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85-539: It flows near Mission San Diego de Alcalá . The river's valley downstream from there is known as Mission Valley for that reason. The valley forms a transportation corridor for Interstate 8 and the San Diego Trolley 's Green Line . The river discharges into the Pacific Ocean near the entrance to Mission Bay , forming an estuary . The river has changed its course several times in recorded history. Prior to 1821,

170-464: A University of California school (Guerrero at Berkeley ), five from private universities in California (Corrigan at Holy Names , Liu, Groban and Evans at Stanford , and Jenkins at Santa Clara ), and one from an out-of-state private university (Kruger at Harvard ). Two justices earned their law degrees from a University of California law school (Corrigan at UC Law SF and Evans at Davis ), two from

255-469: A Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego . The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California . The original mission burned in 1775 during an uprising by local natives. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme , California's first Christian martyr who was among those killed during the 1775 uprising against

340-535: A case is granted review, the Chief Justice assigns the case to a justice, who, after the parties finish briefing, then prepares a draft opinion. Each justice writes a preliminary response to the draft opinion, and if the assigned justice is in the minority, she may ask the Chief Justice to reassign the case to someone in the majority. The Court then hears oral arguments and, immediately afterwards, meet alone to vote. The California Constitution requires suspension of

425-470: A central staff. The advantage to this system is that the reduced turnover of staff attorneys (versus the traditional system of rotating through new law clerks every year) has improved the efficiency of the court in dealing with complex cases, particularly death penalty cases. During its first half-century of operation, the Court struggled to keep up with its soaring caseload and very frequently fell behind, until

510-411: A departing justice at the beginning of the next judicial term. If a nominee is confirmed to fill a vacancy that arose partway through a judicial term, the justice must stand for retention during the next gubernatorial election. Voters then determine whether to retain the justice for the remainder of the judicial term. At the term's conclusion, justices must again undergo a statewide retention election for

595-472: A full 12-year term. If a majority votes "no", the seat becomes vacant and may be filled by the Governor. The electorate has occasionally exercised the power not to retain justices. Chief Justice Rose Bird and Associate Justices Cruz Reynoso and Joseph Grodin were staunchly opposed to capital punishment and were subsequently removed in the 1986 general election. Newly reelected Governor George Deukmejian

680-559: A matter of public policy, as disclosed in rule 8.1105(a) of the California Rules of Court. The original California Constitution of 1849 authorized the Court to publish all opinions that it "may deem expedient," and the current California Constitution of 1879 authorizes the Court to publish all opinions that it "deems appropriate." In 1850, a statute was enacted directing the Supreme Court to publish opinions in all cases, but in 1855,

765-518: A person must be an attorney admitted to practice in California or have served as a judge of a California court for 10 years immediately preceding the appointment. To fill a vacant position, the Governor must first submit a candidate's name to the Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation of the State Bar of California, which prepares and returns a thorough, confidential evaluation of the candidate. Next,

850-504: A private California university (Guerrero at Stanford and Jenkins at the University of San Francisco ), and three from law schools at out-of-state private universities (Liu and Kruger at Yale , and Groban at Harvard ). The most recent addition to the court is Associate Justice Kelli Evans , who was sworn in on January 2, 2023, to replace then-Associate Justice Patricia Guerrero , who was elevated to chief justice. In 2023, Guerrero became

935-539: A province of New Spain . Located in present-day San Diego, California , it was founded on July 16, 1769, by Spanish friar Junípero Serra , in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people . The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location. The mission site is a National Historic Landmark . The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic saint Didacus of Alcalá ,

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1020-534: A system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California). The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto , who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed. In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto. The Mission San Diego

1105-509: Is delegated to the State Bar Court of California (although suspensions longer than three years must be independently decided upon by the Court). California's bar is the largest in the U.S. with 210,000 members, of whom 160,000 are practicing. In 2018 and in 2023, the Court issued reform directives regarding corrupt practices within the State Bar of California. The court, with the assistance of

1190-596: Is headquartered in San Francisco at the Earl Warren Building , but it regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento . Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts . Since 1850, the court has issued many influential decisions in a variety of areas including torts , property , civil and constitutional rights , and criminal law . Under the original 1849 California Constitution ,

1275-591: Is to help create a river-long park and hiking trail, stretching the full length of the river from its headwaters in the Cuyamaca Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. From mouth to source: Mission San Diego de Alcal%C3%A1 Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá ( Spanish : Misión San Diego de Alcalá , lit. The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá ) was the second Franciscan founded mission in The Californias (after San Fernando de Velicata ),

