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93-486: Mexicali was founded at the turn of the 20th century, when the region's agricultural economy experienced a period of boom. The city rapidly expanded throughout the 20th century, owing to the proliferation of maquiladoras in the city, making the Mexicali economy more interconnected with businesses from across the border. Today, Mexicali is a major manufacturing center and an emerging tourist destination. The Spaniards arrived in

186-481: A PM10 rating of 137 for the year 2010. It is thought that the reason is lack of pavement (dust) and lack of wind, especially in summer. The city is grappling with huge amounts of trash "from old appliances, to electronic waste and used tires, some of which comes from the United States." Mexican government agencies in the border region have not made pollution a priority, and weak enforcement of environmental standards

279-399: A beneficiary and its subordinated others. In this article, Segato focuses on the patriarchal institutions of Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and Brazil's National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) to extensively analyze and characterize these preexisting structures. The US–Mexico border region is highly stratified by race, class, and gender. According to Segato, the racialization of individuals living south of

372-452: A de-colonial feminist viewpoint that contends that patriarchal political structures existed in communal societies prior to colonialism. According to Segato, the modern gender system's capture the changes of pre colonial dual gender structures which worsen inequality, boosts violence against women, and depoliticizes them. To Segato, pre colonial gender differs significantly from colonial-modern societies gender structures, which operate in terms of

465-620: A food court, and a large array of stores that sell many items needed for daily living. It is located on Boulevard Lázaro Cárdenas at Calle 11. According to a previous census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2008, the number of students who have graduated from Mexicali's public and private schools are as follows: Pre-scholar students: 18,648 Primary school students: 17,272 Secondary school students: 12,337 Technical education students: 531 Baccalaureate students: 6,152 Some public universities in

558-416: A history of extremely harsh working conditions, often exploiting employees to increase profits. Since most maquiladoras are located in lower socioeconomic areas, the local communities must work in these conditions to survive. These conditions include chemical exposure, poor air quality and ventilation, physical strain, noise exposure, and limited regulation and enforcement of occupational safety standards. With

651-547: A large sector of the economy. However, its economy has gradually gone from being agricultural to include industry, mainly maquiladoras —duty-free factories in which parts from the United States are imported, assembled, and then returned to the United States as finished products. Currently, the Mexicali Valley still is one of Mexico's most productive agricultural regions, mostly producing wheat, cotton and vegetables. The city

744-516: A las Tierras in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use the article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " El Asalto a las Tierras " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If

837-516: A maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ), it was felt in northern Baja California near the United States–Mexico border, and was also felt in western cities such as Tijuana , San Diego , Los Angeles and parts of Arizona. The Mexicali Valley is one of the largest and most fertile valleys in Mexico. Over fifty different crops are grown in the valley, which is similar in production to

930-402: A mean at 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) and an average low at 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). On 28 July 1995, the Mexicali area recorded a temperature of 52.0 °C (125.6 °F), which is the highest temperature ever recorded in Mexico. As of 2020, the city of Mexicali had a population of 854,186. The city itself had a 2005 census population of 653,046, whereas the municipality 's population

1023-497: A median of 2 lanes. The backbone of the city is the Lazaro Cardenas Boulevard extending from east to west. Other important boulevards include: Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Benito Juárez, Anáhuac, Justo Sierra, Venustiano Carranza, Manuel Gómez Morin, Francisco L. Montejano, Cetys, Héctor Terán Terán, Independencia and Heroico Colegio Militar, among others. There are two corridors within the city: New River Ecological Corridor, which

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1116-442: A medium to generate revenue, and visitors cross by foot or by car from Calexico , United States, every day. Tourists are mainly attracted to local taco stands , restaurants, pharmacies, bars and dance clubs. Near the border, in walking distance, there are many shops and stalls selling Mexican curios and souvenirs. Arizona and Nevada residents look for medical and dental services in Mexicali, since they tend to be less expensive than in

1209-890: A moral obligation to ensure the health and safety of their employees as their corporate social responsibility. El Asalto a las Tierras Look for El Asalto a las Tierras on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for El Asalto

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1395-464: A referendum for the design of the project and the laying of a few streets and lamp posts that can be seen on the premises as the only work done. Neither authorities nor the private frontmen of the project have given the public any account on what the public money was spent on. Former president Vicente Fox offered ten years of a tax rate as low as 3% to foreign-owned factories. The premises sit empty as of October 2022. Mexicali also relies on tourism as

