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102-798: The first known inhabitants were the Indigenous Kumeyaay , referred to as the Diegueño by the Spanish. In 1769 the Spanish started colonizing this area with the construction of the Spanish Missions. The First Settlement was by the MacKinnon family in 1875. In 1909 this farming community began to be developed when Boston developer J. Frank Cullen purchased land from the MacKinnons. For $ 30 a lot, one could buy land and build new homes. Frank Cullen's wife, Esther,

204-483: A PM10 rating of 137 for the year 2010. It is thought that the reason is lack of pavement (dust) and lack of wind, especially in summer. The city is grappling with huge amounts of trash "from old appliances, to electronic waste and used tires, some of which comes from the United States." Mexican government agencies in the border region have not made pollution a priority, and weak enforcement of environmental standards

306-702: A 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc. Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation. In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in Barona Group of

408-561: A decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio. With conditions worsening, the Kumeyaay led an attack on Rancho Tecate in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California. Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened

510-621: A food court, and a large array of stores that sell many items needed for daily living. It is located on Boulevard Lázaro Cárdenas at Calle 11. According to a previous census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2008, the number of students who have graduated from Mexicali's public and private schools are as follows: Pre-scholar students: 18,648 Primary school students: 17,272 Secondary school students: 12,337 Technical education students: 531 Baccalaureate students: 6,152 Some public universities in

612-483: A gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship. Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out of slabs of bark. These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in

714-547: A large sector of the economy. However, its economy has gradually gone from being agricultural to include industry, mainly maquiladoras —duty-free factories in which parts from the United States are imported, assembled, and then returned to the United States as finished products. Currently, the Mexicali Valley still is one of Mexico's most productive agricultural regions, mostly producing wheat, cotton and vegetables. The city

816-499: A mainstay in the community ever since. Cardiff is part of the city of Encinitas , which is governed by a five-member city council, elected at-large to staggered four-year terms at two-year intervals. In the California State Legislature , Cardiff is in the 36th Senate District , represented by Republican Janet Nguyen , and in the 76th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Brian Maienschein . In

918-517: A maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ), it was felt in northern Baja California near the United States–Mexico border, and was also felt in western cities such as Tijuana , San Diego , Los Angeles and parts of Arizona. The Mexicali Valley is one of the largest and most fertile valleys in Mexico. Over fifty different crops are grown in the valley, which is similar in production to

1020-456: A mean at 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) and an average low at 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). On 28 July 1995, the Mexicali area recorded a temperature of 52.0 °C (125.6 °F), which is the highest temperature ever recorded in Mexico. As of 2020, the city of Mexicali had a population of 854,186. The city itself had a 2005 census population of 653,046, whereas the municipality 's population

1122-497: A median of 2 lanes. The backbone of the city is the Lazaro Cardenas Boulevard extending from east to west. Other important boulevards include: Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Benito Juárez, Anáhuac, Justo Sierra, Venustiano Carranza, Manuel Gómez Morin, Francisco L. Montejano, Cetys, Héctor Terán Terán, Independencia and Heroico Colegio Militar, among others. There are two corridors within the city: New River Ecological Corridor, which

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1224-442: A medium to generate revenue, and visitors cross by foot or by car from Calexico , United States, every day. Tourists are mainly attracted to local taco stands , restaurants, pharmacies, bars and dance clubs. Near the border, in walking distance, there are many shops and stalls selling Mexican curios and souvenirs. Arizona and Nevada residents look for medical and dental services in Mexicali, since they tend to be less expensive than in

1326-634: A native of Cardiff, Wales , persuaded him to name the community "Cardiff-by-the Sea", as well as naming many streets after other cities in Britain, such as the English "Birmingham", "Oxford", "Chesterfield" and "Manchester", despite heavy Spanish influence in the area. In 1986, "Cardiff" joined with the nearby communities of Leucadia, Olivenhain, and Encinitas to form the incorporated city of Encinitas. The Cardiff Composer District includes twelve streets named for musicians. It