1360-535: The California Courts of Appeal are assigned by the chief justice to join the court for individual cases on a rotational basis. The procedure for when all justices recuse themselves from a case has varied over time. For a 1992 case, the chief justice requested the presiding justice of a Court of Appeal district (different from the one where the case originated) to select six other Court of Appeal justices from his district, and they formed an acting Supreme Court for

1445-514: The Pacific coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino. Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California peninsula . The original mission church was destroyed by fire in 1775 during an uprising by local indigenous people. An estimated 800 "American Indians" pillaged the mission, burned it to

1530-585: The Roman Catholic Church . When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings. Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego . In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated

1615-743: The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Court is open for business year-round (as opposed to operating only during scheduled "terms" as is commonplace in jurisdictions that observe the legal year ). The Court hears oral argument at least one week per month, 10 months each year (except July and August). It has been headquartered in San Francisco since 1874. Since 1878, it has regularly heard oral argument each year at San Francisco (four months), Los Angeles (four months), and Sacramento (two months). According to Justice Liu, when

1700-610: The Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California. In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition ), thereby securing Spain's claim to

1785-507: The War of Independence against Spain . On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "for services rendered to the government." After the United States invaded California , the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862. President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862, that restored ownership of the Mission proper to

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1870-812: The CHISM agreement. In September of 1987 the City of San Diego awarded the project a Resolution of Intent and a Notice to Proceed with the First San Diego River Improvement Project. [REDACTED] In 1921, the city of San Diego filed suit against the Cuyamaca Water Company to establish its paramount right to the water of the San Diego River. After several court cases, the California State Supreme Court declared in 1929 that

1955-539: The California Courts of Appeal were created in 1904. This resulted in provisions in the 1879 Constitution requiring the Court to decide all cases in writing with reasons given (to get rid of minor cases, it had often given summary dispositions with no reasons given ) and requiring California judges to certify in writing every month that no matter submitted for consideration had been outstanding for more than 90 days, or else they will not be paid. To comply with

2040-430: The Court began to direct that some opinions should not be reported, and this procedure was retroactively approved by the legislature in an 1860 statute. Over 1,800 unreported opinions were filed by the Court over the next 25 years (which includes the 700 unreported opinions filed by the commissioners). The Pacific Reporter started to collect and publish the Court's unreported opinions at its launch in 1883, and then

2125-492: The Court gave in and switched back to publication of all opinions. A small group of lawyers later recovered and compiled all the unreported opinions filed by the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court Commission before that point, which were published in a separate seven-volume reporter called California Unreported Cases starting in 1913. Despite its name, those cases are citable as precedent. The Court supervises

2210-457: The Court has averaged 5,200 petitions for writs of certiorari and 3,400 petitions for habeas corpus , plus 40 additional petitions from inmates already on death row. In an average year the Court will decide to hear 83 cases and will be required to hear appeals from 20 new inmates joining death row. Each week, the Court votes on 150 to 300 petitions, paying special attention to a staff-recommended "A list" as well as to certified questions from

2295-613: The Court has sponsored a state constitutional amendment to allow it to assign death penalty appeals to the California Courts of Appeal. The Court has discretionary appellate jurisdiction over all cases reviewed by the Courts of Appeal; the latter were created by a 1904 constitutional amendment to relieve the Supreme Court of most of its workload so the Court could then focus on dealing with non-frivolous appeals that involved important issues of law. According to research by Justice Goodwin Liu, each year

2380-492: The Court sitting as a whole. During the late 1920s, the court gradually transitioned to routinely hearing all appeals in bank, apart from two unusual exceptions in 1941 when it again tried to sit in departments. The 1966 formal abolition of the department system merely confirmed how the court had been actually operating for quite some time. Oral argument was mandatory only for in bank hearings of appeals, which meant that many appeals were decided by three-justice departments on

2465-588: The Court started with a chief justice and two associate justices . The Court was expanded to five justices in 1862. Under the current 1879 constitution, the Court expanded to six associate justices and one chief justice, for the current total of seven. The justices are appointed by the Governor of California and are subject to retention elections . According to the California Constitution, to be considered for appointment, as with any California judge,