1488-484: A report in 1996 about the failures of the government to address this issue despite the fact that pregnancy testing violates Mexican federal labor law. These practices have continued into the 21st century. Once on the job, many women face sexual harassment by supervisors and find no help from human resources. Due to the cruel and horrific appearances of violence against women in Mexican society, feminists have been working at

1581-479: A series of progressive rock concerts that take place during four consecutive days in springtime. It is hosted by CAST , a progressive rock band from Mexicali. The city claimed to have the largest per capita concentration of residents of Chinese origin in Mexico, around 5,000 until 2012 when the Tijuana La Mesa District surpassed that number at 15,000 Chinese immigrants. The Chinese immigrants came to

1674-464: A shallow basin below the Sierra de Cucapá. However, from this time period until the 1880s, the area was almost completely unpopulated, mostly due to its harsh climate. In 1888, the federal government granted a large part of northern Baja California state, including Mexicali, to Guillermo Andrade, with the purpose of colonizing the area on the recently created border with the United States. However, around 1900,

1767-587: A substantial output of hazardous waste that disrupted local communities. The La Paz Agreement signed by Mexico and the United States in 1983 requires hazardous waste created by United States corporations to be transported back to the United States for disposal. However, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that only 91 of the 600 maquiladoras located along the Texas–Mexico border have returned hazardous waste to

1860-608: A surge in the development of maquiladoras, which caused workers to face more frequent exposure to harmful substances without properly enforcement of industrial hygiene standards. This led to several public health campaigns from U.S. and Mexican advocacy groups for better hygiene practices to help protect workers and their families from hazardous exposures. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, workers suffered from toluene exposure due to its common use in several manufacturing processes, causing symptoms of dizziness, nausea, and other neurological issues. This issue drew public attention and highlighted

1953-697: Is Soles de Mexicali of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP). Soles lifted the national trophy as the 2006–07, 2014–15, 2017–18, and 2019–20 LNBP Champions. Their stadium, the Auditorio del Estado , is located in Ciudad Deportiva de Mexicali. The Bomberos de Mexicali were founded in 2010 and participated in the Pacific Coast Basketball Circuit, CIBACOPA . Another defunct franchise, Calor de Mexicali (Mexicali Heat), participated in

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2046-400: Is a component of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that focuses on a company's environmental impact and the association with community, as well as the reinforcement of company to contribute to community trust. Companies must prioritize the health and well-being of their workers. The lack of well health management in the maquiladora would make the problem worse, meaning that corporations have

2139-425: Is also home to many food processing plants such as Nestlé , Jumex , Bimbo , Coca-Cola , Kellogg's , and Sabritas . In December 2018 there were 180 in all, employing 70,000 people. Mexicali became the national center for the aerospace industry in Mexico when Rockwell Collins established an operation there in 1966. Rockwell Collins is the oldest company under the maquiladora program nationwide. Silicon Border

2232-530: Is an empty 40-square-kilometer (9,900-acre) development supposedly tailored to the specific needs of high-technology manufacturing and is situated in the outskirts of Mexicali, along the western border of the U.S. and Mexico. The aim of the empty manufacturing park, which began in 2004, was to transform Mexicali into the world's next semiconductor manufacturing center, if the world economy was fine. The Mexican federal and Baja California state governments have given away $ 2 million of public money to private hands, without

2325-414: Is barely enough to help sustain a family even with both parents working. The minimum wage "buys only about a quarter of the basic necessities that are essential for a typical worker's family". Maquilas pay at much higher rate than the minimum wage in most markets since there is a lot of competition for the best workers, and workers will not work without transportation and other bonuses. The 2015 minimum wage

2418-458: Is connected to changes in Mexican wages relative to those in Asia and in the United States, and to fluctuations in U.S. industrial production. As of 2006, maquiladoras still accounted for 45 percent of Mexico's exports. Maquiladoras, in general, are best represented among operations that are particularly assembly intensive. Women entered the labor force in Mexico in large numbers in the latter half of