1428-662: A new western front of the Yuma War . The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside Cahuilla , Cocopah , and Quechan warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture Fort Yuma . However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on the same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the Quechan campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in

1530-618: A professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of San Diego FC , a Major League Soccer expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team. On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos. Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on

1632-466: A referendum for the design of the project and the laying of a few streets and lamp posts that can be seen on the premises as the only work done. Neither authorities nor the private frontmen of the project have given the public any account on what the public money was spent on. Former president Vicente Fox offered ten years of a tax rate as low as 3% to foreign-owned factories. The premises sit empty as of October 2022. Mexicali also relies on tourism as

1734-479: A series of progressive rock concerts that take place during four consecutive days in springtime. It is hosted by CAST , a progressive rock band from Mexicali. The city claimed to have the largest per capita concentration of residents of Chinese origin in Mexico, around 5,000 until 2012 when the Tijuana La Mesa District surpassed that number at 15,000 Chinese immigrants. The Chinese immigrants came to

1836-697: Is Soles de Mexicali of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP). Soles lifted the national trophy as the 2006–07, 2014–15, 2017–18, and 2019–20 LNBP Champions. Their stadium, the Auditorio del Estado , is located in Ciudad Deportiva de Mexicali. The Bomberos de Mexicali were founded in 2010 and participated in the Pacific Coast Basketball Circuit, CIBACOPA . Another defunct franchise, Calor de Mexicali (Mexicali Heat), participated in

1938-496: Is 72% white, 20% Hispanic, 3% Asian, 1% African-American and 4% Other Kumeyaay The Kumeyaay , also known as 'Iipai-Tiipai or by the historical Spanish name Diegueño , is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States. They are an indigenous people of California . The Kumeyaay language belongs to

2040-426: Is also home to many food processing plants such as Nestlé , Jumex , Bimbo , Coca-Cola , Kellogg's , and Sabritas . In December 2018 there were 180 in all, employing 70,000 people. Mexicali became the national center for the aerospace industry in Mexico when Rockwell Collins established an operation there in 1966. Rockwell Collins is the oldest company under the maquiladora program nationwide. Silicon Border

2142-531: Is an empty 40-square-kilometer (9,900-acre) development supposedly tailored to the specific needs of high-technology manufacturing and is situated in the outskirts of Mexicali, along the western border of the U.S. and Mexico. The aim of the empty manufacturing park, which began in 2004, was to transform Mexicali into the world's next semiconductor manufacturing center, if the world economy was fine. The Mexican federal and Baja California state governments have given away $ 2 million of public money to private hands, without

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2244-470: Is considered a reason that multinationals locate factories there, along with low wages. In general, maquiladoras are supposed to return any toxic waste to its country of origin, but in some cases it can be handled in Mexico. Despite its arid desert location, Mexicali is watered through a system of aquifers in the valley. Under a 1944 water treaty , the city is "guaranteed an annual quantity of 1,500,000 acre-feet (1.9 km ) [of water] to be delivered" from

2346-458: Is credited with doing much of the early work on documenting the language, the general scholarly consensus recognized three separate languages: Katherine Luomala considered that the wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai, a view mostly supported by other researchers. Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked

2448-611: Is guided in the ancient New River bed, and the Palaco Industrial Corridor, this crosses the southern Industrial zone of Mexicali. There is also the beltway, located in the east of the city, connecting the Lazaro Cardenas Blvd. with Islas Agrarias Blvd. and the road to Colonia Abasolo, and this in turn with the Airport Road. The city is linked to other Mexican cities by Mexicali International Airport , which serves

2550-493: Is now a popular state park, known as Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve . One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though a "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that the "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At

2652-431: Is one of Mexico's most important exporters of asparagus, broccoli, carrots, green onions, lettuce, peas, peppers, radishes and tomatoes to the world. In its beginnings Mexicali was an important center for cotton production for export, until synthetic fabrics reduced the worldwide demand for the fiber. Currently, horticulture is the most successful agricultural activity with scallion (green onion), and asparagus being among

