558: The broader dimensions of a problem and lower rigor in theoretical and qualitative argumentation. An interdisciplinary program may not succeed if its members remain stuck in their disciplines (and in disciplinary attitudes). Those who lack experience in interdisciplinary collaborations may also not fully appreciate the intellectual contribution of colleagues from those disciplines. From the disciplinary perspective, however, much interdisciplinary work may be seen as "soft", lacking in rigor, or ideologically motivated; these beliefs place barriers in
7797-479: The career paths of those who choose interdisciplinary work. For example, interdisciplinary grant applications are often refereed by peer reviewers drawn from established disciplines ; interdisciplinary researchers may experience difficulty getting funding for their research. In addition, untenured researchers know that, when they seek promotion and tenure , it is likely that some of the evaluators will lack commitment to interdisciplinarity. They may fear that making
7910-429: The cause of the Mandaeans' religious status in the Islamic Republic was raised. The parliament came to the conclusion that Mandaeans were included in the protected status of People of the Book alongside Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians and specified that, from a legal viewpoint, there is no prohibition against Muslims associating with Mandaeans, whom the parliament identified as being the Sabians mentioned explicitly in
8023-556: The cities of Ahvaz and Khorramshahr . Mandaean emigration from Iraq began during Saddam Hussein 's rule, but accelerated greatly after the American-led invasion and subsequent occupation. Since the invasion Mandaeans, like other Iraqi ethno-religious minorities (such as Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidi , Roma and Shabaks), have been subjected to violence, including murders, kidnappings, rapes, evictions, and forced conversions. Mandaeans, like many other Iraqis, have also been targeted for kidnapping since many worked as goldsmiths. Mandaeism
8136-488: The combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, etc. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought , as new needs and professions emerge. Large engineering teams are usually interdisciplinary, as
8249-578: The concepts lie in a number of ideas that resonate through modern discourse—the ideas of a unified science, general knowledge, synthesis and the integration of knowledge", while Giles Gunn says that Greek historians and dramatists took elements from other realms of knowledge (such as medicine or philosophy ) to further understand their own material. The building of Roman roads required men who understood surveying , material science , logistics and several other disciplines. Any broadminded humanist project involves interdisciplinarity, and history shows
8362-932: The concert. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia in 2020, the centre was forced to close for some weeks. During this time, the exhibition Pulse of the Dragon , an exhibition showcasing the art of five Chinese Australian and five Chinese artists, went online. In November, it reopened with four new exhibitions, after the Koori Floor (see History, above) had been restored. The centre reopened on 3 June with two exhibitions, Adaptation (comprising works by artists with disability or chronic illness ) and A Familiar Place I’ve Never Seen , an exhibition combining Persian calligraphy and photography, with input from Western Sydney residents who had been immigrants and refugees. The first Casula Powerhouse Aboriginal Scholarship Award
8475-497: The connection between Mandaic and its Mesopotamian heritage. This distinction highlights the uniqueness of Mandaic within the broader Aramaic linguistic landscape. Although there appears to be strong religious connections between the Mandaeans with both ancient Babylonian beliefs and Gnostic Jewish sects, such as the Elcasaites , linguistically the Mandaeans speak what can be considered a pure form of Babylonian Aramaic. A priest holds
8588-567: The countries with the most Mandaeans. There are about 2,500 Mandaeans in Jordan , the largest Mandaean community in the Middle East outside of Iraq and Iran. The name "Mandaean" comes from the Mandaic word manda , meaning "to have knowledge". In Muslim countries, Mandaeans are sometimes also called Sabians ( Arabic : الصابئة al-Ṣābiʾa ), a Quranic epithet historically claimed by several religious groups (see also below ). The etymology of
8701-436: The dark, while the soul (sometimes referred to as the mind) is a product of the lightworld. Mandaeans believe that there is a constant battle or conflict between the forces of good and evil. The forces of good are represented by Nhura (Light) and Maia Hayyi (Living Water) and those of evil are represented by Hshuka (darkness) and Maia Tahmi (dead or rancid water). The two waters are mixed in all things in order to achieve
8814-404: The disciplines, it becomes difficult to account for a given scholar or teacher's salary and time. During periods of budgetary contraction, the natural tendency to serve the primary constituency (i.e., students majoring in the traditional discipline) makes resources scarce for teaching and research comparatively far from the center of the discipline as traditionally understood. For these same reasons,
