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74-995: CMA publicates the Canadian Medical Association Journal (often abbreviated as CMAJ ) which is a peer-reviewed medical journal that offers original clinical research, commentaries, analyses and reviews of clinical topics, health news, and clinical-practice updates. The CMA has over 75,000 members and is the largest association of medical doctors in Canada . Its membership includes physicians and medical learners. The CMA represents Canadian physicians from medical school through to residency, medical practice and retirement. The CMA's origins may rest with Dr. Joseph Painchaud and other Quebec physicians who in 1844 hoped to find ways to help physicians and, after their deaths, their widows and orphans. There were false starts in attempts to form an association, but soon after confederation, practicing physicians were successful in developing

148-519: A 1% success rate for Charter claimants. Lamer was succeeded as the chief justice by Beverley McLachlin in January 2000. She was the first woman to hold that position. McLachlin's appointment resulted in a more centrist and unified court. Dissenting and concurring opinions were fewer than during the Dickson and Lamer courts. With the 2005 appointments of puisne justices Louise Charron and Rosalie Abella ,

222-518: A day. A quorum consists of five members for appeals, but a panel of nine justices hears most cases. On the bench, the chief justice of Canada or, in his or her absence, the senior puisne justice, presides from the centre chair with the other justices seated to his or her right and left by order of seniority of appointment. At sittings, the justices usually appear in black silk robes but they wear their ceremonial robes of bright scarlet trimmed with Canadian white mink in court on special occasions and in

296-532: A federal election happening that year, revealed its Demand a Plan campaign. Demand a Plan is a public campaign spearheaded by the CMA with the aim of having all levels of government work together to develop a comprehensive national seniors strategy. Over 74,000 people have signed up in support of the campaign. The Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, in

370-575: A general election and minority parliament intervened with delays such that the Prime Minister recommended Justice Cromwell after consulting the leader of the Opposition . As of August 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau opened the process of application to change from the above-noted appointment process. Under the revised process, "[any] Canadian lawyer or judge who fits specified criteria can apply for

444-637: A legislature sufficient time to enact a new replacement scheme of legislation. For example, in Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights , the court struck down Manitoba's laws because they were not enacted in the French language, as required by the Constitution. However, the Court stayed its judgment for five years to give Manitoba time to re-enact all its legislation in French. It turned out five years

518-581: A national body. The CMA's first president was Sir Charles Tupper , the Nova Scotia Premier who led that province into confederation and later became Prime Minister of Canada . The foundation of the CMA was strongly rooted in its Scottish origins as the first three presidents of the CMA graduated from the Edinburgh Medical School . Among the CMA's founding principles in 1867 was to "improve public health and prevent disease and disability,"

592-405: A permanent replacement. In December 2021, CMAJ published a letter that said the hijab was "an instrument of oppression". After the letter was criticized as Islamophobic , CMAJ apologized and retracted the letter. James Maskalyk became the executive editor-in-chief in 2022. Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada ( SCC ; French : Cour suprême du Canada , CSC)

666-407: A point of contention. In 2006, an interview phase by an ad hoc committee of members of Parliament was added. Justice Marshall Rothstein became the first justice to undergo the new process. The prime minister still has the final say on who becomes the candidate that is recommended to the governor general for appointment to the court. The government proposed an interview phase again in 2008, but

740-548: A profit, which was sufficient to liquidate the previous deficit. Subscriptions had increased 60% over the 1911 level and were being purchased by 20% of Canadian doctors. On February 20, 2006, the editor-in-chief, John Hoey , was fired over an editorial independence dispute with the then owners of the journal, CMA Media. The journal sent 13 women to buy the emergency contraceptive levonorgestrel (Plan B) over-the-counter in pharmacies across Canada and reported their experiences. The pharmacists asked them for personal data, including

814-449: A purpose which remains today. The CMA Code of Ethics has been around in one form or another since 1868. As recently as 2015 this document was considered by the CMA to be "arguably the most important document produced by the CMA. It has a long and distinguished history of providing ethical guidance to Canada’s physicians. Focus areas include decision-making, consent, privacy, confidentiality, research and physician responsibilities. The code

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888-535: A report in March 2018, adopted many of the recommendations made the previous year by the CMA on ways to better serve seniors with improvements to housing, income security and quality of life. After the success of Demand a Plan campaign, the CMA launched a second public mobilization platform called CMA Health Advocates. This platform is designed to engage Canadians on improving health care, and to connect with local politicians to share their health and health care stories. During