2511-467: Is considered a reason that multinationals locate factories there, along with low wages. In general, maquiladoras are supposed to return any toxic waste to its country of origin, but in some cases it can be handled in Mexico. Despite its arid desert location, Mexicali is watered through a system of aquifers in the valley. Under a 1944 water treaty , the city is "guaranteed an annual quantity of 1,500,000 acre-feet (1.9 km) [of water] to be delivered" from

2604-608: Is guided in the ancient New River bed, and the Palaco Industrial Corridor, this crosses the southern Industrial zone of Mexicali. There is also the beltway, located in the east of the city, connecting the Lazaro Cardenas Blvd. with Islas Agrarias Blvd. and the road to Colonia Abasolo, and this in turn with the Airport Road. The city is linked to other Mexican cities by Mexicali International Airport , which serves

2697-430: Is one of Mexico's most important exporters of asparagus, broccoli, carrots, green onions, lettuce, peas, peppers, radishes and tomatoes to the world. In its beginnings Mexicali was an important center for cotton production for export, until synthetic fabrics reduced the worldwide demand for the fiber. Currently, horticulture is the most successful agricultural activity with scallion (green onion), and asparagus being among

2790-596: The Arizona Sun Corridor where the cities of Phoenix and Tucson dominate, Federal Highway 2 , which leads east to San Luis Río Colorado and west to Tijuana , and Federal Highway 5 connecting San Felipe with Mexicali. Other roads lead southwest to Ensenada or north to the Imperial Valley . The road system in the city of Mexicali and its conurbation is very complex. Over the urban area long boulevards are traversed from one end of which most are 6 lanes with

2883-588: The Bracero program allowed men with farming experience to work on US farms on a seasonal basis, and its end ushered in a new era for the development of Mexico. The Border Industrialization Program (BIP) began in 1965 and allowed for a lowering in restrictions and duties on machinery, equipment and raw materials. Before this program, PRONAF, a national border program for infrastructure developments like building roads, parks, electricity, water, building factories, and cleaning up border cities, helped to improve situations along

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2976-613: The Colorado River . However, a proposed concrete lining in the United States on the All-American Canal would cut off billions of leaked gallons of water, which is used to irrigate onions, alfalfa, asparagus, squash and other crops in Mexicali. The nearby Cerro Prieto volcano is adjacent to the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station , which creates high volumes of pollutants including mercury . As of 2014,

3069-411: The Imperial Valley . National and international industries have invested in Mexicali and surrounding cities to take advantage of its tax-free status given to industry. The Mexicali Valley is a primary source of water for the region, which is the largest irrigation district in Mexico. A study by Instituto Mexicano de la Competitividad has listed Mexicali as Mexico's most polluted air of large cities, with

3162-451: The early 2000s recession , maquiladoras constituted 54% of the US-Mexico trade in 2004, and by 2005, the maquiladora exports accounted for half of Mexico's exports. In the 2000s, the maquila industry faced competition due to rise of other countries with availability of cheap labor, including Malaysia, India, and Pakistan. The biggest threat came from China's Special Economic Areas . During

3255-457: The petroleum industry . With the introduction of NAFTA in 1994, Northern Mexico became an export processing zone. This allowed multinational corporations from the US to produce products cheaply. Corporations could use a maquila to import materials and produce a good more cheaply than in the US by paying Mexican laborers lower wages and paying less in duties. Mexicans work for approximately one-sixth of

3348-608: The 1820s, the Mexican authorities reopened the Sonoran Road and restored peaceful relations with the Yuma People. In the mid-19th century, a geologist working for the Southern Pacific Railroad came to the delta area, discovering what the native Yumans had known for centuries: that the thick river sediment deposits made the area prime farming land. These sediments extended far to the west of the river itself, accumulating in

3441-449: The 1960s with the end of the Bracero program. A 1988 study found 100 factories in the city, including 10 electronics manufacturers, 25 auto parts manufacturers, 27 textile plants and nine plastics companies. Most maquiladoras are run by US companies, followed by Mexican, South Korean, and Japanese companies. Today Mexicali is an important center for maquiladora (assembly plant) production in

3534-599: The 2007 edition of the league. They played their home games at the Gimnasio de Mexicali located on Avenida Reforma. Mexicali was also home to a 2006 American Basketball Association franchise, the Centinelas de Mexicali (The Sentinels). Ciudad Deportiva houses a football stadium where Mexicali Fútbol Club in the Mexican Second Division and Cachanillas de Mexicali , a Mexican Third Division team plays. The home of