8927-407: The earliest religious groups to practice baptism , as well as among the earliest adherents of Gnosticism , a belief system of which they are the last surviving representatives today. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of Mandaic , an Eastern Aramaic language , before they nearly all switched to Mesopotamian Arabic or Persian as their main language. After the invasion of Iraq by
9040-588: The early 1990s, fewer than 5,000 to 10,000 remain there as of 2007. In early 2007, more than 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan as a result of the Iraq War . In 2019, an Al-Monitor study estimated the Iraqi Mandaean population to be 3,000, 400 of which lived in the Erbil Governorate , which is 5% or less than the pre-Iraq war Mandaean population. Mandaeans in the past were renowned silver and gold smiths, blacksmiths and boatbuilders, even before
9153-553: The early Islamic period, as attested by the voluminous expansion of Mandaic literature and canons. Tib near Wasit is particularly noted as an important scribal center. Yaqut al-Hamawi describes Tib as a town inhabited by ' Nabatean ' (i.e. Aramaic speaking) ' Sabians ' (see below ) who consider themselves to be descendants of Seth . The status of the Mandaeans was questioned by the Abbasid caliph al-Qahir Billah (899–950 CE), even though they had received recognition as People of
9266-512: The fall of the shah, its members faced increased religious discrimination, and many emigrated to Europe and the Americas. In Iran, the Gozinesh Law (passed in 1985) has the effect of prohibiting Mandaeans from fully participating in civil life. This law and other gozinesh provisions make access to employment, education, and a range of other areas conditional upon a rigorous ideological screening,
9379-423: The future of knowledge in post-industrial society . Researchers at the Center for the Study of Interdisciplinarity have made the distinction between philosophy 'of' and 'as' interdisciplinarity, the former identifying a new, discrete area within philosophy that raises epistemological and metaphysical questions about the status of interdisciplinary thinking, with the latter pointing toward a philosophical practice that
9492-413: The goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought, professions, or technologies—along with their specific perspectives—in the pursuit of a common task. The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS or global warming requires understanding of diverse disciplines to solve complex problems. Interdisciplinary may be applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in
9605-447: The greatest and final prophet. The Mandaeans group existence into two main categories: light and darkness. They have a dualistic view of life, that encompasses both good and evil; all good is thought to have come from the World of Light (i.e. lightworld) and all evil from the World of Darkness . In relation to the body–mind dualism coined by Descartes, Mandaeans consider the body, and all material, worldly things, to have come from
9718-418: The influence of the zealous Zoroastrian high priest Kartir persecuted all non-Zoroastrian religions. It is thought that this persecution encouraged the consolidation of Mandaean religious literature. The persecutions instigated by Kartir seems to temporarily erase Mandaeans from recorded history. Their presence, however can still be found in Mandaean magical bowls and lead strips which were produced from
9831-404: The introduction of new interdisciplinary programs is often resisted because it is perceived as a competition for diminishing funds. Due to these and other barriers, interdisciplinary research areas are strongly motivated to become disciplines themselves. If they succeed, they can establish their own research funding programs and make their own tenure and promotion decisions. In so doing, they lower
9944-410: The learned and the ignorant, those more or less the one, and those more or less the other. But your specialist cannot be brought in under either of these two categories. He is not learned, for he is formally ignorant of all that does not enter into his specialty; but neither is he ignorant, because he is 'a scientist,' and 'knows' very well his own tiny portion of the universe. We shall have to say that he
10057-405: The letters appear quite similar to the Mandaean ones, it is impossible to know whether the inhabitants of Elymais were Mandaeans. Rudolf Macúch believes Mandaean letters predate Elymaic ones. Under Parthian and early Sasanian rule, foreign religions were tolerated and Mandaeans appear to have enjoyed royal protection. The situation changed by the ascension of Bahram I in 273, who under
10170-634: The main mandi (Beth Manda) is Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi . The Sabian Mandaean Association of Australia has purchased land by the banks of the Nepean River at Wallacia, New South Wales in order to build a new mandi. Sweden became a popular destination because a Mandaean community existed there before the war and the Swedish government has a liberal asylum policy toward Iraqis. There are between 10,000 and 20,000 Mandaeans in Sweden (2019). The scattered nature of