2550-414: The Court's jurisdiction. Thus, the Court has decided a number of cases by, between, and against such companies, as well as several cases involving Hollywood celebrities and high-tech executives. The California Supreme Court and all lower California state courts use a different writing style and citation system from the federal courts and many other state courts. California citations have the year between

2635-578: The Governor officially nominates the candidate, who must then be evaluated by the Commission on Judicial Appointments, which consists of the Chief Justice of California , the Attorney General of California , and a senior presiding justice of the California Courts of Appeal . The Commission holds a public hearing and if satisfied with the nominee's qualifications, confirms the nomination. The nominee can then immediately fill an existing vacancy, or replace

San Diego River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-458: The Mission church as a minor basilica . Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15 , and approximately one mile east of Snapdragon Stadium . The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming , therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to

2805-580: The Reporter of Decisions, publishes the California Style Manual for use by the California Courts of Appeal and the superior courts . As The Wall Street Journal stated, in 1972: The state's high court over the past 20 years has won a reputation as perhaps the most innovative of the state judiciaries, setting precedents in areas of criminal justice, civil liberties, racial integration, and consumer protection that heavily influence other states and

2890-455: The San Diego River delta in Mission Bay from occasional floods. In 1935 El Capitan Dam was constructed 27 miles up the San Diego River; this reduced the sediment entering the bay considerably. An earlier dam was overtopped in 1916, increasing the floodwaters coming down Mission Valley at the time. The Mission Bay and San Diego River jetties were built in 1948, at a time when the shore of the bay

2975-404: The San Diego River usually entered San Diego Bay . In the fall of 1821, however, a flood changed the river channel in one night, and the greater volume of the flow was diverted into what was then known as False Bay (now referred to as Mission Bay ), leaving only a small stream still flowing into the harbor (J. C. Hayes 1874). This flood was remarkable in that no rain fell along the coast. The river

3060-422: The briefs alone. However, the state constitution required department decisions to be unanimous to produce a final judgment. Any dissent automatically triggered an in bank hearing. After a constitutional amendment in 1966, the Court currently sits in bank (all seven together) when hearing all appeals. When there is an open seat on the court, or if a justice recuses himself or herself on a given case, justices from

3145-416: The cases before them). Many important legal concepts have been pioneered or developed by the Court, including strict liability for defective products , fair procedure , negligent infliction of emotional distress , palimony , insurance bad faith , wrongful life , and market-share liability . The major film studios in and around Hollywood and the high-tech firms of Silicon Valley both fall under

3230-461: The chronic backlog. The Commission was also subject to heavy criticism as an unelected "auxiliary court". Attorneys who enjoyed appellate work but had difficulty holding onto judicial seats in partisan elections repeatedly bounced back and forth between serving as elected justices and unelected commissioners. After two more decades of debate, the state legislature recognized that the state needed to establish intermediate appellate courts and referred

3315-446: The city's right was paramount because under Spanish and Mexican laws, Pueblo San Diego was given exclusive rights to the use of the San Diego River, both surface and underground. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo obligated the U.S. to protect the grants and privileges decreed under the old rule. The river travels 52 miles (84 km) from its headwaters to the ocean. The river's tributaries include: Four additional reservoirs lie in

3400-432: The clerk's office at that time. The Court is one of the few U.S. courts apart from the U.S. Supreme Court that enjoys the privilege of having its opinions routinely published in three hardcover reporters . The Court's Reporter of Decisions contracts with a private publisher (currently LexisNexis ) to publish the official reporter, California Reports , now in its fifth series; note that the series number changes whenever

3485-461: The editor of the state's official reporters. California has traditionally avoided the use of certain French and Latin phrases like en banc , certiorari , and mandamus , so California judges and attorneys use "in bank," "review," and "mandate" instead (though "in bank" has become quite rare after 1974). Finally, the Court has the power to "depublish" opinions by the Courts of Appeal (as opposed to

San Diego River - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-507: The entrance. As San Diego’s Mission Vally grew in size, many businesses located along the banks of the San Diego River began to flood during heavy rain events. The flooding became so extreme that land owners on either side of the San Diego River got together to hatch a plan to contain the 100 year/1 hour rain events. Two men, Dean Wolf (of Mission Valley Center) and Denny Martini of the Bond Ranch (who owned ¾ of Mission Valley in 1908); conceived

3655-454: The establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and much more. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to men, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a manual training school that comprised agriculture,