3627-586: The 20th century. Devaluations of the peso in 1982 and 1994 pushed many Mexican women into the labor force. Between 1970 and 1995, 18% more women were part of the working force, and many of these women were working in maquila factories. Women looked for work in factories because they could get jobs with few credentials and receive on the job training. Men working in maquilas were given positions of supervision, management, engineers, and technical jobs, while women were relegated to low-skill jobs. Young women tended to be hired more often than older women, but it depended on

3720-481: The Cucapah tribe to build shacks) and are from culturally diverse backgrounds. It is among the most ethnically diverse cities in Mexico, with people from various Native American, European, African, East Asian, and Middle Eastern origins. There is a very popular song called " Puro Cachanilla  [ es ] " also known as "El Cachanilla" that identifies people from Mexicali. This song was originally recorded in 1963 by

3813-531: The Lands) in 1937. in which Mexican land was taken by Mexicans. Agricultural production continued to increase during the 20th century. Cotton became the most important crop and helped develop the textile industry. In the early 1950s, the Mexicali Valley became the biggest cotton-producing zone in the country and in the 1960s, production reached more than half a million parcels a year. The first factories appeared in

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3906-494: The Maquiladora Industry" . Following a debt crisis in 1980, the Mexican economy liberalized and foreign investment increased. Factory jobs began to leave central Mexico, and workers followed the jobs from central Mexico to the maquilas in the north and on the border. In 1985, maquiladoras overtook tourism as the largest source of foreign exchange , and since 1996 they have been the second largest industry in Mexico behind

3999-467: The NAFTA labor side agreement to the test, but despite the workers' efforts, nothing ever came of it. The case became increasingly political and news-worthy as time went on. However, despite various US NAO hearings and transnational labor rights organizing, the workers were never able to unionize. On the contrary, by the end of the conflicts, all of the laborers had been fired and the maquiladora had been moved to

4092-517: The Pioneros del Valle, also a Mexican third division football team, is located in the Mexicali Valley. In addition, Ciudad Deportiva is the location of Farmacias Sta Maria formally known as Estadio B'Air , where the Águilas de Mexicali play, competing in winter baseball 's Mexican Pacific League (LMP). The Centinelas de Mexicali are a professional team which plays in the North Sonora League ,

4185-404: The U.S. hourly rate. During the five years before NAFTA, maquila employment had grown at a rate of 47%; this figure increased to 86% in the next five years. The number of factories also increased dramatically. Between 1989 and 1994, 564 new plants opened; in the five years following, 1460 plants opened. However, the maquiladora growth is largely attributable to growth in US demand and devaluation of

4278-559: The US-Mexico Border. With BIP, foreign firms were able to use factories built under PRONAF to import raw materials and export goods for a cheaper cost than in other countries. One of the main goals of the Border Industrialization Program was to attract foreign investment. In 1989, the federal government put in place specific procedures and requirements for maquilas under the " Decree for Development and Operation of

4371-732: The United States since 1987. Among others, the United States Geological Survey , the state of California , and the Imperial County Health Department have all asserted that the New River , which flows from Mexicali in Mexico near the Americanborder into California's Salton Sea , is "the dirtiest river in America". The presence of toxic waste in towns near maquila factories has led to negative health outcomes for

4464-522: The United States. Pharmacies sell some drugs without a prescription and at much lower cost than in the US, but some medications still require a doctor's prescription, although several accessible doctor offices are located near the border as well. Mexico's drinking age is 18 years old (vs. 21 in the United States) which makes it a common weekend destination for many high school and college students from Southern California. Mexicali hosts Baja Prog , one of

4557-698: The area after crossing the Sonoran Desert 's " Camino del Diablo " or Devil's Road. This led to the evangelization of the area by Catholic missionaries and also to the reduction of native populations in the region. Nowadays, indigenous Cocopah people still inhabit a small government-protected corner of the Colorado River delta near the junction of the Hardy and the Colorado. The Cocopah mostly work on agricultural ejidos or fishing. The early European presence in this area

4650-582: The area as laborers for the Colorado River Land Company, an American enterprise which designed and built an extensive irrigation system in the Valley of Mexicali. Some immigrants came from the United States, often fleeing anti-Chinese policies there, while others sailed directly from China. Thousands of Chinese were lured to the area by the promise of high wages, but that never materialized. Since 2000, new migrants from China to Mexicali come from many of