962-671: A seat on the Supreme Court, through the Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs." Functional bilingualism is now a requirement. Justices were originally allowed to remain on the bench for life , but in 1927 a mandatory retirement age of 75 was instituted. They may choose to retire earlier, but can only be removed involuntarily before that age by a vote of the Senate and House of Commons . The current chief justice of Canada

1036-529: A similar controversy re-surfaced as the Canadian Medical Association disbanded the CMAJ's Journal Oversight Committee and dismissed editor-in-chief John Fletcher. The CMA cited a falling impact factor and a decline in research submissions as reasons for the change, but these claims are disputed. Diane Kelsall, a long-time CMAJ deputy editor, became interim editor-in-chief while the organization searched for

1110-498: A simple majority is determinative. By convention, this panel never explains why it grants or refuses leave in any particular case, but the court typically hears cases of national importance or where the case allows it to settle an important issue of law. Leave is rarely granted, meaning that for most litigants, provincial courts of appeal are courts of last resort. But leave to appeal is not required for some cases, primarily indictable criminal cases in which at least one appellate judge (on

1184-481: Is Richard Wagner. He was appointed to the court as a puisne judge on 5 October 2012 and appointed chief justice, 18 December 2017. The nine justices of the Wagner Court are: The following graphical timeline depicts the length of each current justice's tenure on the Supreme Court (not their position in the court's order of precedence) as of 28 November 2024. Andromache Karakatsanis has had the longest tenure of any of

1258-548: Is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada . It comprises nine justices , whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law , and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts . The Supreme Court is bijural, hearing cases from two major legal traditions ( common law and civil law ) and bilingual, hearing cases in both official languages of Canada (English and French). The effects of any judicial decision on

1332-524: Is the executive authority of the CMA, meets four times a year and is responsible for policy direction. In 2018, the association launched the CMA Patient Voice, a group of 12 individuals that provide a patient's perspective to the CMA's work. A health summit attended by a wide spectrum of medical and health professionals as well as patient representatives is held annually to disseminate new research, information and innovations, and to debate issues facing

1406-475: Is updated every 5-6 years and has a major revision approximately every 20 years. Changes must be approved by CMA General Council." The fledgling association faced a lot of growing pains in its first 25 years as meeting attendance was small. There was even a notice of motion in 1894 to disband it. The Montreal Medical Journal was taken over in 1911 to become the CMA Journal . In 1921, the CMA re-organized with

1480-536: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Parliament or the provincial legislatures may make that particular law temporarily valid again against by using the "override power" of the notwithstanding clause . In one case, the Quebec National Assembly invoked this power to override a Supreme Court decision ( Ford v Quebec (AG) ) that held that one of Quebec's language laws banning the display of English commercial signs

1554-612: The College of Family Physicians of Canada to explore the barriers affecting the effective implementation of virtual care in the Canadian health system. Recommendations are expected in early 2020. Physician health and wellness has become a key priority of the CMA. In 2018, a national snapshot report released by the CMA showed that while physicians report high resiliency, they also experience high levels of burnout and depression, particularly residents and women. To help respond to this growing issue,

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1628-541: The Supreme Court of Canada , in a unanimous decision, struck down the Criminal Code 's absolute prohibition on physician-assisted death. As a result, the CMA developed foundational principles for medical aid in dying to guide discussions with its members and with the federal government on ensuring patient dignity and upholding the rights of both patients and physicians. Consultations included submissions and presentations to

1702-687: The 2019 federal election, the CMA Health Advocates platform will be tracked each party's platform promises. Choosing Wisely Canada was launched by Dr. Wendy Levinson in 2014 in partnership with the CMA to help physicians and patients reduce unnecessary tests, treatments and procedures, and ensure high-quality care. Central to the campaign are lists developed by more than 45 specialty societies to encourage critical thinking that will avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful tests and procedures. The federal government's Advisory Panel on Healthcare Innovation urged governments in all jurisdictions to support

1776-476: The CMA constitution. At the 1910 meeting an executive report was adopted urging immediate steps to found a journal. Macphail was appointed the first editor. The Montreal Medical Journal was acquired, and the Maritime Medical News agreed to suspend publication. The first issue of the new Canadian Medical Association Journal was published in January 1911. In 1913, for the first time, the journal showed