3740-516: The fall of 1853 (Derby 1853). Later that year, heavy rains caused the river to change course once again, washing out part of the levee and resuming its old course into the harbor (San Diego Herald 1855). The worst flood in this area was in 1862. This was part of the Great Flood of 1862 , which impacted the entire Western United States , and had a bearing on the Civil War . In San Diego, Mission Valley

3825-491: The federal bench. Statistical analyses conducted by LexisNexis personnel at the Court's request indicate that the decisions of the Supreme Court of California are by far the most followed of any state supreme court in the United States. Between 1940 and 2005, 1,260 decisions of the Court were expressly followed by out-of-state courts (meaning that those courts expressly found the Court's reasoning persuasive and applied it to

3910-467: The federal practice of not publishing certain "unpublished" opinions at all in the federal case reporters). This means that even though the opinion has already been published in the official state reporters, it will be binding only upon the parties. Stare decisis does not apply, and any new rules articulated will not be applied in future cases. Similarly, the California Supreme Court has

3995-494: The female majority by appointing Leondra Kruger to succeed her; while this first female majority later ended with the 2017 retirement of Werdegar and appointment of Groban by Brown to succeed her, a second female majority was later established in 2022, upon the swearing-in of Guerrero to replace Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar . The Constitution of California gives the Court mandatory and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases imposing capital punishment in California , although

4080-435: The financial crisis of the same year. In a last-ditch effort to revive the project the Bond Ranch employed Robert Rodriguez (VP, Merrill Lynch Commercial Real Estate) to spearhead the issuance of Bonds to privately finance the project. The total cost to complete the project was 36 million dollars. At this point in time the partnership was showing signs of falling apart. Robert Rodriguez and Denny Martini decided to bring all of

4165-569: The first Latina to serve as chief justice. The court first had a female majority from 2011 to 2017. This majority had been achieved in 2011 after Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye to the court, joining Justice Joyce L. Kennard (an appointee of Republican Governor George Deukmejian ), Justice Kathryn Werdegar (appointed by Republican Governor Pete Wilson ), and Justice Carol A. Corrigan (another Schwarzenegger appointee). When Kennard retired in 2014, Democratic Governor Jerry Brown preserved

4250-409: The first surviving plantings. By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission. One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres. The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823. Supreme Court of California The Supreme Court of California is the highest and final court of appeals in the courts of the U.S. state of California . It

4335-502: The ground and massacred a blacksmith, a carpenter (mortally wounded), and Father Jayme, who became California's first Catholic Martyr. Father Jayme is buried next to the altar in the present church. Survivors of the night-long attack were one corporal and three Leather Jacket soldiers , one blacksmith, two children who were the son and nephew of the Presidio commandant, and Associate Pastor Father Vicente Fuster. Father Serra then returned to

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4420-427: The idea of straightening out the San Diego River to prevent "back flow" along the natural curves where flooding took place. 10 years and over a million dollars was spent developing a plan to build a series of box culverts with rip rap, “hump back” river banks, islands, and hydro seeding. This plan would come to be known as the First San Diego River Improvement Project or FISDRIP. However, the project stalled in 1986 during

4505-550: The issuance of bonds that were collateralized by the land on either side of the river. The funds would be used to straighten out the San Diego River. Additionally, land would be donated to the City of San Diego for the construction of the Trolly to help alleviate traffic congestion. In return the City allowed the reclamation of land for development on formerly “floodway fringe zone”. Most development in Mission Valley today originated with

4590-534: The issue to the electorate. In November 1904, Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 2 was approved by the state's voters, which abolished the Supreme Court Commission and created the California Courts of Appeal. All five commissioners were promptly appointed in 1905 to serve among the original nine justices of the Courts of Appeal. Except for one decade at its founding, the Court has never been required by constitutional or statutory law to publish all its opinions. The Court currently chooses to publish all opinions as

4675-620: The justices' salaries if the Court fails to then file a decision within 90 days. The Court issues unanimous opinions in 77% of cases, compared to 43% by the Supreme Court of the United States . Throughout the year (including July and August), the justices have a conference every Wednesday the Court is not hearing oral argument, with the exception of the last week, respectively, of November and December (Thanksgiving and New Year's). New opinions are published online on Monday and Thursday mornings at 10 a.m. Paper copies also become available through