4743-460: The area. During winter time, Mexicali is affected by the snow storms that pass by the town of La Rumorosa located in the Sierra de Juárez , about 45 minutes west of the city, causing a decrease in temperature that lasts from two days to one week. July is the hottest month with a mean at 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and an average high at 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), while January is the coolest month with

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4836-400: The automotive, aerospace, telecommunications, metallurgical, and health items as well as manufacturing and exporting products to various countries. The 2010 Baja California earthquake occurred on Easter Sunday about 60 km (37 mi) south-southeast of Mexicali. This very large magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred at 15:40:40 local time (UTC−8) according to the U.S. Geological Survey. With

4929-720: The bodies of women from the Mexican border continue to be consumed by misogyny that has reached the most dreadful level of brutality. Many women are injured in maquilas. Intense work pace and pressure on high production leads to injuries including upper back, neck, and shoulder pain. Many maquilas do not report accidents and workers are not compensated for injuries received on the job. Workplace hazards include toxic chemicals, and workplaces lack health and safety practices like ventilation and face masks. The men in authority severely exploit these women, which makes matters worse. While labor unions exist in maquiladoras, many are charro unions, which are government-supported and often fail to act in

5022-523: The border underlies and reinforces prosecution of "illegal aliens", ultimately endangering Mexican women and children. In the city of Juarez, women have been murdered as a result of the maquiladora killings. The Han Young maquiladora was a plant in Tijuana that manufactured car parts for Hyundai. In 1997, what started as a complaint by a single injured worker turned into a years-long conflict where employees protested for their right to unionize. The struggle put

5115-433: The circumstances of the job and type of factory. However, young single women often ended up in factories with better working conditions, like the electronics plants, while older women and mothers worked in more dangerous apparel factories. Gender plays a key role in both disguising and preserving economic frustration in the city of Juárez, Mexico. Given that several women are brutally murdered in Mexico, with Juárez as one of

5208-501: The city and the surrounding towns. There are some bus routes across the city and its urban area, where companies like Atusa Plus, Cachanilla, Amarillo y Blanco, among others, offer this service. Maquiladora A maquiladora ( Spanish: [makilaˈðoɾa] ), or maquila ( IPA: [maˈkila] ), is a word that refers to factories that are largely duty free and tariff-free. These factories take raw materials and assemble, manufacture, or process them and export

5301-551: The city experienced snowfall. Rainfall usually occurs in the winter months of December, January and February. Summer rainfall in the city is infrequent, although in some years thunderstorms and the remnants of tropical storms and hurricanes passing over Baja California from the Pacific can sometimes drop heavy rainfall (most likely in August and September). A notable example was Hurricane Kathleen in 1976, which dropped several inches of rain in

5394-480: The city include Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali , Universidad Politécnica de Baja California and the Mexicali Institute of Technology . Private universities include Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior , University of the Valley of Mexico and Xochicalco University . The residents of Mexicali ( Mexicalenses ) call themselves "Cachanillas" (due to a local plant, the cachanilla , used by

5487-496: The community level to end sexual violence against women in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, many years before the #MeToo movement was even conceived. Sociologists and feminists wonder whether the #MeToo movement has already taken root in Mexico and if so, how? Sociologists and feminists ask themselves questions such as: Has Ciudad Juárez's #MeToo movement made an influence on women's lives there? If so, by how much and why? This article explores

5580-771: The family. In some maquiladoras, workers are cut and their responsibilities are given to a single worker. These workers are not given a higher pay, and are expected to maintain their output without a decrease in quality. They often work involuntary overtimes and are often not paid for their extra labor. Allegedly, women are not allowed to be pregnant while working. Some maquilas require female workers to take pregnancy tests. Some require that workers resign if they are pregnant. Female applicants are made to take pregnancy tests and are only hired if not pregnant, and women that become pregnant while working at maquila factories are given more strenuous tasks and forced to work unpaid overtime to influence them to resign. The Humans Rights Watch wrote

5673-501: The femicides that occur in Ciudad Juárez. Segato examines the violence, bigotry, and ego with which Mexican men treat their women. These women are typically young ladies who are small, dark skinned, with long hair and work largely in the maquiladora labor force... In comparison to other parts of Mexico, Ciudad Juárez is a risky place for women to live. These Mexican men view these women's bodies as throwaway and erasable objects that they can use anyway they choose. As if that weren't clear,