2754-653: Is the capital city of the Mexican state of Baja California . The city, which is the seat of the Mexicali Municipality , has a population of 689,775, according to the 2010 census, while the Calexico–Mexicali metropolitan area is home to 1,000,000 inhabitants on both sides of the Mexico–United States border . Mexicali is a regional economic and cultural hub for the border region of The Californias . Mexicali

2856-596: The Arizona Sun Corridor where the cities of Phoenix and Tucson dominate, Federal Highway 2 , which leads east to San Luis Río Colorado and west to Tijuana , and Federal Highway 5 connecting San Felipe with Mexicali. Other roads lead southwest to Ensenada or north to the Imperial Valley . The road system in the city of Mexicali and its conurbation is very complex. Over the urban area long boulevards are traversed from one end of which most are 6 lanes with

2958-617: The Colorado River . However, a proposed concrete lining in the United States on the All-American Canal would cut off billions of leaked gallons of water, which is used to irrigate onions, alfalfa, asparagus, squash and other crops in Mexicali. The nearby Cerro Prieto volcano is adjacent to the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station , which creates high volumes of pollutants including mercury . As of 2014,

3060-412: The Imperial Valley . National and international industries have invested in Mexicali and surrounding cities to take advantage of its tax-free status given to industry. The Mexicali Valley is a primary source of water for the region, which is the largest irrigation district in Mexico. A study by Instituto Mexicano de la Competitividad has listed Mexicali as Mexico's most polluted air of large cities, with

3162-617: The Maricopa . The Kumeyaay aligned with Quechan -led coalition, along with the Mohave , Yavapai , Chemehuevi , and other smaller groups on the Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with

Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Encinitas, California - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-700: The Mexican Revolution , the Magonistas gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their anarcho-syndicalist message of indigenous liberation from the Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout

3366-590: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. However, border wall construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a lawsuit in August against

3468-569: The United States House of Representatives , Cardiff is in California's 49th congressional district , represented by Democrat Mike Levin . Cardiff has a school district consisting of two schools: Cardiff Reef ("The Reef") is a popular surf spot in Cardiff that produces waves both professional and novice surfers enjoy year round. Surfing at The Reef has progressed from just a few surfers in

3570-661: The Yuman–Cochimí language family . The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the 'Iipai , Tiipai , and Kamia . The San Diego River loosely divided the 'Iipay and the Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from Escondido to Lake Henshaw , while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including the Laguna Mountains , Ensenada , and Tecate . The Kamia lived to

3672-561: The 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation, the treaties were all rejected. From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after

3774-575: The 1820s, the Mexican authorities reopened the Sonoran Road and restored peaceful relations with the Yuma People. In the mid-19th century, a geologist working for the Southern Pacific Railroad came to the delta area, discovering what the native Yumans had known for centuries: that the thick river sediment deposits made the area prime farming land. These sediments extended far to the west of

3876-641: The 1915 Panama–California Exposition , displacing the residents of the village. In 1932, the Coapan Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for El Capitan Dam and El Capitan Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at the Barona Reservation and the Viejas Reservation , further cutting down the agricultural capacity of the Kumeyaay reservations. During

3978-465: The 1950s to become one of the most popular surfing spots in San Diego County . Cardiff Reef and nearby surf spots, Pipes and Seaside Reef, are famous for their smooth and consistent wave shape. When the tide is low, a flat rock reef is revealed that extends 50 yards from shore. Exploring these tide pools is a popular activity for visitors of Cardiff. According to the 2010 Census, Cardiff-by-the-Sea

4080-450: The 1960s with the end of the Bracero program. A 1988 study found 100 factories in the city, including 10 electronics manufacturers, 25 auto parts manufacturers, 27 textile plants and nine plastics companies. Most maquiladoras are run by US companies, followed by Mexican, South Korean, and Japanese companies. Today Mexicali is an important center for maquiladora (assembly plant) production in