1850-442: The CMA has implemented a physician health and wellness department led by Dr. Caroline Gérin-Lajoie. An environmental scan is underway to further identify key issues and possible solutions. In 2009, the CMA was criticized for partnering with Pfizer to launch a continuing medical education program. The size of the elected board of directors is transitioning to 19. The board includes physician, resident and student representatives. It

1924-545: The Federal Court of Canada and Federal Court of Appeal, where it is optional. Every four years, the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission makes recommendations to the federal government about the salaries for federally appointed judges, including the judges of the Supreme Court. That recommendation is not legally binding on the federal government, but the federal government is generally required to comply with

1998-457: The Senate at the opening of each new session of Parliament. Counsel appearing before the court may use either English or French. The judges can also use either English or French. There is simultaneous translation available to the judges, counsel and to members of the public who are in the audience, or watching by livestream. The decision of the court is sometimes rendered orally at the conclusion of

2072-601: The Supreme Court has declined to answer a question from the Cabinet. In that case, the court said it would not decide if same-sex marriages were required by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms , because the government had announced it would change the law regardless of its opinion, and subsequently did. The Supreme Court thus performs a unique function. It can be asked by the Governor-in-Council to hear references considering important questions of law. Such referrals may concern

2146-437: The Supreme Court is referred to as The Honourable Mr/Madam Justice and the chief justice as Right Honourable . At one time, judges were addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" during sessions of the court, but it has since discouraged this style of address and has directed lawyers to use the simpler "Justice", "Mr Justice" or "Madam Justice". The designation "My Lord/My Lady" continues in many provincial superior courts and in

2220-526: The Supreme Court of Canada are located on the laws-lois.justice.gc.ca website, as well as in the Canada Gazette , as SOR/2002-216 (plus amendments), made pursuant to subsection 97(1) of the Supreme Court Act . Fees and taxes are stipulated near the end. Since 1967, the court has hired law clerks to assist in legal research. Between 1967 and 1982, each puisne justice was assisted by one law clerk and

2294-469: The Supreme Court of Canada. It also contains two courtrooms used by the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal . The building was designed by Ernest Cormier and is known for its Art Deco style —including two candelabrum-style fluted metal lamp standards that flank the entrance and the marble walls and floors of the lobby —contrasting with the châteauesque roof. Construction began in 1939, with

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2368-522: The appointment of its first permanent general-secretary, Dr. T.C. Routley. The association also became more financially stable by raising funds with a bond issue. Over the years, the CMA and its physician members have advocated on behalf of patients and educated the public to limit the effects of outbreaks, such as the 1918 Spanish flu , SARS in 2002 and the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009–2010. In an effort to raise awareness and research treatment of cancer ,

2442-519: The bar or superior judiciary of Quebec, by law, must hold three of the nine positions on the Supreme Court of Canada. This is justified on the basis that Quebec uses civil law , rather than common law , as in the rest of the country. As explained in the reasons in Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6 , sitting judges of the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal cannot be appointed to any of Quebec's three seats. By convention,

2516-511: The bench reached its current composition of nine justices. Prior to 1949, most of the appointees to the court owed their position to political patronage . Each judge had strong ties to the party in power at the time of their appointment. In 1973, the appointment of a constitutional law professor Bora Laskin as chief justice represented a major turning point for the court. Laskin's federalist and liberal views were shared by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , who recommended Laskin's appointment to

2590-463: The chief justice had two. From 1982, the number was increased to two law clerks for each justice. Currently, each justice has up to three law clerks. The Supreme Court of Canada Building ( French : L'édifice de la Cour suprême du Canada ) is located just west of Parliament Hill , at 301 Wellington Street . It is situated on a bluff high above the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa and is home to

2664-616: The chief justice is Richard Wagner . Along with the German Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights , the Supreme Court of Canada is among the most frequently cited courts in the world. The structure of the Canadian court system is pyramidal, a broad base being formed by the various provincial and territorial courts whose judges are appointed by the provincial or territorial governments. At

2738-642: The collaborative's clinical guideline for opioids, initially published by CMAJ and updated in 2017 by the Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre. The CMA identified potential risks of cannabis use and has addressed them in submissions to House of Commons standing committees. Following the introduction of the Cannabis Act , the association provided guidance to the federal government on a regulatory framework to protect children and youth. Advances in technology could bridge