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5766-466: The finished product. These factories and systems are present throughout Latin America , including Mexico , Paraguay , Nicaragua , and El Salvador . Maquiladoras date back to 1964, when the Mexican government introduced the Programa de Industrialización Fronteriza ('Border Industrialization Program'). Specific programs and laws have made Mexico's maquila industry grow rapidly. From 1942 to 1964,

5859-479: The first 500 farmers arrived; by late 1904, 405 km (100,000 acres) of valley were irrigated, with 10,000 people settled on the land harvesting cotton, fruits, and vegetables. The concentration of small housing units that straddled the border was called Calexico on the U.S. side and Mexicali on the Mexican side. Led by Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler , one company controlled 800,000 hectares of land in northern Baja California by 1905, and began to build

5952-636: The government are creating a zone of exclusion, due to the alarming amount of pollutants and contamination that has permeated throughout miles around the geothermal plant of Cerro Prieto. Because of its low annual precipitation, Mexicali has an arid climate ( BWh ), featuring long, extremely hot summers and mild to warm winters. Under the criteria for the Köppen climate classification , Mexicali maintains desert weather temperatures every year, receiving only 70.9 millimetres (2.79 in) of precipitation annually over 16 precipitation days on average. On December 12, 1932,

6045-407: The historical changes associated with war and the essential role that inhumanity obtains in it toward people who do not participate in the conflict, such as women and children. According to Segato, violence against women has stopped being an outcome of war but instead has turned into a strategic goal . Governed by armed corporations with the participation of state and para-state forces, this is where

6138-493: The imposition of countervailing duties on Chinese products, not available in North America, that were part of the electronics supply chain. Despite the decline, over 3,000 maquiladoras still exist along the 2,000 mile-long United States–Mexico border, providing employment for approximately one million workers, and importing more than $ 51 billion in supplies into Mexico. Research indicates that maquiladoras' post-NAFTA growth

6231-427: The increase of electronic development in the 1980s and 1990s, there was an increase in diseases caused by exposure to metals, such as lead poisoning and neurological disorders. Employees in maquiladoras often lack proper safety equipment such as hard hats, safety glasses and vests, and personal respirators, increasing the risk of exposure to hazards. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) also indirectly caused

6324-414: The interest of workers. Official unions discredit maquiladora workers by calling them "agitators". Workers who complain can be fired and blacklisted from other jobs. Many contracts are only for a few months, allowing companies to have a high turn-over rate in which workers never have the chance to organize for their rights. Many tried to organize independent unions, but often failed. Rita Segato investigates

6417-403: The irrigation system for the Valley. However, instead of using Mexican labor to dig the ditches, Chandler brought in thousands of Chinese laborers. Mexicali became culturally Chinese influenced. The Mexican side was named Mexicali (a portmanteau composed of "Mexico" and "California") by Coronel Agustín Sanguinéz. Initially the area belonged to the municipality of Ensenada . The town of Mexicali

6510-601: The late twentieth century, the industry accounted for 25 percent of Mexico's gross domestic product , and 17 percent of total Mexican employment. Since globalization and physical restructuring have contributed to the competition and advent of low-cost offshore assembly in places such as China, and countries in Central America , maquiladoras in Mexico have been on the decline since 2000. According to federal sources, approximately 529 maquiladoras shut down and investment in assembly plants decreased by 8.2 percent in 2002 after

6603-440: The later half of the 1960s, maquiladora industries rapidly expanded geographically and economically and by 1985, had become Mexico's second largest source of income from exports, behind oil. Since 1973, maquiladoras have also accounted for nearly half of Mexico's export assembly. Between 1995 and 2000, exports of assembled products in Mexico tripled, and the rate of the industry's growth amounted to about one new factory per day. By

6696-517: The long-term risks from exposure to chemical and physical hazards were detrimental to the worker’s health and safety. The expansion of U.S. trade and investment in Mexico makes the work to enhance corporate responsibility become more important. The lack of health safety allows more attention on equitable health care, as maquiladora workers may face environmental and occupational unsafety, so companies should ensure safe working conditions and health support.¹ The Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER)