4182-599: The 2007 edition of the league. They played their home games at the Gimnasio de Mexicali located on Avenida Reforma. Mexicali was also home to a 2006 American Basketball Association franchise, the Centinelas de Mexicali (The Sentinels). Ciudad Deportiva houses a football stadium where Mexicali Fútbol Club in the Mexican Second Division and Cachanillas de Mexicali , a Mexican Third Division team plays. The home of

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4284-575: The American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the Madero administration. After the revolution, the ban on Ejidos and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in Valle de Las Palmas , Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations. Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however,

4386-751: The Americans at the Battle of San Pasqual . A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to the wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and San Diego. After the Mexican–American War , Kumeyaay lands were split between

4488-640: The Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy (1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino. In response to

4590-482: The Cucapah tribe to build shacks) and are from culturally diverse backgrounds. It is among the most ethnically diverse cities in Mexico, with people from various Native American, European, African, East Asian, and Middle Eastern origins. There is a very popular song called " Puro Cachanilla  [ es ] " also known as "El Cachanilla" that identifies people from Mexicali. This song was originally recorded in 1963 by

4692-674: The Guadalupe Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the Port of Ensenada . In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by

4794-559: The Kamia-Kumeyaay attacked Fort Romualdo Pacheco on April 26th with the support of the Quechan, resulting in three dead Mexican soldiers and a fort that would never return to service. After decades of debates and delays, the missions in Alta California were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming serfs , trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between

4896-529: The Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through the area. Under territorial governor José Figueroa , some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians . The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with

4998-490: The Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman language family , to which several other linguistically distinct, but related, groups also belong (including the Cocopa , Quechan , Paipai , and Kiliwa ). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after a brief familiarization. Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to Margaret Langdon , who

5100-603: The Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as Californios , to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era. Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population. Various disputes culminated to a skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, and killed 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel on April 5th of that year. In retaliation,

5202-418: The Kumeyaay village in what is now Balboa Park led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other indigenous Californian and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in the city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for

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5304-401: The Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or Nipawai . Ultimately, the Spanish solidified their control over the area until the end of the mission era. In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the Colorado River region against a coalition of Yuman speaking tribes east of the Colorado River and the Cahuilla led by

5406-426: The Lands) in 1937. in which Mexican land was taken by Mexicans. Agricultural production continued to increase during the 20th century. Cotton became the most important crop and helped develop the textile industry. In the early 1950s, the Mexicali Valley became the biggest cotton-producing zone in the country and in the 1960s, production reached more than half a million parcels a year. The first factories appeared in

5508-427: The Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on Point Loma as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold the pueblo. During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the Californios were victorious over

5610-405: The Pioneros del Valle, also a Mexican third division football team, is located in the Mexicali Valley. In addition, Ciudad Deportiva is the location of Farmacias Sta Maria formally known as Estadio B'Air , where the Águilas de Mexicali play, competing in winter baseball 's Mexican Pacific League (LMP). The Centinelas de Mexicali are a professional team which plays in the North Sonora League ,

5712-404: The San Diego region, such as the Sycuan Green Line of the San Diego Trolley and the SDSU Viejas Arena . Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as Campo Reservation -based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or Sycuan Band's acquisition of the U.S. Grant Hotel . Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of

5814-491: The San Pasqual Valley. The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma. Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under the California genocide . This was due to the strategic positioning of the Kumeyaay and the lack of gold in the mountains. Additionally, Mexican officials in Baja California Territory threatened to intervene in

5916-558: The Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near Mission San Luis Rey de Francia , were called the Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks;

6018-446: The Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands. The Mexican Empire assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in the Mexican War of Independence in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from

6120-473: The Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites). Prior to Western assimilation , the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called sibs or shiimull, which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize

6222-418: The U.S. and Mexico through the Mexican Cession resulting from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the Cupeño , opening up