4760-418: The late 1980s, the Court has turned away from the traditional use of law clerks , and has switched to permanent staff attorneys. Justices Goodwin Liu and Leondra Kruger, however, have returned to the traditional use of recent law school graduates as one-year clerks for some of their staff positions. The Court has about 85 staff attorneys, some of whom are attached to particular justices; the rest are shared as

4845-404: The latter provision, the Court does not schedule oral argument until the justices and their staff attorneys have already studied the briefs, formulated their respective positions, and circulated draft opinions. Then, after the matter is formally "argued and submitted" before the Court, the justices can polish and file their opinions well before reaching the 90-day deadline. This differs sharply from

4930-582: The lower courts (including the trial-level California superior courts ) through the Judicial Council of California and the California Commission on Judicial Performance, and also supervises California's legal profession through the State Bar of California . All lawyer admissions are done through recommendations of the State Bar, which then must be ratified by the Supreme Court, and attorney discipline

5015-447: The mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California. Wheat , corn , wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on

5100-565: The mission, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño ; the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Relatively, much is known about

5185-696: The names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter, as opposed to the national standard (the Bluebook ) of putting the year at the end. For example, the famous case Marvin v. Marvin , which established the standard for non-marital partners' ability to sue for their contributions to the partnership, is rendered Marvin v. Marvin (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660 [134 Cal.Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106] in California style, while it would be Marvin v. Marvin , 18 Cal. 3d 660, 557 P.2d 106, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815 (1976), in Bluebook style. The California citation style, however, has always been

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5270-539: The native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , who explored the coast in the service of Spain. He documented his in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542. Cabrillo was the first European to set foot in what is now the state of California and the first to encounter San Diego Bay . On the evening of September 28, 1542,

5355-476: The neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it. The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769. Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines. The vines were of the Mission variety, which were brought to Mexico in the 16th century. Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having

5440-534: The norm of common law jurisdictions outside the United States, including England, Canada and Australia. While the U.S. Supreme Court justices indicate the author of an opinion and who has "joined" the opinion at the start of the opinion, California justices always sign a majority opinion at the end, followed by "WE CONCUR," and then the names of the joining justices. California judges are traditionally not supposed to use certain ungrammatical terms in their opinions, which has led to embarrassing fights between judges and

5525-416: The opinions to which they sign their names and staff members are mere ghostwriters , the commissioners openly signed their opinions. Each of the approximately 4,400 appeals (3,700 reported, 700 unreported) handled by the commissioners was resolved by an opinion signed by one commissioner with the concurrence of two others. The opinions always ended in a recommended disposition, such as: "We find no error in

5610-496: The owners together in the same room to sign a historic agreement known as the CHSM agreement. Trammell Crow/Bruce Hazard, Conrock, Don Samis, and May Department Stores were all party to the agreement. The agreement when implemented formed the largest assessment district ever put in place by the City of San Diego, and the largest Specific Plan ever adopted by the City of San Diego at that time. In short; private funding would be acquired through

5695-563: The port was renamed " San Diego de Alcalá ". It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus , the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España (" New Spain ") to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of

5780-401: The power to "publish" opinions by the California Courts of Appeal which were initially not published. The California Supreme Court has handed down important and influential decisions since 1850. Some of the most significant of these important and influential Court decisions are listed below in date ascending order. Most of the Court decisions that follow were landmark decisions that were among

5865-486: The practice in all other federal and state appellate courts, where judges can schedule oral argument not long after written briefing is finished, but then may take many months (or even a year) after oral argument to file their opinions. In March 1885, the state legislature authorized the creation of the Supreme Court Commission to help with the Court's overwhelming backlog of pending appeals. The justices were initially allowed to hire three commissioners. Since oral argument

5950-529: The publisher changes, although the most recent changeover to the fifth series did not involve a change in reporter. West publishes California decisions in both the California Reporter (in its second series) and the Pacific Reporter (in its third series). (The New York Court of Appeals opinions are similarly published in three reporters.) Each justice has five assigned chambers attorneys. Since

6035-450: The purpose of deciding that one case. However, in a later case where all members of the Court recused themselves when Governor Schwarzenegger sought a writ of mandate ( Schwarzenegger v. Court of Appeal (Epstein) ), seven justices of the Courts of Appeal were selected based on the regular rotational basis, not from the same district, with the most senior one serving as the acting chief justice, and that acting supreme court eventually denied