6789-464: The main city targets, it is essential to look into the orientations of male authority, cheap labor exploitation, and the maquiladoras export processing zone. Oftentimes, young women are murdered as a result of economic frustration, being directed at the maquiladora workers. Working women are viewed by the maquiladora system as "cheap labor" and easily replaceable, which makes it easy and acceptable to kill these women without consequences. In order to examine

6882-767: The main development league for the LMP. Young Mexicali baseball players have played in the Little League World Series five times; first in 1985, with the Félix Arce Little League representing the United States West region, and then in 2005, 2007, 2011 and 2015 the Seguro Social Little League representing Mexicali. Mexicali is located at a Junction of major interstates and federal highways. These include Interstate 8 , leading from San Diego to

6975-899: The most important crops. Cotton and wheat are still grown, but low government price guarantees and subsidies make wheat farmer protests an annual event. There is an annual agri-business fair, which if unfunded by the government, would have been dead a decade ago, named AGROBAJA, Agrobaja in March of every year, drawing people by the thousands, from all over Mexico and before the crisis, from the United States. The current prospects for economic growth in Mexicali rely on in-bond and assembly plants (maquiladoras), which come due to low wages and loose worker right laws, include companies like, Selther , Daewoo Electronics , Mitsubishi , Honeywell , Paccar , Vitro , Skyworks Solutions , CareFusion , Bosch , Price Pfister , Gulfstream , United Technologies Corporation , Kenworth , Kwikset and Collins Aerospace . Mexicali

7068-613: The new forms of conflict take place. Tragically, women and children have become victims of both physical abuse, bodily mutilation, body trafficking and commercialization. In 1993, the Mexican labor federation, the Authentic Labor Front, and the United Electrical Workers worked together to improve conditions at the General Electric factory, but failed in the loss of an election. The Center for Labor Studies (CETLAC)

7161-530: The only area with any real population, aside from the Cocopah, were concentrated in Los Algodones , to the east of Mexicali. In 1900, the U.S.-based California Development Company received permission from the government of Díaz to cut a canal through the delta's Arroyo Alamo, to link the dry basin with the Colorado River . To attract farmers to the area, the developers named it the " Imperial Valley ". In 1903,

7254-681: The other side of Tijuana. This was in the face of a Mexican federal court ruling that the strikes had been legal and in fact the corporation had violated the law. Both the United States and Mexican governments claim to be committed to environmental protection, yet environmental policies have not always been enforced despite the fact that⁠ ⁠ maquilas are required to be certified and to provide an environmental impact statement. In Mexico, most maquiladoras are global players that use international standards for waste treatment and disposal that exceed Mexican requirements and that require any waste generated to be re-exported. The development of large factories led to

7347-630: The people living there. Between 1988 and 1992, 163 children in Juarez were born without brains due to the toxic chemicals from factories. There have been some improvement at the corporate level of environmental policy. As of the early 2000s, around 90% of maquiladoras had attained an environmental certification. This push to improve environmental policy was led by the Mexican government, not the international companies themselves. The EPA's US–Mexico Border 2012 Program has an extensive plan to help with environmental issues along that border. Maquiladoras have

7440-486: The peso, not NAFTA itself. In the 1970s, most maquiladoras were located around the Mexico–;United States border . By 1994, these were spread in the interior parts of the country, although the majority of the plants were still near the border. A 2011 Federal Reserve report indicated that the maquiladora industry affects U.S. border city employment in service sectors. Although the maquiladora industry suffered due to

7533-473: The ranchero singer Caín Corpus and written by the famous mexican composer Antonio Valdéz Herrera  [ es ] . In 2004, there were 8 theaters in the city: Teatro del Estado, Teatro de Casa de Cultura de Mexicali. Idem, Teatro del CREA, Teatro Universitario de Mexicali, Teatro al Aire Libre de Rectoría, Teatro del Seguro Social, and Centro Estatal de las Artes. Mexicali also has the Baja Prog festival,

7626-402: The relationship between gender and production, gender and violence, this article focuses on situating the killings of these women within their social and ideological contexts. In this piece, the reasons for these women's treatment and the social justifications for it are examined. Poverty is a key factor that motivates women to work in maquiladoras. The minimum wage set by the Mexican government