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6324-399: The United States. However, around 1900, the only area with any real population, aside from the Cocopah, were concentrated in Los Algodones , to the east of Mexicali. In 1900, the U.S.-based California Development Company received permission from the government of Díaz to cut a canal through the delta's Arroyo Alamo, to link the dry basin with the Colorado River . To attract farmers to

6426-466: The United States. Pharmacies sell some drugs without a prescription and at much lower cost than in the US, but some medications still require a doctor's prescription, although several accessible doctor offices are located near the border as well. Mexico's drinking age is 18 years old (vs. 21 in the United States) which makes it a common weekend destination for many high school and college students from Southern California. Mexicali hosts Baja Prog , one of

6528-488: The area after crossing the Sonoran Desert 's " Camino del Diablo " or Devil's Road. This led to the evangelization of the area by Catholic missionaries and also to the reduction of native populations in the region. Nowadays, indigenous Cocopah people still inhabit a small government-protected corner of the Colorado River delta near the junction of the Hardy and the Colorado. The Cocopah mostly work on agricultural ejidos or fishing. The early European presence in this area

6630-464: The area as laborers for the Colorado River Land Company, an American enterprise which designed and built an extensive irrigation system in the Valley of Mexicali. Some immigrants came from the United States, often fleeing anti-Chinese policies there, while others sailed directly from China. Thousands of Chinese were lured to the area by the promise of high wages, but that never materialized. Since 2000, new migrants from China to Mexicali come from many of

6732-549: The area, the developers named it the " Imperial Valley ". In 1903, the first 500 farmers arrived; by late 1904, 405 km (100,000 acres) of valley were irrigated, with 10,000 people settled on the land harvesting cotton, fruits, and vegetables. The concentration of small housing units that straddled the border was called Calexico on the U.S. side and Mexicali on the Mexican side. Led by Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler , one company controlled 800,000 hectares of land in northern Baja California by 1905, and began to build

6834-412: The area. During winter time, Mexicali is affected by the snow storms that pass by the town of La Rumorosa located in the Sierra de Juárez , about 45 minutes west of the city, causing a decrease in temperature that lasts from two days to one week. July is the hottest month with a mean at 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and an average high at 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), while January is the coolest month with

6936-402: The automotive, aerospace, telecommunications, metallurgical, and health items as well as manufacturing and exporting products to various countries. The 2010 Baja California earthquake occurred on Easter Sunday about 60 km (37 mi) south-southeast of Mexicali. This very large magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred at 15:40:40 local time (UTC−8) according to the U.S. Geological Survey. With

7038-574: The casino construction boom, the San Diego County government maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay, Payomkawichum (Luiseño) , and Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021. The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around

7140-454: The city experienced snowfall. Rainfall usually occurs in the winter months of December, January and February. Summer rainfall in the city is infrequent, although in some years thunderstorms and the remnants of tropical storms and hurricanes passing over Baja California from the Pacific can sometimes drop heavy rainfall (most likely in August and September). A notable example was Hurricane Kathleen in 1976, which dropped several inches of rain in

7242-420: The city include Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali , Universidad Politécnica de Baja California and the Mexicali Institute of Technology . Private universities include Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior , University of the Valley of Mexico and Xochicalco University . The residents of Mexicali ( Mexicalenses ) call themselves "Cachanillas" (due to a local plant, the cachanilla , used by

7344-584: The conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border. On January 7, 1852, representatives of a number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner Oliver M. Wozencraft and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the "18 Treaties" of California , negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After

7446-493: The early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While the siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with Quechan resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to

7548-651: The east in an area that included Mexicali and bordered the Salton Sea . The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as the Diegueños , the former Spanish name applied to the Mission Indians living along the San Diego River . They are referred to as Kumiai in Mexico. The term Kumeyaay translates as "People of the west", with the word meyaay meaning "steep" or "cliff". All languages and dialects spoken by

