The Community Rule ( Hebrew : סרך היחד ), which is designated 1QS and was previously referred to as the Manual of Discipline , is one of the first scrolls to be discovered near the ruins of Qumran , the scrolls found in the eleven caves between 1947 and 1954 are now referred to simply as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The Rule of the Community is a crucial sectarian document and is seen as definitive for classifying other compositions as sectarian or non-sectarian ( 1QpHabakkuk ; 1QM ; the Hodayot ; and CD are other core sectarian documents). Among the nearly 350 documents (900+ manuscripts) discovered, roughly 30% of the scrolls are classified as "sectarian."
34-596: The most complete manuscript of the Community Rule was found in Cave 1, and was first called the Manual of Discipline by Millar Burrows . It is now designated 1QS (which stands for : "Cave 1 / Q umran / " S erekh" = 'rule'). Numerous other fragments of this document, containing variant readings, were found in caves 4 and 5 (4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13). Two other documents, known as the Rule of
68-418: A household in the city was $ 133,500, and the median income for a family was $ 147,245. About 1.2% of the population were living below the poverty line , including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 0.0% of those age 65 or over. About 62.1% of the population were employed, and 72.3% had a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,428 people, 3,105 households, and 2,385 families living in
102-425: A household in the city was $ 88,241, and the median income for a family was $ 103,089. Males had a median income of $ 71,851 versus $ 40,601 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 38,180. About 0.7% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 0.6% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over. The city and school district sponsors many community events throughout
136-727: A leading authority on the Dead Sea scrolls and professor emeritus at Yale Divinity School . Burrows was director of American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem (now the William F. Albright School of Archaeological Research ), and later president of the American Schools of Oriental Research. His grandson, Edwin G. Burrows (1943–2018), was an American historian and winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1999). His great-granddaughter, Kate Burrows,
170-529: A minister, Burrows also undertook part-time graduate studies . He studied for his doctorate at Yale University under Charles Cutler Torrey , and he graduated in 1925. His dissertation was titled "The Literary Relations of Ezekiel". In 1915, Burrows was ordained as a minister of the Presbyterian Church . Then, from 1915 to 1919, he ministered at a rural church in Texas. For the next year he supervised
204-632: A survey for the Texas Interchurch World Movement. From 1920 to 1923, he was a pastor and taught the Bible at Tusculum College in Tennessee. Burrows was internationally known for his prompt editing of the Dead Sea manuscripts of Cave One, and was able to communicate the results of research in language understandable to the public. Burrows gave working names to several of the scrolls, such as
238-676: Is a professor of public health at the University of Chicago . Burrows was born on October 26, 1889, in Wyoming, Ohio . He was one of three sons born to Edwin Jones, a businessman, and Katharine Douglas (Millar) Burrows. He studied at Cornell University , graduating in 1912. He then attended the Union Theological Seminary, New York , to train for ordination, and he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity (BD) degree in 1915. While working as
272-586: Is predominant in the Village Historic District . The proximity of the lumber mills along the Miami and Erie Canal and influence of original settlers and neighboring communities created the distinct New England weatherboard character; with the most notable historic vista in the Village Historic District lying along Worthington Avenue just south of Wyoming Ave. In the early 1900s, proximity to
306-577: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.87 square miles (7.43 km ), all land. As of the census of 2020, there were 8,756 people living in the city, for a population density of 3,036.06 people per square mile (1,172.08/km ). There were 3,239 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 79.0% White , 10.9% Black or African American , 0.1% Native American , 2.8% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 0.9% from some other race , and 6.3% from two or more races. 2.6% of
340-656: The "Manual of Discipline" to 1QS . Burrows worked on the Isaiah scroll , pointing out its consistency with the Masoretic text . Burrows also wrote on the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. On the Bible he once noted that it is concerned with three subjects: religion, agriculture, and war. Wyoming, Ohio Wyoming is a city in Hamilton County , Ohio . It is a suburb of the neighboring city of Cincinnati . The population
374-617: The Congregation (1QSa) and the Rule of the Blessing (1QSb), are found on the same scroll as 1QS and while they were originally thought to be part of the Community Rule are now considered separate compositions and appendices. The Community Rule contain dualistic writings with Zoroastrian and Roman influences. They talk of War between Angel of Evil, represented as Darkness or Satan and the Son(s) of
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#1732845291810408-519: The Israelite God, represented as light. There is some debate about the identification of the community described in 1QS. The most significant question that has been asked and debated is the relationship of the scroll to the ruins of the nearby settlement. While the vast majority of scholars would argue that a Jewish religious community in the Second Temple period occupied the site at Qumran and owned
442-685: The Wyoming Hills area as intensive suburban development occurred after World War II. The Wyoming Ohio Historical Society was formed in the early 1980s prior to establishment of the city's Village Historic District in 1986, listed in the National Register of Historic Places . It promotes historical research and preservation of Wyoming's heritage while operating the Wyoming History Museum. The district itself contains approximately three hundred 19th and early 20th century homes. According to
476-577: The border between Lockland and Wyoming. With wide adoption of automobiles in the early 20th century, the Wright Highway and Mill Creek Expressway eventually became Interstate 75 (I-75) by the mid-20th century to present, which primarily runs through the Ohio Department of Transportation right-of-way ; originally the Miami and Erie Canal and its locks east of Wyoming. Because of Wyoming's proximity to
510-401: The city. The population density was 2,936.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,133.8/km ). There were 3,272 housing units at an average density of 1,140.1 per square mile (440.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 83.6% White , 11.3% African American , 0.1% Native American , 2.1% Asian , 0.5% from other races , and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of