7719-629: The risks of inadequate ventilation within maquiladoras and the need for personal protective equipment. Due to the expansion of U.S. trade and investment in Mexico, the need for maquiladoras grew substantially between 1985 and 1992. This led to large companies in the U.S. shifting labor-intensive manufacturing to Mexico to maintain high profit margins. Although maquiladoras provided jobs for local communities, it soon became apparent that health standards in many factories were not properly regulated, garnering publicity from U.S. and Mexican advocacy groups. Very minimal safety training programs were established, but

7812-476: The same areas as before 1960, with perhaps 90% from Guangdong or Hong Kong. Mexicali has many sites visited by people from across the country, as well as by visitors from the U.S. and Canada, such as the bullfighting arena, Plaza Calafia , where one or two bullfights are held yearly. Mexicali also has a professional 18-hole golf course , Club Campestre, where both national and international championships have taken place. The city's professional basketball team

7905-409: The significance of maquiladoras and how the working conditions there have impacted women as well, by allowing the exploitation of women. Finally, the article successfully communicates all of its ideas through a thorough discussion between its authors. Rita Segato , is an Argentine-Brazilian scholar who also identifies as a feminist and has a sociological point of view, makes an effort to make sense of

7998-439: The weather reaches high temperatures, many families come and spend the day inside the air-conditioned mall. For recreation, Mexicali has bath halls, bowling alleys, traditional cantinas, car clubs, strip clubs, movie theaters, museums, a zoo, a convention center, supermarkets, and fast food restaurants for every choice of food. Galerias del Valle, holds a WalMart Supercenter, a twelve-screen Cinepolis movie theater, two casinos,

8091-423: The world's most important events in progressive rock . Mexicali hosts four main shopping malls, the most visited being Plaza La Cachanilla, located a mile away from the US border. The mall hosts a variety of shops, which sell a wide array of items, ranging from cheap Mexican curios to expensive imports. The Plaza La Cachanilla also represents a common place for people to socialize, especially during summer days when

8184-462: Was 70.1 pesos per day in Tijuana (minimum wages vary by zone and worker classification) or about $ 0.55 per hour at the 2016 exchange rate of 16 pesos per dollar, while most entry-level positions in maquilas paid closer to $ 2 per hour including bonuses and 25% being paid to Social Security, housing, and retirement. Even in maquila factories, wages are still very low and in many families the children are encouraged to start working at an early age to support

8277-508: Was 895,962. It is the 13th largest municipality in Mexico as of the Census 2005 with population estimates exceeding one million alone. The population is constantly growing due to the number of maquiladoras in the area, lack of urban planning, and migrational aspects, like seasonal labor and the constant in-and-out flow of immigrants to the U.S. or into Mexico. Mexicali's economy has been historically based on agricultural products, and they remain

8370-789: Was limited to Anza 's and subsequent Spanish expeditions across the Colorado Desert and subsequent travelers on the Sonora Road opened by them. Also the presence of the Jesuits who attempted to establish a mission in what is now Fort Yuma. They left after a revolt by the Yuma in 1781. After this, the Spanish had little to do with the northeastern corner of the Baja California Peninsula , perceiving it as an untamable, flood-prone desert delta. Later in

8463-546: Was officially created on 14 March 1903 when Manuel Vizcarra was named as the town's first authority and Assistant Judge ( juez auxiliar ). On January 29, 1911, Mexicali was briefly "liberated" by the Liberal Party of Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . Mayor Baltazar Aviléz declared the municipality of Mexicali on November 4, 1914, and called for elections to creation of the first ayuntamiento or municipality, which

8556-488: Was opened in the mid-1990s and worked to educate workers about their rights and activism decreased in light of violence against women. In Juarez, between 1993 and 2005, more than 370 women were murdered. In 2010, more than 370 women were murdered. A new wave of worker protests has emerged in the 21st Century as workers decide that enough is enough. In 2015 in Juarez, maquiladora workers set up encampments, plantons, to protest and demand independent unions. Rita Segato argues using

8649-502: Was then headed by Francisco L. Montejano. In the 20th century, the Colorado Riverland Company, a U.S.-based company, was dedicated to renting Mexican land to farmers; however, these farmers were almost always foreigners, such as Chinese, East Indians and Japanese. Mexicans were employed only as seasonal laborers. This situation led to the agrarian conflict known as the " Asalto a las Tierras  [ es ] " (Assault on

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