7650-602: The emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along the Pacific Ocean from present Oceanside, California , in the north to south of Ensenada, Mexico , and extending east to the Colorado River . The Cuyamaca complex , a late Holocene complex in San Diego County is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what

7752-637: The government are creating a zone of exclusion, due to the alarming amount of pollutants and contamination that has permeated throughout miles around the geothermal plant of Cerro Prieto. Because of its low annual precipitation, Mexicali has an arid climate ( BWh ), featuring long, extremely hot summers and mild to warm winters. Under the criteria for the Köppen climate classification , Mexicali maintains desert weather temperatures every year, receiving only 70.9 millimetres (2.79 in) of precipitation annually over 16 precipitation days on average. On December 12, 1932,

7854-729: The house, they were often burned down. During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins. They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or olivella shells . Additionally, men could get their nose pierced and women might have their chins tattooed. Mexicali Mexicali ( English: / ˌ m ɛ k s ɪ ˈ k æ l i / ; Spanish: [mexiˈkali] )

7956-454: The irrigation system for the Valley. However, instead of using Mexican labor to dig the ditches, Chandler brought in thousands of Chinese laborers. Mexicali became culturally Chinese influenced. The Mexican side was named Mexicali (a portmanteau composed of "Mexico" and "California") by Coronel Agustín Sanguinéz. Initially the area belonged to the municipality of Ensenada . The town of Mexicali

8058-536: The land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 . However, the Kumeyaay did not participate in much of the active fighting in the Magonista Rebellion, and did not participate with Cocopah , Kiliwa , and Paipai tribes in raiding on small towns or looting Chinese-Mexican businesses in the region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to

8160-532: The latter dirtying local water sources considerably. After years of sexual assaults from the Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of Mission Indians using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father Luis Jayme along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave

8262-768: The main development league for the LMP. Young Mexicali baseball players have played in the Little League World Series five times; first in 1985, with the Félix Arce Little League representing the United States West region, and then in 2005, 2007, 2011 and 2015 the Seguro Social Little League representing Mexicali. Mexicali is located at a Junction of major interstates and federal highways. These include Interstate 8 , leading from San Diego to

8364-899: The most important crops. Cotton and wheat are still grown, but low government price guarantees and subsidies make wheat farmer protests an annual event. There is an annual agri-business fair, which if unfunded by the government, would have been dead a decade ago, named AGROBAJA, Agrobaja in March of every year, drawing people by the thousands, from all over Mexico and before the crisis, from the United States. The current prospects for economic growth in Mexicali rely on in-bond and assembly plants (maquiladoras), which come due to low wages and loose worker right laws, include companies like, Selther , Daewoo Electronics , Mitsubishi , Honeywell , Paccar , Vitro , Skyworks Solutions , CareFusion , Bosch , Price Pfister , Gulfstream , United Technologies Corporation , Kenworth , Kwikset and Collins Aerospace . Mexicali

8466-501: The passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers. Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to

8568-474: The ranchero singer Caín Corpus and written by the famous mexican composer Antonio Valdéz Herrera  [ es ] . In 2004, there were 8 theaters in the city: Teatro del Estado, Teatro de Casa de Cultura de Mexicali. Idem, Teatro del CREA, Teatro Universitario de Mexicali, Teatro al Aire Libre de Rectoría, Teatro del Seguro Social, and Centro Estatal de las Artes. Mexicali also has the Baja Prog festival,

8670-601: The region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement. In 1769, the Portolá expedition anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to the Kumeyaay village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a presidio over the village and the Misión San Diego de Alcalá , incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under

8772-409: The reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands. The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in

8874-527: The rest of the Mexican republic between the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean up until the Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the Mexican controlled coast up until the start of

8976-472: The right to water and were also obligated to share food with visitors. The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or Kwaapaay , was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of

9078-458: The river itself, accumulating in a shallow basin below the Sierra de Cucapá. However, from this time period until the 1880s, the area was almost completely unpopulated, mostly due to its harsh climate. In 1888, the federal government granted a large part of northern Baja California state, including Mexicali, to Guillermo Andrade, with the purpose of colonizing the area on the recently created border with