544-405: The city. The population density was 2,865.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,106.5/km ). There were 3,172 housing units at an average density of 1,100.4 per square mile (424.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 87.53% White , 9.54% African American , 0.13% Native American , 1.36% Asian , 0.39% from other races , and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of
578-432: The details that emerge from sectarian literature found at Qumran (esp. 1QS) and the site itself. Josephus, for example, describes initiates to a male monastic order who are given a trowel for use when defecating (they are to dig a hole in private, away from the group, and ease their bowels while covering themselves with their robe), a detail about toilet habits that he finds amusing and entertaining for his readership. And yet,
612-453: The discovery of a toilet at Qumran seems to contradict Josephus. Another question that has arisen, among others, when identifying Josephus' Essenes (see also Philo and Pliny) to the group at Qumran is the presence or absence of women. The cemetery that is adjacent to the settlement has only been partially excavated and there appear to be at least a few skeletal remains of women, which is seen by some to contradict an association between Essenes and
646-520: The group there. Scholars of earliest Christianity have traditionally taken note of 1QS because it refers to the messiahs of Aaron and Israel (ix 9–11). This and other writings from the Dead Sea Scrolls have opened a window to the past that allows us to understand ideas and developments related to the religious milieu near to the time of earliest Christianity. Michael Knibb provides six divisions in 1QS: As opposed to 1QS, manuscript 4QS (4Q258) has
680-679: The name of the village - Wyoming, a Delaware Indian term meaning "large plains." In 1874, Wyoming officially became a Village with 600 residents; and in 1951, the Village incorporated as a city of over 5,000 persons, implementing the Council-Manager form of government. Good transportation is an integral part of Wyoming's history and the leading reason for its prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road associated with Anthony Wayne that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers . Curves in
714-406: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 2,998 households, out of which 48.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 21.7% had a female householder with no spouse present. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% were someone living alone who
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#1732845291810748-399: The population. There were 3,047 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.3% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
782-441: The population. There were 3,105 households, of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.2% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
816-510: The railroad lines added many Sears Modern Homes ("kit homes"), and other similar manufacturers, that shipped the building components via railroad boxcars to be assembled on site, having been selected by owners through mail order catalog. These added homes generally were built on lots divided from the original and built between the Victorian houses. Other styles such as ranch homes, contemporary, mid-century modern, and others became prominent in
850-556: The road were cut off in 1806 forming Springfield Pike through central Wyoming, later a toll road established by farmers Burns, Riddle, and Pendery of the Hamilton, Springfield, and Carthage Turnpike Company. In 1828, another mode of transportation became significant in the Miami and Erie Canal , built a short distance to the east. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad forming
884-599: The scrolls found in caves nearby, a larger issue related to their identity as " Essenes " continues to be debated to this day. Striking similarities are found between the site of Qumran and rites and practices described in 1QS. Most noteworthy is the concern in 1QS for ritual purity by immersion and the discovery of nearly 10 ritual baths ( mikva'ot ) at Qumran. Much of the debate about the communities' identification with Essenes has centered on comparing and contrasting Josephus ' descriptions of Essenes (he describes other "philosophical schools" such as Pharisees and Sadducees ) with
918-605: The thriving 19th century industry in Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati during the Gilded Age , and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Over multiple generations, early farms subdivided and additional areas were annexed into the city forming a primarily residential, pedestrian-scale bedroom community with emphasis on its educational and community-oriented values, culture, and assets. Wyoming
952-635: The word God written in paleo-Hebrew letters 𐤀𐤋 " ʾEl ", as can be seen on an infrared picture at the Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. In addition, 4QS does not mention 'the Priests, the Sons of Zadok' as does 1QS. Finally, 4QS and 4QS read 'ha-rabbim' (the Congregation). Millar Burrows Millar Burrows ( Wyoming, Ohio , October 26, 1889 – April 29, 1980) was an American biblical scholar ,
986-546: The year including May Fete, the Wyoming Art Show, Fourth of July Parade and Celebration, Fall Festival, Homecoming, Light Up Wyoming, and others. The city awards residents annually for improvements and beautification of their residences, maintaining unique and historic trees, as well as civic contributions and volunteerism. Wyoming is served by the Wyoming City School District . The district was ranked 24th in
1020-436: Was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13. The median age in the city was 42.4 years. 29.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,261 people, 3,047 households, and 2,404 families living in
1054-401: Was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population is age-diverse with 30.6% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males. The median income for
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1088-422: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89, and the average family size was 3.22. 33.5% of the city's population were under the age of 18, 53.4% were 18 to 64, and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.8. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey , for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for
1122-500: Was 8,756 at the 2020 census . Among the earliest European-American settlers in what is now Wyoming was the Pendery family, who arrived in 1805. Wyoming was named after Wyoming County, Pennsylvania , where some settlers had come from. Robert Reily is considered the "Father of Wyoming" with men and women gathering at his home one week prior to the start of the Civil War in 1861 choosing
1156-527: Was the first community in the State of Ohio to implement a systematic laying of concrete sidewalks. As Wyoming grew throughout the 19th and into the 20th Century, "The Village" and "Wyoming Hills" became distinctive areas of the community, unique in their architecture and topography. While brick is commonplace exterior for buildings in Southwestern Ohio, weatherboard siding and historic Victorian architecture
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