2812-583: The common law, on the interpretation of statutes, or on any other application of law, can, in effect, be nullified by legislation, unless the particular decision of the court in question involves application of the Canadian Constitution , in which case, the decision (in most cases) is completely binding on the legislative branch. This is especially true of decisions which touch upon the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , which cannot be altered by

2886-448: The constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, or the division of powers between federal and provincial spheres of government. Any point of law may be referred in this manner. However, the Court is not often called upon to hear references. References have been used to re-examine criminal convictions that have concerned the country as in the cases of David Milgaard and Steven Truscott . The Supreme Court has

2960-580: The cornerstone laid by Queen Elizabeth , consort of King George VI and later known as the Queen Mother. In her speech, she said, "perhaps it is not inappropriate that this task should be performed by a woman; for woman's position in a civilized society has depended upon the growth of law." The court began hearing cases in the new building by January 1946. In 2000, the edifice was named by the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada as one of

3034-513: The court became the world's most gender-balanced national high court with four of its nine members being female. Justice Marie Deschamps ' retirement on 7 August 2012 caused the number to fall to three; however, the appointment of Suzanne Côté on 1 December 2014 restored the number to four. After serving on the court for 28 years, 259 days ( 17 years, 341 days as chief justice), McLachlin retired in December 2017. Her successor as

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3108-460: The court may not call on counsel for the appellant and instead calls directly on counsel for the respondent. However, in most cases, the court hears from all counsel and then reserves judgment to enable the justices to write considered reasons. Decisions of the court need not be unanimous – a majority may decide, with dissenting reasons given by the minority. Justices may write separate or joint opinions for any case. A puisne justice of

3182-536: The court of last resort for criminal appeals in 1933 and for all other appeals in 1949. Cases that were begun prior to those dates remained appealable to the Judicial Committee, and the last case on appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada was not decided until 1959. The increase in the importance of the Supreme Court was mirrored by the numbers of its members; it was established first with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. In 1949,

3256-447: The court under Chief Justice Brian Dickson (1984–1990) through to that of Antonio Lamer (1990–2000) witnessed a continuing vigour in the protection of civil liberties. Lamer's criminal law background proved an influence on the number of criminal cases heard by the Court during his time as chief justice. Nonetheless, the Lamer court was more conservative with Charter rights, with only about

3330-485: The court, but from that appointment onward appointees increasingly either came from academic backgrounds or were well-respected practitioners with several years' experience in appellate courts. The Constitution Act, 1982 , greatly expanded the role of the court in Canadian society by the addition of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , which greatly broadened the scope of judicial review. The evolution from

3404-447: The court. Usually the other governments are given the right to argue their case in the court, although on rare occasions this has been curtailed and prevented by order of one of the court's judges. The Supreme Court sits in three sessions in each calendar year. The first session begins on the fourth Tuesday in January, the second session on the fourth Tuesday in April, and the third session on

3478-720: The current members of the court, having been appointed in October 2011. Richard Wagner's cumulative tenure is 12 years, 54 days— 5 years, 74 days as puisne justice, and 6 years, 346 days as chief justice. Mary Moreau has the briefest tenure, having been appointed 1 year, 22 days ago. The length of tenure for the other justices are: Suzanne Côté, 9 years, 363 days; Malcom Rowe, 8 years, 31 days; Sheilah Martin, 6 years, 346 days; Nicholas Kasirer, 5 years, 73 days; Mahmud Jamal, 3 years, 150 days; and Michelle O'Bonsawin, 2 years, 88 days. The Rules of

3552-490: The federal External Panel on Options for a Legislative Response to Carter v. Canada , the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights and Health Canada . The CMA continues to work with government on matters such as medically assisted dying for children, as well as for those with mental illnesses but no other conditions. In 2015 the CMA began its first major public mobilization effort, and in conjunction with

3626-462: The first Tuesday in October. The Court determines how long each session will be. Hearings only take place in Ottawa , although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a video-conference system. Hearings are open to the public. Most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of Canada's official languages. When in session, the court sits Monday to Friday, hearing two appeals