9180-477: The same areas as before 1960, with perhaps 90% from Guangdong or Hong Kong. Mexicali has many sites visited by people from across the country, as well as by visitors from the U.S. and Canada, such as the bullfighting arena, Plaza Calafia , where one or two bullfights are held yearly. Mexicali also has a professional 18-hole golf course , Club Campestre, where both national and international championships have taken place. The city's professional basketball team

9282-461: The security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled the city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in

9384-520: The sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision. The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as

9486-455: The sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality. Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of Kuseyaays . Kuseyaays were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for

9588-404: The time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans. The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement. Sebastián Vizcaíno also visited in 1602 and met with a band of Kumeyaay during the feast of San Diego de Alcalá , thus giving

9690-439: The weather reaches high temperatures, many families come and spend the day inside the air-conditioned mall. For recreation, Mexicali has bath halls, bowling alleys, traditional cantinas, car clubs, strip clubs, movie theaters, museums, a zoo, a convention center, supermarkets, and fast food restaurants for every choice of food. Galerias del Valle, holds a WalMart Supercenter, a twelve-screen Cinepolis movie theater, two casinos,

9792-423: The world's most important events in progressive rock . Mexicali hosts four main shopping malls, the most visited being Plaza La Cachanilla, located a mile away from the US border. The mall hosts a variety of shops, which sell a wide array of items, ranging from cheap Mexican curios to expensive imports. The Plaza La Cachanilla also represents a common place for people to socialize, especially during summer days when

9894-508: Was 895,962. It is the 13th largest municipality in Mexico as of the Census 2005 with population estimates exceeding one million alone. The population is constantly growing due to the number of maquiladoras in the area, lack of urban planning, and migrational aspects, like seasonal labor and the constant in-and-out flow of immigrants to the U.S. or into Mexico. Mexicali's economy has been historically based on agricultural products, and they remain

9996-455: Was developed by music publisher turned film producer turned real estate developer Victor Kremer . Cardiff became a destination for people seeking a tight-knit community to raise children, start a business and live in close proximity to the ocean. With a steady stream of newcomers, the years between the 1920s and 1950s saw a boom of housing and infrastructure development. In 1985, the local family-owned Seaside Market opened its doors and has been

10098-426: Was founded at the turn of the 20th century, when the region's agricultural economy experienced a period of boom. The city rapidly expanded throughout the 20th century, owing to the proliferation of maquiladoras in the city, making the Mexicali economy more interconnected with businesses from across the border. Today, Mexicali is a major manufacturing center and an emerging tourist destination. The Spaniards arrived in

10200-740: Was limited to Anza 's and subsequent Spanish expeditions across the Colorado Desert and subsequent travelers on the Sonora Road opened by them. Also the presence of the Jesuits who attempted to establish a mission in what is now Fort Yuma. They left after a revolt by the Yuma in 1781. After this, the Spanish had little to do with the northeastern corner of the Baja California Peninsula , perceiving it as an untamable, flood-prone desert delta. Later in

10302-487: Was officially created on 14 March 1903 when Manuel Vizcarra was named as the town's first authority and Assistant Judge ( juez auxiliar ). On January 29, 1911, Mexicali was briefly "liberated" by the Liberal Party of Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . Mayor Baltazar Aviléz declared the municipality of Mexicali on November 4, 1914, and called for elections to creation of the first ayuntamiento or municipality, which

10404-503: Was then headed by Francisco L. Montejano. In the 20th century, the Colorado Riverland Company, a U.S.-based company, was dedicated to renting Mexican land to farmers; however, these farmers were almost always foreigners, such as Chinese, East Indians and Japanese. Mexicans were employed only as seasonal laborers. This situation led to the agrarian conflict known as the " Asalto a las Tierras  [ es ] " (Assault on

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