10283-610: The material world is a mixture of light and dark created by Ptahil , who fills the role of the demiurge , with help from dark powers, such as Ruha , the Seven, and the Twelve. Adam's body (believed to be the first human created by God in Abrahamic tradition) was fashioned by these dark beings, however his soul (or mind) was a direct creation from the Light. Therefore, many Mandaeans believe the human soul
10396-446: The most important relevant facts." Mandaeans Mandaeans ( Mandaic : ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ) ( Arabic : المندائيون al-Mandāʾiyyūn ), also known as Mandaean Sabians ( الصابئة المندائيون al-Ṣābiʾa al-Mandāʾiyyūn ) or simply as Sabians ( الصابئة al-Ṣābiʾa ), are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism . They believe that John the Baptist was the final and most important prophet . They may have been among
10509-496: The name Yahya ibn Zakariya . Consequently, the Muslim caliph provided them acknowledgement as People of the Book ( ahl al-kitāb , adherents of religions recognized as guided by previous revelations). However, this account is likely apocryphal: since it mentions that Anush bar Danqa traveled to Baghdad , it must have occurred after the founding of Baghdad in 762, if it took place at all. Mandaeans appeared to have flourished during
10622-493: The name of every baptismal water in Mandaeism. Mara ḏ-Rabuta ( Mandaic : "Lord of Greatness", one of the names for Hayyi Rabbi ) is found in the Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20) II, 4. They formally refer to themselves as Naṣuraiia ( ࡍࡀࡑࡅࡓࡀࡉࡉࡀ ), meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge. Another early self-appellation is bhiria zidqa , meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous',
10735-912: The number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 60,000 in 2011. Until the Iranian Revolution , Mandaeans were mainly concentrated in the Khuzestan Province , where the community used to coexist with the local Arab population. Other than the main cities of Ahvaz and Khorramshahr , Mandaean communities also existed in towns such as Chogha Zanbil in Shush County , Shushtar , and Abadan , as well as Mahshahr , Shadegan , Behbahan , and Susangerd (Khafajiyeh). Mandaean communities had also formerly existed in Dezful , Hamidiyeh , Hoveyzeh , Karun , and Abadan . They were mainly employed as goldsmiths , passing their skills from generation to generation. After
10848-598: The other hand, the Mandaean community in Iran has increased over the last decade because of the exodus from Iraq of the main Mandaean community, which used to be 50,000–70,000 strong. Following the Iraq War, the Mandaean community dispersed mostly throughout Jordan , Syria , and Iran . Mandaeans in Jordan number about 2,500 (2018) and in Syria there are about 1,000 remaining (2015). There are Mandaean diaspora populations in Sweden (c. 10,000–20,000), Australia (c. 10,000),
10961-504: The pagan astral religion of Harran. Early contact with Europeans came about in the mid-16th century, when Portuguese missionaries encountered Mandaeans in Southern Iraq and controversially designated them "Christians of St. John". In the next centuries Europeans became more acquainted with the Mandaeans and their religion. The Mandaeans suffered persecution under the Qajar rule in
11074-443: The past two decades can be divided into "professional", "organizational", and "cultural" obstacles. An initial distinction should be made between interdisciplinary studies, which can be found spread across the academy today, and the study of interdisciplinarity, which involves a much smaller group of researchers. The former is instantiated in thousands of research centers across the US and the world. The latter has one US organization,
11187-486: The philosophy and promise of interdisciplinarity in academic programs and professional practice, social scientists are increasingly interrogating academic discourses on interdisciplinarity, as well as how interdisciplinarity actually works—and does not—in practice. Some have shown, for example, that some interdisciplinary enterprises that aim to serve society can produce deleterious outcomes for which no one can be held to account. Since 1998, there has been an ascendancy in
11300-445: The principal prerequisite for which is devotion to the tenets of Islam. These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans, Yarsanis and Baháʼís . In 2002, the US State Department granted Iranian Mandaeans protective refugee status. Since then, roughly 1,000 have emigrated to the US, now residing in cities such as San Antonio, Texas . On
11413-448: The problem at hand, including the case of the team-taught course where students are required to understand a given subject in terms of multiple traditional disciplines. Interdisciplinary education fosters cognitive flexibility and prepares students to tackle complex, real-world problems by integrating knowledge from multiple fields. This approach emphasizes active learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, equipping students with
11526-678: The risk of entry. Examples of former interdisciplinary research areas that have become disciplines, many of them named for their parent disciplines, include neuroscience , cybernetics , biochemistry and biomedical engineering . These new fields are occasionally referred to as "interdisciplines". On the other hand, even though interdisciplinary activities are now a focus of attention for institutions promoting learning and teaching, as well as organizational and social entities concerned with education, they are practically facing complex barriers, serious challenges and criticism. The most important obstacles and challenges faced by interdisciplinary activities in