3700-481: The following notable articles: CMAJ Open , an online open-access offshoot established in January 2013 with Diane Kelsall as its editor-in-chief , has an open peer-review system which makes reviewer comments, author responses, and previous versions available online along with the final versions of contributions. A prime mover behind establishment of the Canadian Medical Association Journal

3774-406: The hearing. In these cases, the court may simply refer to the decision of the court below to explain its own reasons. In other cases, the court may announce its decision at the conclusion of the hearing, with reasons to follow. As well, in some cases, the court may not call on counsel for the respondent, if it has not been convinced by the arguments of counsel for the appellant. In very rare cases,

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3848-675: The initiative. The CMA continues to advocate that Canadians should have access to medically necessary pharmaceuticals that are safe, effective, available when and where needed and reasonably priced. The CMA is an active member of the Pan-Canadian Collaborative on Education for Improved Opioid Prescribing, which is chaired by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. The CMA's position is that opioids are important for managing pain, but prescribing them must be based on evidence and include careful assessment and monitoring. The CMA endorsed

3922-401: The journal over the same reason, leaving it without any full-time editorial staff, which raised questions about the future of the publication. In January 2007, Paul Hebert became editor-in-chief. After completion of Hebert's term, John Fletcher became editor-in-chief in January 2012. In April 2007, the former staff launched a new open-access journal, Open Medicine . On February 29, 2016,

3996-629: The latest clinical evidence. CMAJ is published by Joule. Joule's grant program funds CMA member innovations that potentially may assist in healthcare advancements. Canadian Medical Association Journal The Canadian Medical Association Journal (French Journal de l'Association Médicale Canadienne ) is a peer-reviewed open-access general medical journal published by the Canadian Medical Association . It publishes original clinical research, analyses and reviews, news, practice updates, and editorials . The journal has published

4070-585: The legislative branch unless the decision is overridden pursuant to section 33 (the " notwithstanding clause "). The creation of the Supreme Court of Canada was provided for by the British North America Act, 1867 , renamed in 1982 the Constitution Act, 1867 . The first bills for the creation of a federal supreme court, introduced in the Parliament of Canada in 1869 and in 1870, were withdrawn. It

4144-478: The medical community and users of medical services. A public annual general meeting is held to review financial statements and other CMA business matters. As well, the association holds an annual General Council meeting of its members to discuss policy matters. The CMA's subsidiary company, Joule, was created on Sept. 1, 2014. It delivers continuing education to doctors, resources for accessing medical information online, clinical information resources and summaries of

4218-553: The most complex and ethically challenging issues facing Canadian physicians. The CMA supports its members in exercising their freedom of conscience - both for those who chose to provide or participate in physician assisted suicide and those who do not. The CMA also played a central role in the creation of the Registered Retirement Savings Plan in 1957 as a tool to provide its members financial security in retirement. MD Financial Management MD Financial Management

4292-529: The next level are the provincial and territorial superior trial courts, where judges are appointed by the federal government. Judgments from the superior courts may be appealed to a still higher level, the provincial or territorial superior courts of appeal. Several federal courts also exist: the Tax Court , the Federal Court , the Federal Court of Appeal , and the Court Martial Appeal Court . Unlike

4366-659: The organisation formed the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS). The association provided most of the funds for the early years of the CCS based on interest generated from public donations made to a fund honoring King George V 's silver jubilee . Since the 1950s, the CMA has advised against tobacco use. It has fought against promotional tobacco marketing and for new laws that curbed smoking and other tobacco consumption among Canadians. The CMA played an important role in medical assistance in dying (MAID) legislation, calling it one of

4440-512: The physical divide between doctors and patients, thereby reducing wait times and health care costs. Technologies such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and robotics hold significant promise for patients and physicians, particularly for a country like Canada with its large land base and numerous remote communities. In early 2019, the CMA launched a Virtual Care Task Force alongside the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and

4514-417: The provincial or territorial courts of appeal, and the Federal Court of Appeal, although in some matters appeals come straight from the trial courts, as in the case of publication bans and other orders that are otherwise not appealable. In most cases, permission to appeal must first be obtained from the court. Motions for leave to appeal to the court are generally heard by a panel of three of its judges and

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4588-420: The provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general jurisdiction , the jurisdiction of federal courts and provincially appointed provincial courts are limited by statute. In all, there are over 1,000 federally appointed judges at various levels across Canada. The Supreme Court rests at the apex of the judicial pyramid. This institution hears appeals from the provincial courts of last resort, usually