6120-437: The record and the judgment should be affirmed." Originally, this was followed by a one-line unsigned per curiam statement in the name of "The Court," such as: "For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is affirmed." Starting in 1892, the three justices who reviewed and summarily adopted each commissioners' opinion began to also sign their names. The commissioners were only partially successful in reducing

6205-419: The river's watershed. Cuyamaca Reservoir is located on Boulder Creek and San Vicente Reservoir is fed by San Vicente Creek. Lake Jennings and Lake Murray are formed by the damming of canyons . The San Diego River Park Foundation was founded in 2001 and is dedicated to conserving the water, wildlife, recreation, culture and community involved with the San Diego River. The San Diego River Conservancy

6290-525: The ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it " San Miguel ". During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno , made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego , Santo Tomás , and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and

6375-524: The site of the original structure in 1776 to oversee the rebuilding of the mission. However, the scarce amount of water and the difficulty of making the land until (feasible for preparing crops to be planted by plowing and fertilizing) made the re-establishment of the mission a long and difficult process. From 1778 to 1795, the mission focused on horse and mule breeding, providing other missions in Alta and Baja California an average of 16 animals per year. After it

6460-583: The substitute justices for the six sitting justices, with the senior judge among that group serving as the acting Chief Justice; that acting Supreme Court eventually denied the petition for review. Six current justices were appointed by Democrats (Liu, Kruger, Groban, Jenkins, Guerrero and Evans) and one by Republicans (Corrigan). There are three African American (Kruger, Jenkins, Evans) justices, one East Asian American justice (Liu), two non-Hispanic white justices (Corrigan, Groban) and one Latina (Guerrero). One justice earned an undergraduate degree from

6545-432: The writ petition. In a yet more recent case ( Mallano v. Chiang ) where all members of the Court recused themselves on a petition for review by retired Court of Appeal justices on a matter involving those justices' salaries (that apparently involved matters up to and including the 2016–2017 fiscal year), the Court ordered that six superior court judges be selected from the pool that took office after July 1, 2017, to serve as

6630-573: Was established by an act of the California Legislature to preserve, restore and enhance the San Diego River area. The Conservancy is a non-regulatory agency of the state government with an independent nine-member governing board. It is tasked to acquire, manage and conserve land and to protect or provide recreational opportunities, open space, wildlife species and habitat, wetlands, water quality, natural flood conveyance, historical/cultural resources, and educational opportunities. One important goal

6715-423: Was inundated, and houses in lower Old Town were flooded when severe winds from a sea storm from the south backed the water up from the bay into the river (Pourade 1964:250). This flood was very significant because it held its peak for over twenty-four hours. In 1876, the levee was reconstructed, and no further diversions into San Diego Bay have occurred. Since then, a considerable volume of sediment has been added to

6800-474: Was later observed to flow into San Diego Harbor in 1849 and 1856, and the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey map of 1859 shows it to be flowing there once again. Because of the high deposition rate of the river, which threatened to ruin San Diego Bay as a harbor, the federal government diverted the flow into Mission Bay and built a levee embankment, Derby Dike , of earth extending from near Old Town to Point Loma in

6885-476: Was not mandatory except for in bank hearings of appeals, the justices began to assign cases to the commissioners which could likely be resolved on the briefs alone. The number of commissioners was expanded in five in 1889. In retrospect, the commissioners can be seen as an important precursor of the law clerks and staff attorneys which the Court began to hire in the 1930s. In contrast to modern practice, where appellate justices are expected to take ownership of

6970-399: Was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805 , Miramar Road, California State Route 125 , Skyline Drive and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels Interstate 805 in

7055-453: Was restored as a Catholic mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá saw a record number of spiritual results recorded when 567 baptisms were performed, and neophytes numbered 908. On August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his " Decree of Confiscation ". The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in

7140-433: Was subject to alternating periods of recession and advance. By February 1951, the river levees had been connected to the jetties. All tidal flow was confined to a new channel. Since the river discharges only during flooding, the middle channel was soon completely filled. The channels were finished by 1955, after various difficulties were overcome and the jetties were considerably lengthened so that shallow bars would not form in

7225-468: Was then able to elevate Associate Justice Malcolm M. Lucas to Chief Justice and appoint three new associate justices (one to replace Lucas in his old post and two to replace Reynoso and Grodin). Between 1879 and 1966, the court was divided by the state constitution into two three-justice panels, Department One and Department Two. The chief justice divided cases evenly between the panels and also decided which cases would be heard "in bank" ( en banc ) by

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