11639-523: The same time, many thriving longstanding bachelor's in interdisciplinary studies programs in existence for 30 or more years, have been closed down, in spite of healthy enrollment. Examples include Arizona International (formerly part of the University of Arizona ), the School of Interdisciplinary Studies at Miami University , and the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies at Wayne State University ; others such as
11752-652: The social analysis of technology throughout most of the twentieth century. As a result, many social scientists with interests in technology have joined science, technology and society programs, which are typically staffed by scholars drawn from numerous disciplines. They may also arise from new research developments, such as nanotechnology , which cannot be addressed without combining the approaches of two or more disciplines. Examples include quantum information processing , an amalgamation of quantum physics and computer science , and bioinformatics , combining molecular biology with computer science. Sustainable development as
11865-540: The third century. There are also other theories. Kevin van Bladel has argued that the Mandaeans originated in Sasanian-ruled Mesopotamia in the fifth century . According to Carlos Gelbert , Mandaeans formed a vibrant community in Edessa in late antiquity . Brikha Nasoraia , a Mandaean priest and scholar, accepts a two-origin theory in which he considers the contemporary Mandaeans to have descended from both
11978-627: The title of Rabbi and a place of worship is called a Mashkhanna . According to Mandaean sources such as the Haran Gawaita , the Nasuraiia inhabited the areas around Jerusalem and the River Jordan in the 1st century CE. There is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre-Islamic Iraq. Scholars, including Kurt Rudolph , connect the early Mandaeans with the Jewish sect of
12091-463: The traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions, for example, women's studies or ethnic area studies. Interdisciplinarity can likewise be applied to complex subjects that can only be understood by combining the perspectives of two or more fields. The adjective interdisciplinary is most often used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to
12204-439: The traditional discipline makes the tenure decisions, new interdisciplinary faculty will be hesitant to commit themselves fully to interdisciplinary work. Other barriers include the generally disciplinary orientation of most scholarly journals, leading to the perception, if not the fact, that interdisciplinary research is hard to publish. In addition, since traditional budgetary practices at most universities channel resources through
12317-471: The value of interdisciplinary research and teaching and a growth in the number of bachelor's degrees awarded at U.S. universities classified as multi- or interdisciplinary studies. The number of interdisciplinary bachelor's degrees awarded annually rose from 7,000 in 1973 to 30,000 a year by 2005 according to data from the National Center of Educational Statistics (NECS). In addition, educational leaders from
12430-661: The will of the Shah. Following the First World War , the Mandaeans were still largely living in rural areas in the lower parts of British protected Iraq and Iran . Owing to the rise of Arab nationalism , Iraqi Mandaeans were Arabised at an accelerated rate, especially during the 1950s and '60s. The Mandaeans were also forced to abandon their stances on the cutting of hair and forced military service, which are strictly prohibited in Mandaeaism. The 2003 American invasion of Iraq and
12543-470: The work of post- Tianenmen Square Chinese migrant Fan Dongwang , entitled Shanghai Star , was mounted at the centre. In September/October 2015, CPAC celebrated its 21st anniversary, with an exhibition of works by 21 contemporary Australian artists who had had a close connection with the centre in the past, such as having their work exhibited there for the first time. In 2018, the centre hosted Mandaean artist Yuhana Nashmi 's Sh-ken-ta , an exhibition of
12656-511: Was announced in 2020. Two exhibitions of Ken Done 's work were scheduled to run in July 2021, an evening of conversation with Done on the 31st. However, this coincided with the lockdowns that commenced in mid-2021 owing to a second wave of COVID-19 in NSW. With Sydney back under lockdown, the centre offered an extensive online programme, including virtual tours of the centre and several exhibitions, including
12769-484: Was founded in 2008 but is closed as of 1 September 2014, the result of administrative decisions at the University of North Texas. An interdisciplinary study is an academic program or process seeking to synthesize broad perspectives , knowledge, skills, interconnections, and epistemology in an educational setting. Interdisciplinary programs may be founded in order to facilitate the study of subjects which have some coherence, but which cannot be adequately understood from
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