4662-427: The recommendation unless there is a very good reason to not do so. The chief justice receives $ 370,300 while the puisne justices receive $ 342,800 annually. Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed on the advice of the prime minister. The Supreme Court Act limits eligibility for appointment to persons who have been judges of a superior court or members of the bar for ten or more years. Members of

4736-575: The relevant provincial court of appeal) dissented on a point of law, and appeals from provincial reference cases . A final source of cases is the power of the federal government to submit reference cases. In such cases, the Supreme Court is required to give an opinion on questions referred to it by the Governor in Council (the Cabinet ). However, in many cases, including the most recent same-sex marriage reference ,

4810-519: The remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from Ontario; two from the western provinces, typically one from British Columbia and one from the prairie provinces, which rotate among themselves (although Alberta is known to cause skips in the rotation); and one from the Atlantic provinces, almost always from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Parliament and the provincial governments have no constitutional role in such appointments, sometimes

4884-887: The top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium. Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp on 9 June 2011, as part of the Architecture Art Déco series. Two flagstaffs have been erected in front of the building. A flag on one is flown daily, while the other is hoisted only on those days when the court is in session. Also located on the grounds are several statues, including one of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent , by Elek Imredy in 1976, and two— Veritas (Truth) and Justitia (Justice)—by Canadian sculptor Walter S. Allward . Inside there are busts of several chief justices: John Robert Cartwright (1967–1970), Bora Laskin (1973–1983), Brian Dickson (1984–1990), and Antonio Lamer (1990–2000), all sculpted by Kenneth Phillips Jarvis,

4958-434: The ultimate power of judicial review over Canadian federal and provincial laws' constitutional validity. If a federal or provincial law has been held contrary to the division of power provisions of one of the various constitution acts, the legislature or parliament must either live with the result, amend the law so that it complies, or obtain an amendment to the constitution. If a law is declared contrary to certain sections of

5032-477: The women's names, addresses, dates of last menstrual period, when they had unprotected sex, customary method of birth control, and reason for dispensing the medication. This was at the recommendation of the Canadian Pharmacists Association , which also advised members to store the information permanently in their computers. The Canadian Women's Health Network said that collecting this information

5106-529: Was Andrew Macphail , chair of the history of medicine at McGill University and editor of the Montreal Medical Journal . At the Canadian Medical Association's 1907 annual meeting held in Montreal, "Macphail argued that without a journal to express its views and record its proceedings the association would have little impact", and was successful in getting a clause urging the founding of a journal put into

5180-893: Was developed in 1969 to provide financial services to physicians and their families. It was sold in 2018 to Scotiabank, the sale including a 10-year collaboration agreement. In 2018, the CMA ended its membership in the World Medical Association (WMA) to protest the plagiarism found in the speech of the WMA's incoming president. As a national association of physicians and medical learners, the CMA often advocates on key health issues that matter to Canadians and its members. In developing its positions, it seeks input through town hall meetings, surveys its members and reviews relevant scientific research. It also seeks input from provincial and territorial medical associations and from its more than 60 affiliate, associate and stakeholder organizations. In 2015,

5254-404: Was inconsistent with the Charter . Saskatchewan has also used it to uphold its labour laws. This override power can be exercised for five years, after which time the override must be renewed or the decision comes into force. In some cases, the court may stay the effect of its judgments so that unconstitutional laws continue in force for a period of time. Usually, this is done to give Parliament or

5328-421: Was insufficient so the court was asked, and agreed, to give more time. Constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or Crown corporations . In such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional questions and may intervene to submit a brief and attend oral argument at

5402-624: Was not until 8 April 1875 that a bill was finally passed providing for the creation of a Supreme Court of Canada. However, prior to 1949, the Supreme Court did not constitute the court of last resort : litigants could appeal SCC decisions to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. Some cases could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal. The Supreme Court formally became

5476-449: Was unnecessary and a violation of privacy. The Canadian Pharmacists Association complained to the Canadian Medical Association, demanding that the names of the pharmacists be removed from the article. The Canadian Medical Association ordered the journal to comply. The Canadian Medical Association then fired Hoey, without giving a reason. On February 28, 2006, the acting-editor, Stephen Choi and editorial fellow Sally Murray, resigned from

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